예제 #1
0
 public override ECFieldElement Divide(ECFieldElement b)
 {
     uint[] z = Nat224.Create();
     Mod.Invert(SecP224K1Field.P, ((SecP224K1FieldElement)b).x, z);
     SecP224K1Field.Multiply(z, x, z);
     return(new SecP224K1FieldElement(z));
 }
예제 #2
0
 public override ECFieldElement Invert()
 {
     //return new SecP224K1FieldElement(ToBigInteger().ModInverse(Q));
     uint[] z = Nat224.Create();
     Mod.Invert(SecP224K1Field.P, x, z);
     return(new SecP224K1FieldElement(z));
 }
예제 #3
0
        private static bool TrySqrt(uint[] nc, uint[] r, uint[] t)
        {
            uint[] d1 = Nat224.Create();
            Nat224.Copy(r, d1);
            uint[] e1 = Nat224.Create();
            e1[0] = 1;
            uint[] f1 = Nat224.Create();
            RP(nc, d1, e1, f1, t);

            uint[] d0 = Nat224.Create();
            uint[] e0 = Nat224.Create();

            for (int k = 1; k < 96; ++k)
            {
                Nat224.Copy(d1, d0);
                Nat224.Copy(e1, e0);

                RS(d1, e1, f1, t);

                if (Nat224.IsZero(d1))
                {
                    Mod.Invert(SecP224R1Field.P, e0, t);
                    SecP224R1Field.Multiply(t, d0, t);
                    return(true);
                }
            }

            return(false);
        }
예제 #4
0
        /**
         * return a sqrt root - the routine verifies that the calculation returns the right value - if
         * none exists it returns null.
         */
        public override ECFieldElement Sqrt()
        {
            uint[] c = this.x;
            if (Nat224.IsZero(c) || Nat224.IsOne(c))
            {
                return(this);
            }

            uint[] nc = Nat224.Create();
            SecP224R1Field.Negate(c, nc);

            uint[] r = Mod.Random(SecP224R1Field.P);
            uint[] t = Nat224.Create();

            if (!IsSquare(c))
            {
                return(null);
            }

            while (!TrySqrt(nc, r, t))
            {
                SecP224R1Field.AddOne(r, r);
            }

            SecP224R1Field.Square(t, r);

            return(Nat224.Eq(c, r) ? new SecP224R1FieldElement(t) : null);
        }
    public override ECPoint Twice()
    {
        if (base.IsInfinity)
        {
            return(this);
        }
        ECCurve curve = Curve;
        SecP224K1FieldElement secP224K1FieldElement = (SecP224K1FieldElement)base.RawYCoord;

        if (secP224K1FieldElement.IsZero)
        {
            return(curve.Infinity);
        }
        SecP224K1FieldElement secP224K1FieldElement2 = (SecP224K1FieldElement)base.RawXCoord;
        SecP224K1FieldElement secP224K1FieldElement3 = (SecP224K1FieldElement)base.RawZCoords[0];

        uint[] array = Nat224.Create();
        SecP224K1Field.Square(secP224K1FieldElement.x, array);
        uint[] array2 = Nat224.Create();
        SecP224K1Field.Square(array, array2);
        uint[] array3 = Nat224.Create();
        SecP224K1Field.Square(secP224K1FieldElement2.x, array3);
        uint x = Nat224.AddBothTo(array3, array3, array3);

        SecP224K1Field.Reduce32(x, array3);
        uint[] array4 = array;
        SecP224K1Field.Multiply(array, secP224K1FieldElement2.x, array4);
        x = Nat.ShiftUpBits(7, array4, 2, 0u);
        SecP224K1Field.Reduce32(x, array4);
        uint[] array5 = Nat224.Create();
        x = Nat.ShiftUpBits(7, array2, 3, 0u, array5);
        SecP224K1Field.Reduce32(x, array5);
        SecP224K1FieldElement secP224K1FieldElement4 = new SecP224K1FieldElement(array2);

