private void SerializePrimitive(JsonWriter writer, object value, JsonPrimitiveContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContract collectionValueContract)
    {
      if (contract.UnderlyingType == typeof (byte[]))
      {
        bool includeTypeDetails = ShouldWriteType(TypeNameHandling.Objects, contract, member, collectionValueContract);
        if (includeTypeDetails)
        {
          writer.WriteStartObject();
          WriteTypeProperty(writer, contract.CreatedType);
          writer.WritePropertyName(JsonTypeReflector.ValuePropertyName);
          writer.WriteValue(value);
          writer.WriteEndObject();
          return;
        }
      }

      writer.WriteValue(value);
    }
    private object CreateList(JsonReader reader, Type objectType, JsonContract contract, JsonProperty member, object existingValue, string reference)
    {
      object value;
      if (HasDefinedType(objectType))
      {
        JsonArrayContract arrayContract = EnsureArrayContract(reader, objectType, contract);

        if (existingValue == null)
          value = CreateAndPopulateList(reader, reference, arrayContract);
        else
          value = PopulateList(arrayContract.CreateWrapper(existingValue), reader, reference, arrayContract);
      }
      else
      {
        value = CreateJToken(reader, contract);
      }
      return value;
    }
    private object CreateObject(JsonReader reader, Type objectType, JsonContract contract, JsonProperty member, object existingValue)
    {
      CheckedRead(reader);

      string id = null;

      if (reader.TokenType == JsonToken.PropertyName)
      {
        string propertyName = reader.Value.ToString();

        if (propertyName.Length > 0 && propertyName[0] == '$')
        {
          // read 'special' properties
          // $type, $id, $ref, etc
          bool specialProperty;

          do
          {
            propertyName = reader.Value.ToString();

            if (string.Equals(propertyName, JsonTypeReflector.RefPropertyName, StringComparison.Ordinal))
            {
              CheckedRead(reader);
              if (reader.TokenType != JsonToken.String && reader.TokenType != JsonToken.Null)
                throw CreateSerializationException(reader, "JSON reference {0} property must have a string or null value.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, JsonTypeReflector.RefPropertyName));

              string reference = (reader.Value != null) ? reader.Value.ToString() : null;

              CheckedRead(reader);

              if (reference != null)
              {
                if (reader.TokenType == JsonToken.PropertyName)
                  throw CreateSerializationException(reader, "Additional content found in JSON reference object. A JSON reference object should only have a {0} property.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, JsonTypeReflector.RefPropertyName));

                return Serializer.ReferenceResolver.ResolveReference(this, reference);
              }
              else
              {
                specialProperty = true;
              }
            }
            else if (string.Equals(propertyName, JsonTypeReflector.TypePropertyName, StringComparison.Ordinal))
            {
              CheckedRead(reader);
              string qualifiedTypeName = reader.Value.ToString();

              if ((((member != null) ? member.TypeNameHandling : null) ?? Serializer.TypeNameHandling) != TypeNameHandling.None)
              {
                string typeName;
                string assemblyName;
                ReflectionUtils.SplitFullyQualifiedTypeName(qualifiedTypeName, out typeName, out assemblyName);

                Type specifiedType;
                try
                {
                  specifiedType = Serializer.Binder.BindToType(assemblyName, typeName);
                }
                catch (Exception ex)
                {
                  throw CreateSerializationException(reader, "Error resolving type specified in JSON '{0}'.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, qualifiedTypeName), ex);
                }

                if (specifiedType == null)
                  throw CreateSerializationException(reader, "Type specified in JSON '{0}' was not resolved.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, qualifiedTypeName));

                if (objectType != null && !objectType.IsAssignableFrom(specifiedType))
                  throw CreateSerializationException(reader, "Type specified in JSON '{0}' is not compatible with '{1}'.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, specifiedType.AssemblyQualifiedName, objectType.AssemblyQualifiedName));

                objectType = specifiedType;
                contract = GetContractSafe(specifiedType);
              }

              CheckedRead(reader);

              specialProperty = true;
            }
            else if (string.Equals(propertyName, JsonTypeReflector.IdPropertyName, StringComparison.Ordinal))
            {
              CheckedRead(reader);

              id = (reader.Value != null) ? reader.Value.ToString() : null;

