/// <summary>
        /// Creates a scope used to instrument an MVC action and populates some common details.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="controllerContext">The System.Web.Mvc.ControllerContext that was passed as an argument to the instrumented method.</param>
        /// <returns>A new scope used to instrument an MVC action.</returns>
        internal static Scope CreateScope(ControllerContextStruct controllerContext)
        {
            Scope scope = null;

            try
            {
                var httpContext = controllerContext.HttpContext;
                if (httpContext == null)
                {
                    return(null);
                }

                Span span = null;
                // integration enabled, go create a scope!
                var tracer = Tracer.Instance;
                if (tracer.Settings.IsIntegrationEnabled(IntegrationId))
                {
                    var    newResourceNamesEnabled = tracer.Settings.RouteTemplateResourceNamesEnabled;
                    string host         = httpContext.Request.Headers.Get("Host");
                    string httpMethod   = httpContext.Request.HttpMethod.ToUpperInvariant();
                    string url          = httpContext.Request.Url?.ToString(); // Upstream uses RawUrl, ie. the part of the URL following the domain information.
                    string resourceName = null;

                    RouteData            routeData   = controllerContext.RouteData;
                    Route                route       = routeData?.Route as Route;
                    RouteValueDictionary routeValues = routeData?.Values;
                    bool wasAttributeRouted          = false;
                    bool isChildAction = controllerContext.ParentActionViewContext.RouteData?.Values["controller"] is not null;

                    if (isChildAction && newResourceNamesEnabled)
                    {
                        // For child actions, we want to stick to what was requested in the http request.
                        // And the child action being a child, then we have already computed the resourcename.
                        resourceName = httpContext.Items[SharedItems.HttpContextPropagatedResourceNameKey] as string;
                    }

                    if (route == null && routeData?.Route.GetType().FullName == RouteCollectionRouteTypeName)
                    {
                        var routeMatches = routeValues?.GetValueOrDefault("MS_DirectRouteMatches") as List <RouteData>;

                        if (routeMatches?.Count > 0)
                        {
                            // route was defined using attribute routing i.e. [Route("/path/{id}")]
                            // get route and routeValues from the RouteData in routeMatches
                            wasAttributeRouted = true;
                            route       = routeMatches[0].Route as Route;
                            routeValues = routeMatches[0].Values;
                        }
                    }

                    string routeUrl = route?.Url;
                    string areaName;
                    string controllerName;
                    string actionName;

                    if ((wasAttributeRouted || newResourceNamesEnabled) && string.IsNullOrEmpty(resourceName) && !string.IsNullOrEmpty(routeUrl))
                    {
                        resourceName = AspNetResourceNameHelper.CalculateResourceName(
                            httpMethod: httpMethod,
                            routeTemplate: routeUrl,
                            routeValues,
                            defaults: wasAttributeRouted ? null : route.Defaults,
                            out areaName,
                            out controllerName,
                            out actionName,
                            expandRouteTemplates: newResourceNamesEnabled && tracer.Settings.ExpandRouteTemplatesEnabled);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        // just grab area/controller/action directly
                        areaName       = (routeValues?.GetValueOrDefault("area") as string)?.ToLowerInvariant();
                        controllerName = (routeValues?.GetValueOrDefault("controller") as string)?.ToLowerInvariant();
                        actionName     = (routeValues?.GetValueOrDefault("action") as string)?.ToLowerInvariant();
                    }

                    if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(resourceName))
                    {
                        // Keep the legacy resource name, just to have something
                        resourceName = $"{httpMethod} {controllerName}.{actionName}";
                    }

