// END-InferenceProcedure
//
//
// PRIVATE METHODS
//
/**
* <code>
* function FOL-BC-ASK(KB, goals, theta) returns a set of substitutions
* input: KB, a knowledge base
* goals, a list of conjuncts forming a query (theta already applied)
* theta, the current substitution, initially the empty substitution {}
* </code>
*/
private List <List <ProofStepBwChGoal> > folbcask(FOLKnowledgeBase KB,
BCAskAnswerHandler ansHandler, List <Literal> goals,
Dictionary <Variable, Term> theta)
{
List <List <ProofStepBwChGoal> > thisLevelProofSteps = new List <List <ProofStepBwChGoal> >();
// local variables: answers, a set of substitutions, initially empty
// if goals is empty then return {theta}
if (goals.Count == 0)
{
thisLevelProofSteps.Add(new List <ProofStepBwChGoal>());
return(thisLevelProofSteps);
}
// qDelta <- SUBST(theta, FIRST(goals))
Literal qDelta = KB.subst(theta, goals[0]);
// for each sentence r in KB where
// STANDARDIZE-APART(r) = (p1 ^ ... ^ pn => q)
foreach (Clause r in KB.getAllDefiniteClauses())
{
Clause r2 = KB.standardizeApart(r);
// and thetaDelta <- UNIFY(q, qDelta) succeeds
Dictionary <Variable, Term> thetaDelta = KB.unify(r2.getPositiveLiterals()
[0].getAtomicSentence(), qDelta.getAtomicSentence());
if (null != thetaDelta)
{
// new_goals <- [p1,...,pn|REST(goals)]
List <Literal> newGoals = new List <Literal>(r2
.getNegativeLiterals());
newGoals.AddRange(goals.Skip(1));
// answers <- FOL-BC-ASK(KB, new_goals, COMPOSE(thetaDelta,
// theta)) U answers
Dictionary <Variable, Term> composed = compose(KB, thetaDelta, theta);
List <List <ProofStepBwChGoal> > lowerLevelProofSteps = folbcask(
KB, ansHandler, newGoals, composed);
ansHandler.addProofStep(lowerLevelProofSteps, r2, qDelta,
composed);
thisLevelProofSteps.AddRange(lowerLevelProofSteps);
}
}
// return answers
return(thisLevelProofSteps);
}
/**
* <code>
* function FOL-BC-ASK(KB, goals, theta) returns a set of substitutions
* input: KB, a knowledge base
* goals, a list of conjuncts forming a query (theta already applied)
* theta, the current substitution, initially the empty substitution {}
* </code>
*/
private ICollection <ICollection <ProofStepBwChGoal> > folbcask(FOLKnowledgeBase KB,
BCAskAnswerHandler ansHandler, ICollection <Literal> goals,
IMap <Variable, Term> theta)
{
ICollection <ICollection <ProofStepBwChGoal> > thisLevelProofSteps = CollectionFactory.CreateQueue <ICollection <ProofStepBwChGoal> >();
// local variables: answers, a set of substitutions, initially empty
// if goals is empty then return {theta}
if (goals.IsEmpty())
{
thisLevelProofSteps.Add(CollectionFactory.CreateQueue <ProofStepBwChGoal>());
return(thisLevelProofSteps);
}
// qDelta <- SUBST(theta, FIRST(goals))
Literal qDelta = KB.subst(theta, goals.Get(0));
// for each sentence r in KB where
// STANDARDIZE-APART(r) = (p1 ^ ... ^ pn => q)
foreach (Clause rIter in KB.getAllDefiniteClauses())
{
Clause r = rIter;
r = KB.standardizeApart(r);
// and thetaDelta <- UNIFY(q, qDelta) succeeds
IMap <Variable, Term> thetaDelta = KB.unify(r.getPositiveLiterals()
.Get(0).getAtomicSentence(), qDelta.getAtomicSentence());
if (null != thetaDelta)
{
// new_goals <- [p1,...,pn|REST(goals)]
ICollection <Literal> newGoals = CollectionFactory.CreateQueue <Literal>(r.getNegativeLiterals());
newGoals.AddAll(goals.subList(1, goals.Size()));
// answers <- FOL-BC-ASK(KB, new_goals, COMPOSE(thetaDelta,
// theta)) U answers
IMap <Variable, Term> composed = compose(KB, thetaDelta, theta);
ICollection <ICollection <ProofStepBwChGoal> > lowerLevelProofSteps = folbcask(
KB, ansHandler, newGoals, composed);
ansHandler.addProofStep(lowerLevelProofSteps, r, qDelta, composed);
thisLevelProofSteps.AddAll(lowerLevelProofSteps);
}
}
// return answers
return(thisLevelProofSteps);
}
// START-InferenceProcedure
public InferenceResult ask(FOLKnowledgeBase KB, Sentence alpha)
{
List <Clause> sos = new List <Clause>();
List <Clause> usable = new List <Clause>();
// Usable set will be the set of clauses in the KB,
// are assuming this is satisfiable as using the
// Set of Support strategy.