        SecP224K1Field.Square(array3, secP224K1FieldElement4.x);
        SecP224K1Field.Subtract(secP224K1FieldElement4.x, array4, secP224K1FieldElement4.x);
        SecP224K1Field.Subtract(secP224K1FieldElement4.x, array4, secP224K1FieldElement4.x);
        SecP224K1FieldElement secP224K1FieldElement5 = new SecP224K1FieldElement(array4);

        SecP224K1Field.Subtract(array4, secP224K1FieldElement4.x, secP224K1FieldElement5.x);
        SecP224K1Field.Multiply(secP224K1FieldElement5.x, array3, secP224K1FieldElement5.x);
        SecP224K1Field.Subtract(secP224K1FieldElement5.x, array5, secP224K1FieldElement5.x);
        SecP224K1FieldElement secP224K1FieldElement6 = new SecP224K1FieldElement(array3);

        SecP224K1Field.Twice(secP224K1FieldElement.x, secP224K1FieldElement6.x);
        if (!secP224K1FieldElement3.IsOne)
        {
            SecP224K1Field.Multiply(secP224K1FieldElement6.x, secP224K1FieldElement3.x, secP224K1FieldElement6.x);
        }
        return(new SecP224K1Point(curve, secP224K1FieldElement4, secP224K1FieldElement5, new ECFieldElement[1]
        {
            secP224K1FieldElement6
        }, base.IsCompressed));
    }
예제 #6
0
            public override ECPoint LookupVar(int index)
            {
                uint[] x   = Nat224.Create(), y = Nat224.Create();
                int    pos = index * SECP224R1_FE_INTS * 2;

                for (int j = 0; j < SECP224R1_FE_INTS; ++j)
                {
                    x[j] = m_table[pos + j];
                    y[j] = m_table[pos + SECP224R1_FE_INTS + j];
                }

                return(CreatePoint(x, y));
            }
예제 #7
0
        private static bool IsSquare(uint[] x)
        {
            uint[] t1 = Nat224.Create();
            uint[] t2 = Nat224.Create();
            Nat224.Copy(x, t1);

            for (int i = 0; i < 7; ++i)
            {
                Nat224.Copy(t1, t2);
                SecP224R1Field.SquareN(t1, 1 << i, t1);
                SecP224R1Field.Multiply(t1, t2, t1);
            }

            SecP224R1Field.SquareN(t1, 95, t1);
            return(Nat224.IsOne(t1));
        }
예제 #8
0
            public override ECPoint Lookup(int index)
            {
                uint[] x   = Nat224.Create(), y = Nat224.Create();
                int    pos = 0;

                for (int i = 0; i < m_size; ++i)
                {
                    uint MASK = (uint)(((i ^ index) - 1) >> 31);

                    for (int j = 0; j < SECP224R1_FE_INTS; ++j)
                    {
                        x[j] ^= m_table[pos + j] & MASK;
                        y[j] ^= m_table[pos + SECP224R1_FE_INTS + j] & MASK;
                    }

                    pos += (SECP224R1_FE_INTS * 2);
                }

                return(CreatePoint(x, y));
            }
예제 #9
0
            public virtual ECPoint Lookup(int index)
            {
                uint[] x   = Nat224.Create(), y = Nat224.Create();
                int    pos = 0;

                for (int i = 0; i < m_size; ++i)
                {
                    uint MASK = (uint)(((i ^ index) - 1) >> 31);

                    for (int j = 0; j < SECP224K1_FE_INTS; ++j)
                    {
                        x[j] ^= m_table[pos + j] & MASK;
                        y[j] ^= m_table[pos + SECP224K1_FE_INTS + j] & MASK;
                    }

                    pos += (SECP224K1_FE_INTS * 2);
                }

                return(m_outer.CreateRawPoint(new SecP224K1FieldElement(x), new SecP224K1FieldElement(y), false));
            }
예제 #10
0
        private static void RP(uint[] nc, uint[] d1, uint[] e1, uint[] f1, uint[] t)
        {
            Nat224.Copy(nc, f1);

            uint[] d0 = Nat224.Create();
            uint[] e0 = Nat224.Create();

            for (int i = 0; i < 7; ++i)
            {
                Nat224.Copy(d1, d0);
                Nat224.Copy(e1, e0);

                int j = 1 << i;
                while (--j >= 0)
                {
                    RS(d1, e1, f1, t);
                }