              CheckedRead(reader);
              specialProperty = true;
            }
            else if (string.Equals(propertyName, JsonTypeReflector.ArrayValuesPropertyName, StringComparison.Ordinal))
            {
              CheckedRead(reader);
              object list = CreateList(reader, objectType, contract, member, existingValue, id);
              CheckedRead(reader);
              return list;
            }
            else
            {
              specialProperty = false;
            }
          } while (specialProperty
                   && reader.TokenType == JsonToken.PropertyName);
        }
      }

      if (!HasDefinedType(objectType))
        return CreateJObject(reader);

      if (contract == null)
        throw CreateSerializationException(reader, "Could not resolve type '{0}' to a JsonContract.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, objectType));

      switch (contract.ContractType)
      {
        case JsonContractType.Object:
          JsonObjectContract objectContract = (JsonObjectContract) contract;
          if (existingValue == null)
            return CreateAndPopulateObject(reader, objectContract, id);

          return PopulateObject(existingValue, reader, objectContract, id);
        case JsonContractType.Primitive:
          JsonPrimitiveContract primitiveContract = (JsonPrimitiveContract) contract;
          // if the content is inside $value then read past it
          if (reader.TokenType == JsonToken.PropertyName && string.Equals(reader.Value.ToString(), JsonTypeReflector.ValuePropertyName, StringComparison.Ordinal))
          {
            CheckedRead(reader);
            object value = CreateValueInternal(reader, objectType, primitiveContract, member, existingValue);

            CheckedRead(reader);
            return value;
          }
          break;
        case JsonContractType.Dictionary:
          JsonDictionaryContract dictionaryContract = (JsonDictionaryContract) contract;
          if (existingValue == null)
            return CreateAndPopulateDictionary(reader, dictionaryContract, id);

          return PopulateDictionary(dictionaryContract.CreateWrapper(existingValue), reader, dictionaryContract, id);
#if !(NET35 || NET20 || WINDOWS_PHONE)
        case JsonContractType.Dynamic:
          JsonDynamicContract dynamicContract = (JsonDynamicContract) contract;
          return CreateDynamic(reader, dynamicContract, id);
#endif
#if !SILVERLIGHT && !PocketPC
        case JsonContractType.Serializable:
          JsonISerializableContract serializableContract = (JsonISerializableContract) contract;
          return CreateISerializable(reader, serializableContract, id);
#endif
      }

      throw CreateSerializationException(reader, "Cannot deserialize JSON object into type '{0}'.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, objectType));
    }
    private object CreateValueInternal(JsonReader reader, Type objectType, JsonContract contract, JsonProperty member, object existingValue)
    {
      if (contract != null && contract.ContractType == JsonContractType.Linq)
        return CreateJToken(reader, contract);

      do
      {
        switch (reader.TokenType)
        {
            // populate a typed object or generic dictionary/array
            // depending upon whether an objectType was supplied
          case JsonToken.StartObject:
            return CreateObject(reader, objectType, contract, member, existingValue);
          case JsonToken.StartArray:
            return CreateList(reader, objectType, contract, member, existingValue, null);
          case JsonToken.Integer:
          case JsonToken.Float:
          case JsonToken.Boolean:
          case JsonToken.Date:
          case JsonToken.Bytes:
            return EnsureType(reader, reader.Value, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract, objectType);
          case JsonToken.String:
            // convert empty string to null automatically for nullable types
            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty((string) reader.Value) && objectType != typeof(string) && contract.IsNullable)
              return null;

            // string that needs to be returned as a byte array should be base 64 decoded
            if (objectType == typeof (byte[]))
              return Convert.FromBase64String((string) reader.Value);

            return EnsureType(reader, reader.Value, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract, objectType);
          case JsonToken.StartConstructor:
          case JsonToken.EndConstructor:
            string constructorName = reader.Value.ToString();

            return constructorName;
          case JsonToken.Null:
          case JsonToken.Undefined:
            if (objectType == typeof (DBNull))
              return DBNull.Value;

            return EnsureType(reader, reader.Value, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract, objectType);
          case JsonToken.Raw:
            return new JRaw((string) reader.Value);
          case JsonToken.Comment:
            // ignore
            break;
          default:
            throw CreateSerializationException(reader, "Unexpected token while deserializing object: " + reader.TokenType);
        }
      } while (reader.Read());

      throw CreateSerializationException(reader, "Unexpected end when deserializing object.");
    }
    private object CreateValueProperty(JsonReader reader, JsonProperty property, JsonConverter propertyConverter, object target, bool gottenCurrentValue, object currentValue)
    {
      JsonContract contract;
      JsonConverter converter;

      if (property.PropertyContract == null)
        property.PropertyContract = GetContractSafe(property.PropertyType);

      if (currentValue == null)
      {
        contract = property.PropertyContract;
        converter = propertyConverter;
      }
      else
      {
        contract = GetContractSafe(currentValue.GetType());

        if (contract != property.PropertyContract)
          converter = GetConverter(contract, property.MemberConverter);
        else
          converter = propertyConverter;
      }