foreach (Clause c in KB.getAllClauses())
{
Clause c2 = KB.standardizeApart(c);
c2.setStandardizedApartCheckNotRequired();
usable.AddRange(c2.getFactors());
}
// Ensure reflexivity axiom is added to usable if using paramodulation.
if (isUseParamodulation())
{
// Reflexivity Axiom: x = x
TermEquality reflexivityAxiom = new TermEquality(new Variable("x"),
new Variable("x"));
Clause reflexivityClause = new Clause();
reflexivityClause.addLiteral(new Literal(reflexivityAxiom));
reflexivityClause = KB.standardizeApart(reflexivityClause);
reflexivityClause.setStandardizedApartCheckNotRequired();
usable.Add(reflexivityClause);
}
Sentence notAlpha = new NotSentence(alpha);
// Want to use an answer literal to pull
// query variables where necessary
Literal answerLiteral = KB.createAnswerLiteral(notAlpha);
List <Variable> answerLiteralVariables = KB
.collectAllVariables(answerLiteral.getAtomicSentence());
Clause answerClause = new Clause();
if (answerLiteralVariables.Count > 0)
{
Sentence notAlphaWithAnswer = new ConnectedSentence(Connectors.OR,
notAlpha, answerLiteral.getAtomicSentence());
foreach (Clause c in KB.convertToClauses(notAlphaWithAnswer))
{
Clause c2 = KB.standardizeApart(c);
c2.setProofStep(new ProofStepGoal(c2));
c2.setStandardizedApartCheckNotRequired();
sos.AddRange(c2.getFactors());
}
answerClause.addLiteral(answerLiteral);
}
else
{
foreach (Clause c in KB.convertToClauses(notAlpha))
{
Clause c2 = KB.standardizeApart(c);
c2.setProofStep(new ProofStepGoal(c2));
c2.setStandardizedApartCheckNotRequired();
sos.AddRange(c2.getFactors());
}
}
// Ensure all subsumed clauses are removed
foreach (Clause c in SubsumptionElimination.findSubsumedClauses(usable))
{
usable.Remove(c);
}
foreach (Clause c in SubsumptionElimination.findSubsumedClauses(sos))
{
sos.Remove(c);
}
OTTERAnswerHandler ansHandler = new OTTERAnswerHandler(answerLiteral,
answerLiteralVariables, answerClause, maxQueryTime);
IndexedClauses idxdClauses = new IndexedClauses(
getLightestClauseHeuristic(), sos, usable);
return(otter(ansHandler, idxdClauses, sos, usable));
}
//
// START-InferenceProcedure
public InferenceResult ask(FOLKnowledgeBase KB, Sentence alpha)
{
// clauses <- the set of clauses in CNF representation of KB ^ ~alpha
ISet <Clause> clauses = CollectionFactory.CreateSet <Clause>();
foreach (Clause cIter in KB.getAllClauses())
{
Clause c = cIter;
c = KB.standardizeApart(c);
c.setStandardizedApartCheckNotRequired();
clauses.AddAll(c.getFactors());
}
Sentence notAlpha = new NotSentence(alpha);
// Want to use an answer literal to pull
// query variables where necessary
Literal answerLiteral = KB.createAnswerLiteral(notAlpha);
ISet <Variable> answerLiteralVariables = KB.collectAllVariables(answerLiteral.getAtomicSentence());
Clause answerClause = new Clause();
if (answerLiteralVariables.Size() > 0)
{
Sentence notAlphaWithAnswer = new ConnectedSentence(Connectors.OR,
notAlpha, answerLiteral.getAtomicSentence());
foreach (Clause cIter in KB.convertToClauses(notAlphaWithAnswer))
{
Clause c = cIter;
c = KB.standardizeApart(c);
c.setProofStep(new ProofStepGoal(c));
c.setStandardizedApartCheckNotRequired();
clauses.AddAll(c.getFactors());
}
answerClause.addLiteral(answerLiteral);
}
else
{
foreach (Clause cIter in KB.convertToClauses(notAlpha))
{
Clause c = cIter;
c = KB.standardizeApart(c);
c.setProofStep(new ProofStepGoal(c));
c.setStandardizedApartCheckNotRequired();
clauses.AddAll(c.getFactors());
}
}
TFMAnswerHandler ansHandler = new TFMAnswerHandler(answerLiteral,
answerLiteralVariables, answerClause, maxQueryTime);
// new <- {}
ISet <Clause> newClauses = CollectionFactory.CreateSet <Clause>();
ISet <Clause> toAdd = CollectionFactory.CreateSet <Clause>();
// loop do
int noOfPrevClauses = clauses.Size();
do
{
if (null != tracer)
{
tracer.stepStartWhile(clauses, clauses.Size(), newClauses.Size());
}
newClauses.Clear();
// for each Ci, Cj in clauses do
Clause[] clausesA = clauses.ToArray();
// Basically, using the simple T)wo F)inger M)ethod here.