                RM(nc, d0, e0, d1, e1, f1, t);
            }
        }
예제 #11
0
 public override ECFieldElement Multiply(ECFieldElement b)
 {
     uint[] z = Nat224.Create();
     SecP224R1Field.Multiply(x, ((SecP224R1FieldElement)b).x, z);
     return(new SecP224R1FieldElement(z));
 }
예제 #12
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 public override ECFieldElement Subtract(ECFieldElement b)
 {
     uint[] z = Nat224.Create();
     SecP224R1Field.Subtract(x, ((SecP224R1FieldElement)b).x, z);
     return(new SecP224R1FieldElement(z));
 }
예제 #13
0
 public override ECFieldElement AddOne()
 {
     uint[] z = Nat224.Create();
     SecP224R1Field.AddOne(x, z);
     return(new SecP224R1FieldElement(z));
 }
예제 #14
0
 public SecP224R1FieldElement()
 {
     this.x = Nat224.Create();
 }
예제 #15
0
 public override ECFieldElement Invert()
 {
     uint[] z = Nat224.Create();
     Mod.Invert(SecP224K1Field.P, x, z);
     return(new SecP224K1FieldElement(z));
 }
예제 #16
0
 public override ECFieldElement Add(ECFieldElement b)
 {
     uint[] z = Nat224.Create();
     SecP224K1Field.Add(x, ((SecP224K1FieldElement)b).x, z);
     return(new SecP224K1FieldElement(z));
 }
예제 #17
0
 public override ECFieldElement Sqrt()
 {
     uint[] y = x;
     if (Nat224.IsZero(y) || Nat224.IsOne(y))
     {
         return(this);
     }
     uint[] array = Nat224.Create();
     SecP224K1Field.Square(y, array);
     SecP224K1Field.Multiply(array, y, array);
     uint[] array2 = array;
     SecP224K1Field.Square(array, array2);
     SecP224K1Field.Multiply(array2, y, array2);
     uint[] array3 = Nat224.Create();
     SecP224K1Field.Square(array2, array3);
     SecP224K1Field.Multiply(array3, y, array3);
     uint[] array4 = Nat224.Create();
     SecP224K1Field.SquareN(array3, 4, array4);
     SecP224K1Field.Multiply(array4, array3, array4);
     uint[] array5 = Nat224.Create();
     SecP224K1Field.SquareN(array4, 3, array5);
     SecP224K1Field.Multiply(array5, array2, array5);
     uint[] array6 = array5;
     SecP224K1Field.SquareN(array5, 8, array6);
     SecP224K1Field.Multiply(array6, array4, array6);
     uint[] array7 = array4;
     SecP224K1Field.SquareN(array6, 4, array7);
     SecP224K1Field.Multiply(array7, array3, array7);
     uint[] array8 = array3;
     SecP224K1Field.SquareN(array7, 19, array8);
     SecP224K1Field.Multiply(array8, array6, array8);
     uint[] array9 = Nat224.Create();
     SecP224K1Field.SquareN(array8, 42, array9);
     SecP224K1Field.Multiply(array9, array8, array9);
     uint[] z = array8;
     SecP224K1Field.SquareN(array9, 23, z);
     SecP224K1Field.Multiply(z, array7, z);
     uint[] array10 = array7;
     SecP224K1Field.SquareN(z, 84, array10);
     SecP224K1Field.Multiply(array10, array9, array10);
     uint[] z2 = array10;
     SecP224K1Field.SquareN(z2, 20, z2);
     SecP224K1Field.Multiply(z2, array6, z2);
     SecP224K1Field.SquareN(z2, 3, z2);
     SecP224K1Field.Multiply(z2, y, z2);
     SecP224K1Field.SquareN(z2, 2, z2);
     SecP224K1Field.Multiply(z2, y, z2);
     SecP224K1Field.SquareN(z2, 4, z2);
     SecP224K1Field.Multiply(z2, array2, z2);
     SecP224K1Field.Square(z2, z2);
     uint[] array11 = array9;
     SecP224K1Field.Square(z2, array11);
     if (Nat224.Eq(y, array11))
     {
         return(new SecP224K1FieldElement(z2));
     }
     SecP224K1Field.Multiply(z2, PRECOMP_POW2, z2);
     SecP224K1Field.Square(z2, array11);
     if (Nat224.Eq(y, array11))
     {
         return(new SecP224K1FieldElement(z2));
     }
     return(null);
 }
예제 #18
0
        public override ECPoint Add(ECPoint b)
        {
            if (this.IsInfinity)
            {
                return(b);
            }
            if (b.IsInfinity)
            {
                return(this);
            }
            if (this == b)
            {
                return(Twice());
            }

