/// <summary>
/// Number of surjective functions from N to K where |N|=n and |K|=k, k!{n k}.
/// </summary>
public static BigInteger Stirling2KF(BigInteger n, BigInteger k)
{
if (n > int.MaxValue)
{
throw new OverflowException();
}
if (n < 0 || k < 0)
{
return(0);
}
if (k > n)
{
return(0);
}
int smallN = (int)n;
BigInteger sum = 0;
for (BigInteger j = 0; j <= k; j++)
{
sum += AlternateSign(Binomial(k, j).Top *BigInteger.Pow(j, smallN), k - j);
}
return(sum);
}
public byte[] BlindData(Dictionary <string, object> blindKey, Dictionary <string, object> signKey, byte[] data)
{
var r = BigInt.Parse(blindKey.GetString("r"));
var e = BigInt.Parse(signKey.GetString("e"));
var n = BigInt.Parse(signKey.GetString("n"));
var multiplier = BigInt.Pow(r, (int)e);
var m = new BigInt(data);
var result = BigInt.ModPow(m * multiplier, 1, n);
return(result.ToByteArray());
}
public async Task <string> CheckTransactionAndFindHackerContractAddr(string transaction, string contractAddr, decimal flagSumEth)
{
var trace = await TransactionTracer.TraceTransactionAsync(transaction, parityRpcUrl);
if (trace == null)
{
log.Info($"Refused addr {contractAddr} hacking transaction candidate {transaction}: transaction trace returned zero result");
return(null);
}
var moneyTransfersDict = trace
.Select(item => item.action)
.Select(action => new
{
fromAddr = action.fromAddr?.ToLowerInvariant(),
toAddr = action.toAddr?.ToLowerInvariant(),
sum = BigInteger.Parse("0" + (action.value?.Substring(2) ?? "0"), NumberStyles.AllowHexSpecifier)
})
.Where(mt => mt.fromAddr == contractAddr && mt.sum > 0)
.GroupBy(mt => mt.toAddr)
.ToDictionary(grouping => grouping.Key, grouping => grouping);
if (moneyTransfersDict.Count != 1)
{
log.Info($"Refused addr {contractAddr} hacking transaction candidate {transaction}: has {moneyTransfersDict.Count} money recepients, but expected 1");
return(null);
}
var hacker = moneyTransfersDict.First();
var hackerAddr = hacker.Key;
BigInteger receivedSumInWei = 0;
foreach (var mt in hacker.Value)
{
receivedSumInWei += mt.sum;
}
var ten = new BigInteger(10);
var weisInEth = BigInteger.Pow(ten, 18);
var flagSumWei = new BigInteger(flagSumEth) * weisInEth;
if (receivedSumInWei < flagSumWei)
{
log.Info($"Refused addr {contractAddr} hacking transaction candidate {transaction}: hacker contract address {hackerAddr} received {receivedSumInWei} wei < expected {flagSumEth} eth");
return(null);
}
return(hackerAddr);
}
public static BigInt Power(this BigInt self, long exp)
{
if (exp < 0)
{
throw ExceptionUtils.MakeArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(exp), exp, "Must be at least 0");
}
// redirection possible?
if (exp <= int.MaxValue)
{
return(BigInt.Pow(self, (int)exp));
}
// manual implementation
if (self.IsOne)
{
return(BigInt.One);
}
else if (self.IsZero)
{
return(BigInt.Zero);
}
else if (self == BigInt.MinusOne)
{
if (exp % 2 == 0)
{
return(BigInt.One);
}
else
{
return(BigInt.MinusOne);
}
}
BigInt result = BigInt.One;
while (exp != 0)
{
if (exp % 2 != 0)
{
result *= self;
}
exp >>= 1;
self *= self;
}
return(result);
}
/// <summary>
/// Returns phi(n), the totient function.