                    SpanContext propagatedContext = null;
                    var         tagsFromHeaders   = Enumerable.Empty <KeyValuePair <string, string> >();

                    if (tracer.InternalActiveScope == null)
                    {
                        try
                        {
                            // extract propagated http headers
                            var headers    = httpContext.Request.Headers.Wrap();
                            var propagator = SpanContextPropagator.Instance;
                            propagatedContext = propagator.Extract(headers);
                            tagsFromHeaders   = headers.ExtractHeaderTags(tracer.Settings.HeaderTags, PropagationExtensions.HttpRequestHeadersTagPrefix);
                        }
                        catch (Exception ex)
                        {
                            Log.Error(ex, "Error extracting propagated HTTP headers.");
                        }
                    }

                    var tags = new AspNetTags();
                    scope = tracer.StartActiveInternal(resourceName, propagatedContext, tags: tags);
                    span  = scope.Span;

                    span.DecorateWebServerSpan(
                        resourceName: resourceName,
                        method: httpMethod,
                        host: host,
                        httpUrl: url,
                        tags,
                        tagsFromHeaders,
                        httpContext.Request.UserHostAddress);

                    span.LogicScope = isChildAction ? ChildActionOperationName : OperationName;

                    tags.AspNetRoute      = routeUrl;
                    tags.AspNetArea       = areaName;
                    tags.AspNetController = controllerName;
                    tags.AspNetAction     = actionName;

                    tags.SetAnalyticsSampleRate(IntegrationId, tracer.Settings, enabledWithGlobalSetting: true);

                    if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(httpContext.Items[SharedItems.HttpContextPropagatedResourceNameKey] as string))
                    {
                        // set the resource name in the HttpContext so TracingHttpModule can update root span
                        httpContext.Items[SharedItems.HttpContextPropagatedResourceNameKey] = resourceName;
                    }

                    tracer.TracerManager.Telemetry.IntegrationGeneratedSpan(IntegrationId);
                }
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                Log.Error(ex, "Error creating or populating scope.");
            }

            return(scope);
        }
        /// <summary>
        /// Creates a scope used to instrument an MVC action and populates some common details.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="controllerContext">The System.Web.Mvc.ControllerContext that was passed as an argument to the instrumented method.</param>
        /// <returns>A new scope used to instrument an MVC action.</returns>
        internal static Scope CreateScope(ControllerContextStruct controllerContext)
        {
            Scope scope = null;

            try
            {
                var httpContext = controllerContext.HttpContext;
                if (httpContext == null)
                {
                    return(null);
                }

                Span span = null;
                // integration enabled, go create a scope!
                if (Tracer.Instance.Settings.IsIntegrationEnabled(IntegrationId))
                {
                    var    newResourceNamesEnabled = Tracer.Instance.Settings.RouteTemplateResourceNamesEnabled;
                    string host         = httpContext.Request.Headers.Get("Host");
                    string httpMethod   = httpContext.Request.HttpMethod.ToUpperInvariant();
                    string url          = httpContext.Request.RawUrl.ToLowerInvariant();
                    string resourceName = null;

                    RouteData            routeData   = controllerContext.RouteData;
                    Route                route       = routeData?.Route as Route;
                    RouteValueDictionary routeValues = routeData?.Values;
                    bool wasAttributeRouted          = false;
                    bool isChildAction = controllerContext.ParentActionViewContext.RouteData?.Values["controller"] is not null;

                    if (isChildAction && newResourceNamesEnabled)
                    {
                        // For child actions, we want to stick to what was requested in the http request.
                        // And the child action being a child, then we have already computed the resourcename.
                        resourceName = httpContext.Items[SharedItems.HttpContextPropagatedResourceNameKey] as string;
                    }

                    if (route == null && routeData?.Route.GetType().FullName == RouteCollectionRouteTypeName)
                    {
                        var routeMatches = routeValues?.GetValueOrDefault("MS_DirectRouteMatches") as List <RouteData>;

                        if (routeMatches?.Count > 0)
                        {
                            // route was defined using attribute routing i.e. [Route("/path/{id}")]
                            // get route and routeValues from the RouteData in routeMatches
                            wasAttributeRouted = true;
                            route       = routeMatches[0].Route as Route;
                            routeValues = routeMatches[0].Values;

                            if (route != null)
                            {
                                var resourceUrl = route.Url?.ToLowerInvariant() ?? string.Empty;
                                if (resourceUrl.FirstOrDefault() != '/')
                                {
                                    resourceUrl = string.Concat("/", resourceUrl);
                                }