      Type objectType = property.PropertyType;

      if (converter != null && converter.CanRead)
      {
        if (!gottenCurrentValue && target != null && property.Readable)
          currentValue = property.ValueProvider.GetValue(target);

        return converter.ReadJson(reader, objectType, currentValue, GetInternalSerializer());
      }

      return CreateValueInternal(reader, objectType, contract, property, currentValue);
    }
 private void SetPropertyPresence(JsonReader reader, JsonProperty property, Dictionary<JsonProperty, PropertyPresence> requiredProperties)
 {
   if (property != null)
   {
     requiredProperties[property] = (reader.TokenType == JsonToken.Null || reader.TokenType == JsonToken.Undefined)
       ? PropertyPresence.Null
       : PropertyPresence.Value;
   }
 }
    private void SerializeValue(JsonWriter writer, object value, JsonContract valueContract, JsonProperty member, JsonContract collectionValueContract)
    {
      JsonConverter converter = (member != null) ? member.Converter : null;

      if (value == null)
      {
        writer.WriteNull();
        return;
      }

      if ((converter != null
           || ((converter = valueContract.Converter) != null)
           || ((converter = Serializer.GetMatchingConverter(valueContract.UnderlyingType)) != null)
           || ((converter = valueContract.InternalConverter) != null))
          && converter.CanWrite)
      {
        SerializeConvertable(writer, converter, value, valueContract);
        return;
      }

      switch (valueContract.ContractType)
      {
        case JsonContractType.Object:
          SerializeObject(writer, value, (JsonObjectContract) valueContract, member, collectionValueContract);
          break;
        case JsonContractType.Array:
          JsonArrayContract arrayContract = (JsonArrayContract) valueContract;
          SerializeList(writer, arrayContract.CreateWrapper(value), arrayContract, member, collectionValueContract);
          break;
        case JsonContractType.Primitive:
          SerializePrimitive(writer, value, (JsonPrimitiveContract) valueContract, member, collectionValueContract);
          break;
        case JsonContractType.String:
          SerializeString(writer, value, (JsonStringContract) valueContract);
          break;
        case JsonContractType.Dictionary:
          JsonDictionaryContract dictionaryContract = (JsonDictionaryContract) valueContract;
          SerializeDictionary(writer, dictionaryContract.CreateWrapper(value), dictionaryContract, member, collectionValueContract);
          break;
#if !(NET35 || NET20 || WINDOWS_PHONE)
        case JsonContractType.Dynamic:
          SerializeDynamic(writer, (IDynamicMetaObjectProvider) value, (JsonDynamicContract) valueContract);
          break;
#endif
#if !SILVERLIGHT && !PocketPC
        case JsonContractType.Serializable:
          SerializeISerializable(writer, (ISerializable) value, (JsonISerializableContract) valueContract, member, collectionValueContract);
          break;
#endif
        case JsonContractType.Linq:
          ((JToken) value).WriteTo(writer, (Serializer.Converters != null) ? Serializer.Converters.ToArray() : null);
          break;
      }
    }
    private void WriteMemberInfoProperty(JsonWriter writer, object memberValue, JsonProperty property, JsonContract contract)
    {
      string propertyName = property.PropertyName;
      object defaultValue = property.DefaultValue;

      if (property.NullValueHandling.GetValueOrDefault(Serializer.NullValueHandling) == NullValueHandling.Ignore &&
          memberValue == null)
        return;

      if (HasFlag(property.DefaultValueHandling.GetValueOrDefault(Serializer.DefaultValueHandling), DefaultValueHandling.Ignore)
        && MiscellaneousUtils.ValueEquals(memberValue, defaultValue))
        return;

      if (ShouldWriteReference(memberValue, property, contract))
      {
        writer.WritePropertyName(propertyName);
        WriteReference(writer, memberValue);
        return;
      }

      if (!CheckForCircularReference(memberValue, property.ReferenceLoopHandling, contract))
        return;