/// </summary>
public static BigInteger Totient(BigInteger n)
{
BigInteger result = 1;
if (n <= 0)
{
return(0);
}
foreach (var factor in PrimeFactors(n))
{
result *= BigInteger.Pow(factor.First, factor.Second - 1) * (factor.First - 1);
}
return(result);
}
public String ToDecimalString(int maxDigits)
{
string s = this.mantissa.ToString();
int digits = (this.mantissa >= 0) ? s.Length : s.Length - 1;
BIM max = BIM.Pow(10, maxDigits);
BIM min = -max;
if (this.exponent >= 0)
{
if (maxDigits < digits || maxDigits - digits < this.exponent)
{
return(String.Format("{0}.0", (this.mantissa >= 0) ? max.ToString() : min.ToString()));
}
else
{
return(String.Format("{0}{1}.0", s, new string('0', this.exponent)));
}
}
else
{
int exp = -this.exponent;
if (exp < digits)
{
int intDigits = digits - exp;
if (maxDigits < intDigits)
{
return(String.Format("{0}.0", (this.mantissa >= 0) ? max.ToString() : min.ToString()));
}
else
{
int fracDigits = Math.Min(maxDigits, digits - intDigits);
return(String.Format("{0}.{1}", s.Substring(0, intDigits), s.Substring(intDigits, fracDigits)));
}
}
else
{
int fracDigits = Math.Min(maxDigits, digits);
return(String.Format("0.{0}{1}", new string('0', exp - fracDigits), s.Substring(0, fracDigits)));
}
}
}
public static BigInteger Eulerian(BigInteger n, BigInteger k)
{
if (n > int.MaxValue)
{
throw new OverflowException();
}
if (k > n)
{
return(0);
}
int smallN = (int)n;
BigInteger sum = 0;
for (BigInteger j = 0; j <= k; j++)
{
sum += AlternateSign(Binomial(n + 1, j).Top *BigInteger.Pow(k + 1 - j, smallN), j);
}
return(sum);
}
public BigInteger Power(int exp)
{
return(new BigInteger(BigInt.Pow(Value, exp)));
}
public static BigInt Power(this BigInt self, int exp)
{
return(BigInt.Pow(self, exp));
}
public static BigFloat FromString(String s)
{
/*
* String must be either of the format [-]0x^.^e*f*e*
* or of the special value formats: 0NaN*e* 0nan*e* 0+oo*e* 0-oo*e*
* Where ^ indicates a hexadecimal value and * indicates an integer value
*/
int posLastE = s.LastIndexOf('e');
int expSize = int.Parse(s.Substring(posLastE + 1));
if (expSize <= 1)
{
throw new FormatException("Exponent size must be greater than 1");
}
int posLastF = s.LastIndexOf('f');
int posSig = posLastF + 1;
if (posLastF == -1)
{
//NaN, +oo, -oo
posSig = 4;
}
int sigSize = int.Parse(s.Substring(posSig, posLastE - posSig));
if (sigSize <= 1)
{
throw new FormatException("Significand size must be greater than 1");
}
if (posLastF == -1)
{
//NaN, +oo, -oo
return(new BigFloat(s.Substring(1, 3), sigSize, expSize));
}
bool isSignBitSet = s[0] == '-';
int posX = s.IndexOf('x');
int posSecondLastE = s.LastIndexOf('e', posLastE - 1);
string hexSig = s.Substring(posX + 1, posSecondLastE - (posX + 1));
BIM oldExp = BIM.Parse(s.Substring(posSecondLastE + 1, posLastF - (posSecondLastE + 1)));
string binSig = string.Join(string.Empty,
hexSig.Select(
c => (c == '.' ? "." : Convert.ToString(Convert.ToInt32(c.ToString(), 16), 2).PadLeft(4, '0'))
)
);
int posDec = binSig.IndexOf('.');
binSig = binSig.Remove(posDec, 1);
int posFirstOne = binSig.IndexOf('1');
int posLastOne = binSig.LastIndexOf('1');
if (posFirstOne == -1)
{
return(new BigFloat(isSignBitSet, 0, 0, sigSize, expSize));
}
binSig = binSig.Substring(posFirstOne, posLastOne - posFirstOne + 1);
BIM bias = BIM.Pow(2, expSize - 1) - 1;
BIM upperBound = 2 * bias + 1;
BIM newExp = 4 * oldExp + bias + (posDec - posFirstOne - 1);
if (newExp <= 0)
{
if (-newExp <= (sigSize - 1) - binSig.Length)
{
binSig = new string('0', (int)-newExp) + binSig;
newExp = 0;
}
}
else
{
binSig = binSig.Substring(1);
}
if (newExp < 0 || newExp >= upperBound)
{
throw new FormatException("The given exponent cannot fit in the bit size " + expSize);
}
binSig = binSig.PadRight(sigSize - 1, '0');
if (binSig.Length > sigSize - 1)
{
throw new FormatException("The given significand cannot fit in the bit size " + (sigSize - 1));
}
BIM newSig = 0;
foreach (char b in binSig)
{
if (b != '.')