            ECCurve curve = this.Curve;

            SecP224R1FieldElement X1 = (SecP224R1FieldElement)this.RawXCoord, Y1 = (SecP224R1FieldElement)this.RawYCoord;
            SecP224R1FieldElement X2 = (SecP224R1FieldElement)b.RawXCoord, Y2 = (SecP224R1FieldElement)b.RawYCoord;

            SecP224R1FieldElement Z1 = (SecP224R1FieldElement)this.RawZCoords[0];
            SecP224R1FieldElement Z2 = (SecP224R1FieldElement)b.RawZCoords[0];

            uint c;

            uint[] tt1 = Nat224.CreateExt();
            uint[] t2  = Nat224.Create();
            uint[] t3  = Nat224.Create();
            uint[] t4  = Nat224.Create();

            bool Z1IsOne = Z1.IsOne;

            uint[] U2, S2;
            if (Z1IsOne)
            {
                U2 = X2.x;
                S2 = Y2.x;
            }
            else
            {
                S2 = t3;
                SecP224R1Field.Square(Z1.x, S2);

                U2 = t2;
                SecP224R1Field.Multiply(S2, X2.x, U2);

                SecP224R1Field.Multiply(S2, Z1.x, S2);
                SecP224R1Field.Multiply(S2, Y2.x, S2);
            }

            bool Z2IsOne = Z2.IsOne;

            uint[] U1, S1;
            if (Z2IsOne)
            {
                U1 = X1.x;
                S1 = Y1.x;
            }
            else
            {
                S1 = t4;
                SecP224R1Field.Square(Z2.x, S1);

                U1 = tt1;
                SecP224R1Field.Multiply(S1, X1.x, U1);

                SecP224R1Field.Multiply(S1, Z2.x, S1);
                SecP224R1Field.Multiply(S1, Y1.x, S1);
            }

            uint[] H = Nat224.Create();
            SecP224R1Field.Subtract(U1, U2, H);

            uint[] R = t2;
            SecP224R1Field.Subtract(S1, S2, R);

            // Check if b == this or b == -this
            if (Nat224.IsZero(H))
            {
                if (Nat224.IsZero(R))
                {
                    // this == b, i.e. this must be doubled
                    return(this.Twice());
                }

                // this == -b, i.e. the result is the point at infinity
                return(curve.Infinity);
            }

            uint[] HSquared = t3;
            SecP224R1Field.Square(H, HSquared);

            uint[] G = Nat224.Create();
            SecP224R1Field.Multiply(HSquared, H, G);

            uint[] V = t3;
            SecP224R1Field.Multiply(HSquared, U1, V);

            SecP224R1Field.Negate(G, G);
            Nat224.Mul(S1, G, tt1);

            c = Nat224.AddBothTo(V, V, G);
            SecP224R1Field.Reduce32(c, G);

            SecP224R1FieldElement X3 = new SecP224R1FieldElement(t4);

            SecP224R1Field.Square(R, X3.x);
            SecP224R1Field.Subtract(X3.x, G, X3.x);

            SecP224R1FieldElement Y3 = new SecP224R1FieldElement(G);

            SecP224R1Field.Subtract(V, X3.x, Y3.x);
            SecP224R1Field.MultiplyAddToExt(Y3.x, R, tt1);
            SecP224R1Field.Reduce(tt1, Y3.x);