      if (memberValue == null && property.Required == Required.Always)
        throw new JsonSerializationException("Cannot write a null value for property '{0}'. Property requires a value.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, property.PropertyName));

      writer.WritePropertyName(propertyName);
      SerializeValue(writer, memberValue, contract, property, null);
    }
    private bool IsSpecified(JsonProperty property, object target)
    {
      if (property.GetIsSpecified == null)
        return true;

      return property.GetIsSpecified(target);
    }
    private bool ShouldSerialize(JsonProperty property, object target)
    {
      if (property.ShouldSerialize == null)
        return true;

      return property.ShouldSerialize(target);
    }
    private void SerializeDictionary(JsonWriter writer, IWrappedDictionary values, JsonDictionaryContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContract collectionValueContract)
    {
      contract.InvokeOnSerializing(values.UnderlyingDictionary, Serializer.Context);

      _serializeStack.Add(values.UnderlyingDictionary);
      writer.WriteStartObject();

      bool isReference = contract.IsReference ?? HasFlag(Serializer.PreserveReferencesHandling, PreserveReferencesHandling.Objects);
      if (isReference)
      {
        writer.WritePropertyName(JsonTypeReflector.IdPropertyName);
        writer.WriteValue(Serializer.ReferenceResolver.GetReference(this, values.UnderlyingDictionary));
      }
      if (ShouldWriteType(TypeNameHandling.Objects, contract, member, collectionValueContract))
      {
        WriteTypeProperty(writer, values.UnderlyingDictionary.GetType());
      }

      if (contract.DictionaryValueContract == null)
        contract.DictionaryValueContract = Serializer.ContractResolver.ResolveContract(contract.DictionaryValueType ?? typeof(object));

      JsonContract dictionaryValueContract = (contract.DictionaryValueContract.UnderlyingType.IsSealed) ? contract.DictionaryValueContract : null;

      int initialDepth = writer.Top;

      // Mono Unity 3.0 fix
      IDictionary d = values;

      foreach (DictionaryEntry entry in d)
      {
        string propertyName = GetPropertyName(entry);

        propertyName = (contract.PropertyNameResolver != null)
                         ? contract.PropertyNameResolver(propertyName)
                         : propertyName;

        try
        {
          object value = entry.Value;
          JsonContract valueContract = dictionaryValueContract ?? GetContractSafe(value);

          if (ShouldWriteReference(value, null, valueContract))
          {
            writer.WritePropertyName(propertyName);
            WriteReference(writer, value);
          }
          else
          {
            if (!CheckForCircularReference(value, null, contract))
              continue;

            writer.WritePropertyName(propertyName);

            SerializeValue(writer, value, valueContract, null, contract.DictionaryValueContract);
          }
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
          if (IsErrorHandled(values.UnderlyingDictionary, contract, propertyName, ex))
            HandleError(writer, initialDepth);
          else
            throw;
        }
      }

      writer.WriteEndObject();
      _serializeStack.RemoveAt(_serializeStack.Count - 1);

      contract.InvokeOnSerialized(values.UnderlyingDictionary, Serializer.Context);
    }
    private bool ShouldWriteType(TypeNameHandling typeNameHandlingFlag, JsonContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContract collectionValueContract)
    {
      if (HasFlag(((member != null) ? member.TypeNameHandling : null) ?? Serializer.TypeNameHandling, typeNameHandlingFlag))
        return true;

      if (member != null)
      {
        if ((member.TypeNameHandling ?? Serializer.TypeNameHandling) == TypeNameHandling.Auto
          // instance and property type are different
          && contract.UnderlyingType != member.PropertyType)
        {
          JsonContract memberTypeContract = Serializer.ContractResolver.ResolveContract(member.PropertyType);
          // instance type and the property's type's contract default type are different (no need to put the type in JSON because the type will be created by default)
          if (contract.UnderlyingType != memberTypeContract.CreatedType)
            return true;
        }
      }
      else if (collectionValueContract != null)
      {
        if (Serializer.TypeNameHandling == TypeNameHandling.Auto && contract.UnderlyingType != collectionValueContract.UnderlyingType)
          return true;
      }

      return false;
    }
    private void SerializeISerializable(JsonWriter writer, ISerializable value, JsonISerializableContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContract collectionValueContract)
    {
      contract.InvokeOnSerializing(value, Serializer.Context);
      _serializeStack.Add(value);

      writer.WriteStartObject();

      if (ShouldWriteType(TypeNameHandling.Objects, contract, member, collectionValueContract))
      {
          WriteTypeProperty(writer, contract.UnderlyingType);
      }