{
newSig <<= 1;
newSig += b - '0';
}
}
return(new BigFloat(isSignBitSet, newSig, newExp, sigSize, expSize));
}
public static BigFloat operator *(BigFloat x, BigFloat y)
{
Contract.Requires(x.exponentSize == y.exponentSize);
Contract.Requires(x.significandSize == y.significandSize);
if (x.value == "NaN" || y.value == "NaN" || (x.value == "+oo" || x.value == "-oo") && y.IsZero ||
(y.value == "+oo" || y.value == "-oo") && x.IsZero)
{
return(new BigFloat("NaN", x.significandSize, x.exponentSize));
}
if (x.value != "" || y.value != "")
{
bool xSignBitSet = x.value == "" ? x.isSignBitSet : x.value[0] == '-';
bool ySignBitSet = y.value == "" ? y.isSignBitSet : y.value[0] == '-';
return(new BigFloat((xSignBitSet ^ ySignBitSet ? "-" : "+") + "oo", x.significandSize, x.exponentSize));
}
BIM xsig = x.significand, ysig = y.significand;
BIM xexp = x.exponent, yexp = y.exponent;
BIM hiddenBitPow = BIM.Pow(2, x.significandSize - 1);
if (xexp > 0)
{
xsig += hiddenBitPow;
}
else
{
++xexp;
}
if (yexp > 0)
{
ysig += hiddenBitPow;
}
else
{
++yexp;
}
ysig *= xsig;
yexp += xexp - (BIM.Pow(2, x.exponentSize - 1) - 1) - (x.significandSize - 1);
while (ysig >= hiddenBitPow * 2 || yexp <= 0)
{
ysig >>= 1;
++yexp;
}
while (ysig < hiddenBitPow && yexp > 1)
{
ysig <<= 1;
--yexp;
}
if (ysig < hiddenBitPow)
{
yexp = 0;
}
else
{
ysig -= hiddenBitPow;
}
if (yexp >= BIM.Pow(2, x.exponentSize) - 1)
{
return(new BigFloat(x.isSignBitSet ^ y.isSignBitSet ? "-oo" : "+oo", x.significandSize, x.exponentSize));
}
return(new BigFloat(x.isSignBitSet ^ y.isSignBitSet, ysig, yexp, x.significandSize, x.exponentSize));
}
public static BigFloat operator +(BigFloat x, BigFloat y)
{
Contract.Requires(x.exponentSize == y.exponentSize);
Contract.Requires(x.significandSize == y.significandSize);
if (x.value != "" || y.value != "")
{
if (x.value == "NaN" || y.value == "NaN" || x.value == "+oo" && y.value == "-oo" ||
x.value == "-oo" && y.value == "+oo")
{
return(new BigFloat("NaN", x.significandSize, x.exponentSize));
}
if (x.value != "")
{
return(new BigFloat(x.value, x.significandSize, x.exponentSize));
}
return(new BigFloat(y.value, y.significandSize, y.exponentSize));
}
if (x.exponent > y.exponent)
{
BigFloat temp = x;
x = y;
y = temp;
}
BIM xsig = x.significand, ysig = y.significand;
BIM xexp = x.exponent, yexp = y.exponent;
if (yexp - xexp > x.significandSize) //One of the numbers is relatively insignificant
{
return(new BigFloat(y.isSignBitSet, y.significand, y.exponent, y.significandSize, y.exponentSize));
}
BIM hiddenBitPow = BIM.Pow(2, x.significandSize - 1);
if (xexp > 0)
{
xsig += hiddenBitPow;
}
else
{
++xexp;
}
if (yexp > 0)
{
ysig += hiddenBitPow;
}
else
{
++yexp;
}
if (x.isSignBitSet)
{
xsig = -xsig;
}
if (y.isSignBitSet)
{
ysig = -ysig;
}
xsig >>= (int)(yexp - xexp); //Guaranteed to fit in a 32-bit integer
ysig += xsig;
bool isNeg = ysig < 0;
ysig = BIM.Abs(ysig);
if (ysig == 0)
{
return(new BigFloat(x.isSignBitSet && y.isSignBitSet, 0, 0, x.significandSize, x.exponentSize));
}
if (ysig >= hiddenBitPow * 2)
{
ysig >>= 1;
++yexp;
}
while (ysig < hiddenBitPow && yexp > 1)
{
ysig <<= 1;
--yexp;
}
if (ysig < hiddenBitPow)
{
yexp = 0;
}
else
{
ysig -= hiddenBitPow;
}
if (yexp >= BIM.Pow(2, x.exponentSize) - 1)
{
return(new BigFloat(y.isSignBitSet ? "-oo" : "+oo", x.significandSize, x.exponentSize));
}
return(new BigFloat(isNeg, ysig, yexp, x.significandSize, x.exponentSize));
}
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Conversion operations
// ``floor`` rounds towards negative infinity (like SMT-LIBv2's to_int).