            SecP224R1FieldElement Z3 = new SecP224R1FieldElement(H);

            if (!Z1IsOne)
            {
                SecP224R1Field.Multiply(Z3.x, Z1.x, Z3.x);
            }
            if (!Z2IsOne)
            {
                SecP224R1Field.Multiply(Z3.x, Z2.x, Z3.x);
            }

            ECFieldElement[] zs = new ECFieldElement[] { Z3 };

            return(new SecP224R1Point(curve, X3, Y3, zs, IsCompressed));
        }
예제 #19
0
 public SecP224K1FieldElement()
 {
     x = Nat224.Create();
 }
예제 #20
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        public override ECPoint Twice()
        {
            if (this.IsInfinity)
            {
                return(this);
            }

            ECCurve curve = this.Curve;

            SecP224R1FieldElement Y1 = (SecP224R1FieldElement)this.RawYCoord;

            if (Y1.IsZero)
            {
                return(curve.Infinity);
            }

            SecP224R1FieldElement X1 = (SecP224R1FieldElement)this.RawXCoord, Z1 = (SecP224R1FieldElement)this.RawZCoords[0];

            uint c;

            uint[] t1 = Nat224.Create();
            uint[] t2 = Nat224.Create();

            uint[] Y1Squared = Nat224.Create();
            SecP224R1Field.Square(Y1.x, Y1Squared);

            uint[] T = Nat224.Create();
            SecP224R1Field.Square(Y1Squared, T);

            bool Z1IsOne = Z1.IsOne;

            uint[] Z1Squared = Z1.x;
            if (!Z1IsOne)
            {
                Z1Squared = t2;
                SecP224R1Field.Square(Z1.x, Z1Squared);
            }

            SecP224R1Field.Subtract(X1.x, Z1Squared, t1);

            uint[] M = t2;
            SecP224R1Field.Add(X1.x, Z1Squared, M);
            SecP224R1Field.Multiply(M, t1, M);
            c = Nat224.AddBothTo(M, M, M);
            SecP224R1Field.Reduce32(c, M);

            uint[] S = Y1Squared;
            SecP224R1Field.Multiply(Y1Squared, X1.x, S);
            c = Nat.ShiftUpBits(7, S, 2, 0);
            SecP224R1Field.Reduce32(c, S);

            c = Nat.ShiftUpBits(7, T, 3, 0, t1);
            SecP224R1Field.Reduce32(c, t1);

            SecP224R1FieldElement X3 = new SecP224R1FieldElement(T);

            SecP224R1Field.Square(M, X3.x);
            SecP224R1Field.Subtract(X3.x, S, X3.x);
            SecP224R1Field.Subtract(X3.x, S, X3.x);

            SecP224R1FieldElement Y3 = new SecP224R1FieldElement(S);

            SecP224R1Field.Subtract(S, X3.x, Y3.x);
            SecP224R1Field.Multiply(Y3.x, M, Y3.x);
            SecP224R1Field.Subtract(Y3.x, t1, Y3.x);

            SecP224R1FieldElement Z3 = new SecP224R1FieldElement(M);

            SecP224R1Field.Twice(Y1.x, Z3.x);
            if (!Z1IsOne)
            {
                SecP224R1Field.Multiply(Z3.x, Z1.x, Z3.x);
            }

            return(new SecP224R1Point(curve, X3, Y3, new ECFieldElement[] { Z3 }, IsCompressed));
        }
예제 #21
0
 public override ECFieldElement Square()
 {
     uint[] z = Nat224.Create();
     SecP224K1Field.Square(x, z);
     return(new SecP224K1FieldElement(z));
 }
    public override ECPoint Add(ECPoint b)
    {
        if (base.IsInfinity)
        {
            return(b);
        }
        if (b.IsInfinity)
        {
            return(this);
        }
        if (this == b)
        {
            return(Twice());
        }
        ECCurve curve = Curve;
        SecP224R1FieldElement secP224R1FieldElement  = (SecP224R1FieldElement)base.RawXCoord;
        SecP224R1FieldElement secP224R1FieldElement2 = (SecP224R1FieldElement)base.RawYCoord;
        SecP224R1FieldElement secP224R1FieldElement3 = (SecP224R1FieldElement)b.RawXCoord;
        SecP224R1FieldElement secP224R1FieldElement4 = (SecP224R1FieldElement)b.RawYCoord;
        SecP224R1FieldElement secP224R1FieldElement5 = (SecP224R1FieldElement)base.RawZCoords[0];
        SecP224R1FieldElement secP224R1FieldElement6 = (SecP224R1FieldElement)b.RawZCoords[0];