                                resourceName = $"{httpMethod} {resourceUrl}";
                            }
                        }
                    }

                    string routeUrl       = route?.Url;
                    string areaName       = (routeValues?.GetValueOrDefault("area") as string)?.ToLowerInvariant();
                    string controllerName = (routeValues?.GetValueOrDefault("controller") as string)?.ToLowerInvariant();
                    string actionName     = (routeValues?.GetValueOrDefault("action") as string)?.ToLowerInvariant();

                    if (newResourceNamesEnabled && string.IsNullOrEmpty(resourceName) && !string.IsNullOrEmpty(routeUrl))
                    {
                        resourceName = $"{httpMethod} /{routeUrl.ToLowerInvariant()}";
                    }

                    if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(resourceName) && httpContext.Request.Url != null)
                    {
                        var cleanUri = UriHelpers.GetCleanUriPath(httpContext.Request.Url);
                        resourceName = $"{httpMethod} {cleanUri.ToLowerInvariant()}";
                    }

                    if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(resourceName))
                    {
                        // Keep the legacy resource name, just to have something
                        resourceName = $"{httpMethod} {controllerName}.{actionName}";
                    }

                    // Replace well-known routing tokens
                    resourceName =
                        resourceName
                        .Replace("{area}", areaName)
                        .Replace("{controller}", controllerName)
                        .Replace("{action}", actionName);

                    if (newResourceNamesEnabled && !wasAttributeRouted && routeValues is not null && route is not null)
                    {
                        // Remove unused parameters from conventional route templates
                        // Don't bother with routes defined using attribute routing
                        foreach (var parameter in route.Defaults)
                        {
                            var parameterName = parameter.Key;
                            if (parameterName != "area" &&
                                parameterName != "controller" &&
                                parameterName != "action" &&
                                !routeValues.ContainsKey(parameterName))
                            {
                                resourceName = resourceName.Replace($"/{{{parameterName}}}", string.Empty);
                            }
                        }
                    }

                    SpanContext propagatedContext = null;
                    var         tracer            = Tracer.Instance;
                    var         tagsFromHeaders   = Enumerable.Empty <KeyValuePair <string, string> >();

                    if (tracer.InternalActiveScope == null)
                    {
                        try
                        {
                            // extract propagated http headers
                            var headers = httpContext.Request.Headers.Wrap();
                            propagatedContext = SpanContextPropagator.Instance.Extract(headers);
                            tagsFromHeaders   = SpanContextPropagator.Instance.ExtractHeaderTags(headers, tracer.Settings.HeaderTags, SpanContextPropagator.HttpRequestHeadersTagPrefix);
                        }
                        catch (Exception ex)
                        {
                            Log.Error(ex, "Error extracting propagated HTTP headers.");
                        }
                    }

                    var tags = new AspNetTags();
                    scope = Tracer.Instance.StartActiveInternal(isChildAction ? ChildActionOperationName : OperationName, propagatedContext, tags: tags);
                    span  = scope.Span;

                    span.DecorateWebServerSpan(
                        resourceName: resourceName,
                        method: httpMethod,
                        host: host,
                        httpUrl: url,
                        tags,
                        tagsFromHeaders);

                    tags.AspNetRoute      = routeUrl;
                    tags.AspNetArea       = areaName;
                    tags.AspNetController = controllerName;
                    tags.AspNetAction     = actionName;

                    tags.SetAnalyticsSampleRate(IntegrationId, tracer.Settings, enabledWithGlobalSetting: true);

                    if (newResourceNamesEnabled && string.IsNullOrEmpty(httpContext.Items[SharedItems.HttpContextPropagatedResourceNameKey] as string))
                    {
                        // set the resource name in the HttpContext so TracingHttpModule can update root span
                        httpContext.Items[SharedItems.HttpContextPropagatedResourceNameKey] = resourceName;
                    }

                    tracer.TracerManager.Telemetry.IntegrationGeneratedSpan(IntegrationId);
                }
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                Log.Error(ex, "Error creating or populating scope.");
            }

            return(scope);
        }