      SerializationInfo serializationInfo = new SerializationInfo(contract.UnderlyingType, new FormatterConverter());
      value.GetObjectData(serializationInfo, Serializer.Context);

      foreach (SerializationEntry serializationEntry in serializationInfo)
      {
        writer.WritePropertyName(serializationEntry.Name);
        SerializeValue(writer, serializationEntry.Value, GetContractSafe(serializationEntry.Value), null, null);
      }

      writer.WriteEndObject();

      _serializeStack.RemoveAt(_serializeStack.Count - 1);
      contract.InvokeOnSerialized(value, Serializer.Context);
    }
    private void SerializeList(JsonWriter writer, IWrappedCollection values, JsonArrayContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContract collectionValueContract)
    {
      contract.InvokeOnSerializing(values.UnderlyingCollection, Serializer.Context);

      _serializeStack.Add(values.UnderlyingCollection);

      bool isReference = contract.IsReference ?? HasFlag(Serializer.PreserveReferencesHandling, PreserveReferencesHandling.Arrays);
      bool includeTypeDetails = ShouldWriteType(TypeNameHandling.Arrays, contract, member, collectionValueContract);

      if (isReference || includeTypeDetails)
      {
        writer.WriteStartObject();

        if (isReference)
        {
          writer.WritePropertyName(JsonTypeReflector.IdPropertyName);
          writer.WriteValue(Serializer.ReferenceResolver.GetReference(this, values.UnderlyingCollection));
        }
        if (includeTypeDetails)
        {
          WriteTypeProperty(writer, values.UnderlyingCollection.GetType());
        }
        writer.WritePropertyName(JsonTypeReflector.ArrayValuesPropertyName);
      }

      if (contract.CollectionItemContract == null)
        contract.CollectionItemContract = Serializer.ContractResolver.ResolveContract(contract.CollectionItemType ?? typeof(object));

      JsonContract collectionItemValueContract = (contract.CollectionItemContract.UnderlyingType.IsSealed) ? contract.CollectionItemContract : null;

      writer.WriteStartArray();

      int initialDepth = writer.Top;

      int index = 0;
      // note that an error in the IEnumerable won't be caught
      foreach (object value in values)
      {
        try
        {
          JsonContract valueContract = collectionItemValueContract ?? GetContractSafe(value);

          if (ShouldWriteReference(value, null, valueContract))
          {
            WriteReference(writer, value);
          }
          else
          {
            if (CheckForCircularReference(value, null, contract))
            {
              SerializeValue(writer, value, valueContract, null, contract.CollectionItemContract);
            }
          }
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
          if (IsErrorHandled(values.UnderlyingCollection, contract, index, ex))
            HandleError(writer, initialDepth);
          else
            throw;
        }
        finally
        {
          index++;
        }
      }

      writer.WriteEndArray();

      if (isReference || includeTypeDetails)
      {
        writer.WriteEndObject();
      }

      _serializeStack.RemoveAt(_serializeStack.Count - 1);

      contract.InvokeOnSerialized(values.UnderlyingCollection, Serializer.Context);
    }
    private void SerializeObject(JsonWriter writer, object value, JsonObjectContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContract collectionValueContract)
    {
      contract.InvokeOnSerializing(value, Serializer.Context);

      _serializeStack.Add(value);
      writer.WriteStartObject();

      bool isReference = contract.IsReference ?? HasFlag(Serializer.PreserveReferencesHandling, PreserveReferencesHandling.Objects);
      if (isReference)
      {
        writer.WritePropertyName(JsonTypeReflector.IdPropertyName);
        writer.WriteValue(Serializer.ReferenceResolver.GetReference(this, value));
      }
      if (ShouldWriteType(TypeNameHandling.Objects, contract, member, collectionValueContract))
      {
        WriteTypeProperty(writer, contract.UnderlyingType);
      }

      int initialDepth = writer.Top;

      foreach (JsonProperty property in contract.Properties)
      {
        try
        {
          if (!property.Ignored && property.Readable && ShouldSerialize(property, value) && IsSpecified(property, value))
          {
            if (property.PropertyContract == null)
              property.PropertyContract = Serializer.ContractResolver.ResolveContract(property.PropertyType);

            object memberValue = property.ValueProvider.GetValue(value);
            JsonContract memberContract = (property.PropertyContract.UnderlyingType.IsSealed) ? property.PropertyContract : GetContractSafe(memberValue);