for (int i = 0; i < clausesA.Length; i++)
{
Clause cI = clausesA[i];
if (null != tracer)
{
tracer.stepOuterFor(cI);
}
for (int j = i; j < clausesA.Length; j++)
{
Clause cJ = clausesA[j];
if (null != tracer)
{
tracer.stepInnerFor(cI, cJ);
}
// resolvent <- FOL-RESOLVE(Ci, Cj)
ISet <Clause> resolvents = cI.binaryResolvents(cJ);
if (resolvents.Size() > 0)
{
toAdd.Clear();
// new <- new <UNION> resolvent
foreach (Clause rc in resolvents)
{
toAdd.AddAll(rc.getFactors());
}
if (null != tracer)
{
tracer.stepResolved(cI, cJ, toAdd);
}
ansHandler.checkForPossibleAnswers(toAdd);
if (ansHandler.isComplete())
{
break;
}
newClauses.AddAll(toAdd);
}
if (ansHandler.isComplete())
{
break;
}
}
if (ansHandler.isComplete())
{
break;
}
}
noOfPrevClauses = clauses.Size();
// clauses <- clauses <UNION> new
clauses.AddAll(newClauses);
if (ansHandler.isComplete())
{
break;
}
// if new is a <SUBSET> of clauses then finished
// searching for an answer
// (i.e. when they were added the # clauses
// did not increase).
} while (noOfPrevClauses < clauses.Size());
if (null != tracer)
{
tracer.stepFinished(clauses, ansHandler);
}
return(ansHandler);
}
// START-InferenceProcedure
/**
* <code>
* function FOL-FC-ASK(KB, alpha) returns a substitution or false
* inputs: KB, the knowledge base, a set of first order definite clauses
* alpha, the query, an atomic sentence
* </code>
*/
public InferenceResult ask(FOLKnowledgeBase KB, Sentence query)
{
// Assertions on the type of queries this Inference procedure
// supports
if (!(query is AtomicSentence))
{
throw new ArgumentException(
"Only Atomic Queries are supported.");
}
FCAskAnswerHandler ansHandler = new FCAskAnswerHandler();
Literal alpha = new Literal((AtomicSentence)query);
// local variables: new, the new sentences inferred on each iteration
List <Literal> newSentences = new List <Literal>();
// Ensure query is not already a know fact before
// attempting forward chaining.
List <Dictionary <Variable, Term> > answers = KB.fetch(alpha);
if (answers.Count > 0)
{
ansHandler.addProofStep(new ProofStepFoChAlreadyAFact(alpha));
ansHandler.setAnswers(answers);
return(ansHandler);
}
// repeat until new is empty
do
{
// new <- {}
newSentences.Clear();
// for each rule in KB do
// (p1 ^ ... ^ pn => q) <-STANDARDIZE-VARIABLES(rule)
foreach (Clause impl in KB.getAllDefiniteClauseImplications())
{
Clause impl2 = KB.standardizeApart(impl);
// for each theta such that SUBST(theta, p1 ^ ... ^ pn) =
// SUBST(theta, p'1 ^ ... ^ p'n)
// --- for some p'1,...,p'n in KB
foreach (Dictionary <Variable, Term> theta in KB.fetch(invert(new List <Literal>(impl2
.getNegativeLiterals()))))
{
// q' <- SUBST(theta, q)
Literal qPrime = KB.subst(theta, impl.getPositiveLiterals()
[0]);
// if q' does not unify with some sentence already in KB or
// new then do
if (!KB.isRenaming(qPrime) &&
!KB.isRenaming(qPrime, newSentences))
{
// add q' to new
newSentences.Add(qPrime);
ansHandler.addProofStep(impl, qPrime, theta);
// theta <- UNIFY(q', alpha)
Dictionary <Variable, Term> theta2 = KB.unify(qPrime.getAtomicSentence(), alpha
.getAtomicSentence());
// if theta is not fail then return theta
if (null != theta2)
{
foreach (Literal l in newSentences)
{
Sentence s = null;
if (l.isPositiveLiteral())
{
s = l.getAtomicSentence();
}
else
{
s = new NotSentence(l.getAtomicSentence());
}
KB.tell(s);
}
ansHandler.setAnswers(KB.fetch(alpha));
return(ansHandler);
}
}
}
}
// add new to KB
foreach (Literal l in newSentences)
{
Sentence s = null;
if (l.isPositiveLiteral())
{
s = l.getAtomicSentence();
}
else
{
s = new NotSentence(l.getAtomicSentence());
}
KB.tell(s);
}
} while (newSentences.Count > 0);
// return false
return(ansHandler);
}