        uint[] array  = Nat224.CreateExt();
        uint[] array2 = Nat224.Create();
        uint[] array3 = Nat224.Create();
        uint[] array4 = Nat224.Create();
        bool   isOne  = secP224R1FieldElement5.IsOne;

        uint[] array5;
        uint[] array6;
        if (isOne)
        {
            array5 = secP224R1FieldElement3.x;
            array6 = secP224R1FieldElement4.x;
        }
        else
        {
            array6 = array3;
            SecP224R1Field.Square(secP224R1FieldElement5.x, array6);
            array5 = array2;
            SecP224R1Field.Multiply(array6, secP224R1FieldElement3.x, array5);
            SecP224R1Field.Multiply(array6, secP224R1FieldElement5.x, array6);
            SecP224R1Field.Multiply(array6, secP224R1FieldElement4.x, array6);
        }
        bool isOne2 = secP224R1FieldElement6.IsOne;

        uint[] array7;
        uint[] array8;
        if (isOne2)
        {
            array7 = secP224R1FieldElement.x;
            array8 = secP224R1FieldElement2.x;
        }
        else
        {
            array8 = array4;
            SecP224R1Field.Square(secP224R1FieldElement6.x, array8);
            array7 = array;
            SecP224R1Field.Multiply(array8, secP224R1FieldElement.x, array7);
            SecP224R1Field.Multiply(array8, secP224R1FieldElement6.x, array8);
            SecP224R1Field.Multiply(array8, secP224R1FieldElement2.x, array8);
        }
        uint[] array9 = Nat224.Create();
        SecP224R1Field.Subtract(array7, array5, array9);
        uint[] array10 = array2;
        SecP224R1Field.Subtract(array8, array6, array10);
        if (Nat224.IsZero(array9))
        {
            if (Nat224.IsZero(array10))
            {
                return(Twice());
            }
            return(curve.Infinity);
        }
        uint[] array11 = array3;
        SecP224R1Field.Square(array9, array11);
        uint[] array12 = Nat224.Create();
        SecP224R1Field.Multiply(array11, array9, array12);
        uint[] array13 = array3;
        SecP224R1Field.Multiply(array11, array7, array13);
        SecP224R1Field.Negate(array12, array12);
        Nat224.Mul(array8, array12, array);
        uint x = Nat224.AddBothTo(array13, array13, array12);

        SecP224R1Field.Reduce32(x, array12);
        SecP224R1FieldElement secP224R1FieldElement7 = new SecP224R1FieldElement(array4);

        SecP224R1Field.Square(array10, secP224R1FieldElement7.x);
        SecP224R1Field.Subtract(secP224R1FieldElement7.x, array12, secP224R1FieldElement7.x);
        SecP224R1FieldElement secP224R1FieldElement8 = new SecP224R1FieldElement(array12);

        SecP224R1Field.Subtract(array13, secP224R1FieldElement7.x, secP224R1FieldElement8.x);
        SecP224R1Field.MultiplyAddToExt(secP224R1FieldElement8.x, array10, array);
        SecP224R1Field.Reduce(array, secP224R1FieldElement8.x);
        SecP224R1FieldElement secP224R1FieldElement9 = new SecP224R1FieldElement(array9);