            WriteMemberInfoProperty(writer, memberValue, property, memberContract);
          }
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
          if (IsErrorHandled(value, contract, property.PropertyName, ex))
            HandleError(writer, initialDepth);
          else
            throw;
        }
      }

      writer.WriteEndObject();
      _serializeStack.RemoveAt(_serializeStack.Count - 1);

      contract.InvokeOnSerialized(value, Serializer.Context);
    }
    private void SetPropertyValue(JsonProperty property, JsonConverter propertyConverter, JsonReader reader, object target)
    {
      if (property.Ignored)
      {
        reader.Skip();
        return;
      }

      object currentValue = null;
      bool useExistingValue = false;
      bool gottenCurrentValue = false;

      ObjectCreationHandling objectCreationHandling =
        property.ObjectCreationHandling.GetValueOrDefault(Serializer.ObjectCreationHandling);

      if ((objectCreationHandling == ObjectCreationHandling.Auto || objectCreationHandling == ObjectCreationHandling.Reuse)
        && (reader.TokenType == JsonToken.StartArray || reader.TokenType == JsonToken.StartObject)
          && property.Readable)
      {
        currentValue = property.ValueProvider.GetValue(target);
        gottenCurrentValue = true;

        useExistingValue = (currentValue != null
          && !property.PropertyType.IsArray
            && !ReflectionUtils.InheritsGenericDefinition(property.PropertyType, typeof (ReadOnlyCollection<>))
              && !property.PropertyType.IsValueType);
      }

      if (!property.Writable && !useExistingValue)
      {
        reader.Skip();
        return;
      }

      // test tokentype here because null might not be convertable to some types, e.g. ignoring null when applied to DateTime
      if (property.NullValueHandling.GetValueOrDefault(Serializer.NullValueHandling) == NullValueHandling.Ignore && reader.TokenType == JsonToken.Null)
      {
        reader.Skip();
        return;
      }

      // test tokentype here because default value might not be convertable to actual type, e.g. default of "" for DateTime
      if (HasFlag(property.DefaultValueHandling.GetValueOrDefault(Serializer.DefaultValueHandling), DefaultValueHandling.Ignore)
        && JsonReader.IsPrimitiveToken(reader.TokenType)
          && MiscellaneousUtils.ValueEquals(reader.Value, property.DefaultValue))
      {
        reader.Skip();
        return;
      }

      object existingValue = (useExistingValue) ? currentValue : null;
      object value = CreateValueProperty(reader, property, propertyConverter, target, gottenCurrentValue, existingValue);

      // always set the value if useExistingValue is false,
      // otherwise also set it if CreateValue returns a new value compared to the currentValue
      // this could happen because of a JsonConverter against the type
      if ((!useExistingValue || value != currentValue)
        && ShouldSetPropertyValue(property, value))
      {
        property.ValueProvider.SetValue(target, value);

        if (property.SetIsSpecified != null)
          property.SetIsSpecified(target, true);
      }
    }
    private bool ShouldSetPropertyValue(JsonProperty property, object value)
    {
      if (property.NullValueHandling.GetValueOrDefault(Serializer.NullValueHandling) == NullValueHandling.Ignore && value == null)
        return false;

      if (HasFlag(property.DefaultValueHandling.GetValueOrDefault(Serializer.DefaultValueHandling), DefaultValueHandling.Ignore)
        && MiscellaneousUtils.ValueEquals(value, property.DefaultValue))
        return false;

      if (!property.Writable)
        return false;

      return true;
    }
    private bool ShouldWriteReference(object value, JsonProperty property, JsonContract contract)
    {
      if (value == null)
        return false;
      if (contract.ContractType == JsonContractType.Primitive || contract.ContractType == JsonContractType.String)
        return false;

      bool? isReference = null;

      // value could be coming from a dictionary or array and not have a property
      if (property != null)
        isReference = property.IsReference;

      if (isReference == null)
        isReference = contract.IsReference;

      if (isReference == null)
      {
        if (contract.ContractType == JsonContractType.Array)
          isReference = HasFlag(Serializer.PreserveReferencesHandling, PreserveReferencesHandling.Arrays);
        else
          isReference = HasFlag(Serializer.PreserveReferencesHandling, PreserveReferencesHandling.Objects);
      }

      if (!isReference.Value)
        return false;

      return Serializer.ReferenceResolver.IsReferenced(this, value);
    }