/// <summary>
/// Computes the floor and ceiling of this BigFloat. Note the choice of rounding towards negative
/// infinity rather than zero for floor is because SMT-LIBv2's to_int function floors this way.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="floor">Floor (rounded towards negative infinity)</param>
/// <param name="ceiling">Ceiling (rounded towards positive infinity)</param>
public void FloorCeiling(out BIM floor, out BIM ceiling)
{
Contract.Requires(value == "");
BIM sig = significand;
BIM exp = exponent;
BIM hiddenBitPow = BIM.Pow(2, significandSize - 1);
if (exponent > 0)
{
sig += hiddenBitPow;
}
else
{
++exp;
}
exp -= (BIM.Pow(2, exponentSize - 1) - 1) + (significandSize - 1);
if (exp >= BIM.Zero)
{
while (exp >= int.MaxValue)
{
sig <<= int.MaxValue;
exp -= int.MaxValue;
}
sig <<= (int)exp;
floor = ceiling = (isSignBitSet ? -sig : sig);
}
else
{
exp = -exp;
if (exp > significandSize)
{
if (sig == 0)
{
floor = ceiling = 0;
}
else
{
ceiling = isSignBitSet ? 0 : 1;
floor = ceiling - 1;
}
}
else
{
BIM frac = sig & ((BIM.One << (int)exp) - 1);
sig >>= (int)exp; //Guaranteed to fit in a 32-bit integer
if (frac == 0)
{
floor = ceiling = (isSignBitSet ? -sig : sig);
}
else
{
ceiling = isSignBitSet ? -sig : sig + 1;
floor = ceiling - 1;
}
}
}
}
public override string /*!*/ ToString()
{
Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result <string>() != null);
if (value == "")
{
byte[] sigBytes = significand.ToByteArray();
StringBuilder binSig = new StringBuilder();
if (exponent == 0)
{
binSig.Append('0');
}
else
{
binSig.Append('1'); //hidden bit
}
for (int i = significandSize - 2; i >= 0; --i)
{
//little endian
if (i / 8 < sigBytes.Length)
{
binSig.Append((char)('0' + ((sigBytes[i / 8] >> (i % 8)) & 1)));
}
else
{
binSig.Append('0');
}
}
BIM bias = BIM.Pow(2, exponentSize - 1) - 1;
if (exponent == 0)
{
--bias;
}
int moveDec = ((int)((exponent - bias) % 4) + 4) % 4;
BIM finalExp = (exponent - bias - moveDec) / 4;
string leftBinSig = binSig.ToString().Substring(0, moveDec + 1);
string rightBinSig = binSig.ToString().Substring(moveDec + 1);
leftBinSig = new string('0', 4 - leftBinSig.Length % 4) + leftBinSig;
rightBinSig = rightBinSig + new string('0', 4 - rightBinSig.Length % 4);
StringBuilder leftHexSig = new StringBuilder();
StringBuilder rightHexSig = new StringBuilder();
for (int i = 0; i < leftBinSig.Length / 4; ++i)
{
leftHexSig.AppendFormat("{0:X}", Convert.ToByte(leftBinSig.Substring(i * 4, 4), 2));
}
for (int i = 0; i < rightBinSig.Length / 4; ++i)
{
rightHexSig.AppendFormat("{0:X}", Convert.ToByte(rightBinSig.Substring(i * 4, 4), 2));
}
return(String.Format("{0}0x{1}.{2}e{3}f{4}e{5}", isSignBitSet ? "-" : "", leftHexSig, rightHexSig, finalExp,
significandSize, exponentSize));
}
return(String.Format("0{0}{1}e{2}", value, significandSize, exponentSize));
}