        if (!isOne)
        {
            SecP224R1Field.Multiply(secP224R1FieldElement9.x, secP224R1FieldElement5.x, secP224R1FieldElement9.x);
        }
        if (!isOne2)
        {
            SecP224R1Field.Multiply(secP224R1FieldElement9.x, secP224R1FieldElement6.x, secP224R1FieldElement9.x);
        }
        ECFieldElement[] zs = new ECFieldElement[1]
        {
            secP224R1FieldElement9
        };
        return(new SecP224R1Point(curve, secP224R1FieldElement7, secP224R1FieldElement8, zs, base.IsCompressed));
    }
예제 #23
0
        /**
         * return a sqrt root - the routine verifies that the calculation returns the right value - if
         * none exists it returns null.
         */
        public override ECFieldElement Sqrt()
        {
            /*
             * Q == 8m + 5, so we use Pocklington's method for this case.
             *
             * First, raise this element to the exponent 2^221 - 2^29 - 2^9 - 2^8 - 2^6 - 2^4 - 2^1 (i.e. m + 1)
             *
             * Breaking up the exponent's binary representation into "repunits", we get:
             * { 191 1s } { 1 0s } { 19 1s } { 2 0s } { 1 1s } { 1 0s} { 1 1s } { 1 0s} { 3 1s } { 1 0s}
             *
             * Therefore we need an addition chain containing 1, 3, 19, 191 (the lengths of the repunits)
             * We use: [1], 2, [3], 4, 8, 11, [19], 23, 42, 84, 107, [191]
             */

            uint[] x1 = this.x;
            if (Nat224.IsZero(x1) || Nat224.IsOne(x1))
            {
                return(this);
            }

            uint[] x2 = Nat224.Create();
            SecP224K1Field.Square(x1, x2);
            SecP224K1Field.Multiply(x2, x1, x2);
            uint[] x3 = x2;
            SecP224K1Field.Square(x2, x3);
            SecP224K1Field.Multiply(x3, x1, x3);
            uint[] x4 = Nat224.Create();
            SecP224K1Field.Square(x3, x4);
            SecP224K1Field.Multiply(x4, x1, x4);
            uint[] x8 = Nat224.Create();
            SecP224K1Field.SquareN(x4, 4, x8);
            SecP224K1Field.Multiply(x8, x4, x8);
            uint[] x11 = Nat224.Create();
            SecP224K1Field.SquareN(x8, 3, x11);
            SecP224K1Field.Multiply(x11, x3, x11);
            uint[] x19 = x11;
            SecP224K1Field.SquareN(x11, 8, x19);
            SecP224K1Field.Multiply(x19, x8, x19);
            uint[] x23 = x8;
            SecP224K1Field.SquareN(x19, 4, x23);
            SecP224K1Field.Multiply(x23, x4, x23);
            uint[] x42 = x4;
            SecP224K1Field.SquareN(x23, 19, x42);
            SecP224K1Field.Multiply(x42, x19, x42);
            uint[] x84 = Nat224.Create();
            SecP224K1Field.SquareN(x42, 42, x84);
            SecP224K1Field.Multiply(x84, x42, x84);
            uint[] x107 = x42;
            SecP224K1Field.SquareN(x84, 23, x107);
            SecP224K1Field.Multiply(x107, x23, x107);
            uint[] x191 = x23;
            SecP224K1Field.SquareN(x107, 84, x191);
            SecP224K1Field.Multiply(x191, x84, x191);

            uint[] t1 = x191;
            SecP224K1Field.SquareN(t1, 20, t1);
            SecP224K1Field.Multiply(t1, x19, t1);
            SecP224K1Field.SquareN(t1, 3, t1);
            SecP224K1Field.Multiply(t1, x1, t1);
            SecP224K1Field.SquareN(t1, 2, t1);
            SecP224K1Field.Multiply(t1, x1, t1);
            SecP224K1Field.SquareN(t1, 4, t1);
            SecP224K1Field.Multiply(t1, x3, t1);
            SecP224K1Field.Square(t1, t1);

            uint[] t2 = x84;
            SecP224K1Field.Square(t1, t2);

            if (Nat224.Eq(x1, t2))
            {
                return(new SecP224K1FieldElement(t1));
            }

            /*
             * If the first guess is incorrect, we multiply by a precomputed power of 2 to get the second guess,
             * which is ((4x)^(m + 1))/2 mod Q
             */
            SecP224K1Field.Multiply(t1, PRECOMP_POW2, t1);

            SecP224K1Field.Square(t1, t2);

            if (Nat224.Eq(x1, t2))
            {
                return(new SecP224K1FieldElement(t1));
            }

            return(null);
        }