private void SerializeMultidimensionalArray(JsonWriter writer, Array values, JsonArrayContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract collectionContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
        {
            OnSerializing(writer, contract, values);

            _serializeStack.Add(values);

            var hasWrittenMetadataObject = WriteStartArray(writer, values, contract, member, collectionContract, containerProperty);

            SerializeMultidimensionalArray(writer, values, contract, member, writer.Top, new int[0]);

            if (hasWrittenMetadataObject)
                writer.WriteEndObject();

            _serializeStack.RemoveAt(_serializeStack.Count - 1);

            OnSerialized(writer, contract, values);
        }
        private object CreateList(JsonReader reader, Type objectType, JsonContract contract, JsonProperty member, object existingValue, string id)
        {
            object value;

            if (HasNoDefinedType(contract))
                return CreateJToken(reader, contract);

            var arrayContract = EnsureArrayContract(reader, objectType, contract);

            if (existingValue == null)
            {
                bool createdFromNonDefaultCreator;
                var list = CreateNewList(reader, arrayContract, out createdFromNonDefaultCreator);

                if (createdFromNonDefaultCreator)
                {
                    if (id != null)
                        throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Cannot preserve reference to array or readonly list, or list created from a non-default constructor: {0}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.UnderlyingType));

                    if (contract.OnSerializingCallbacks.Count > 0)
                        throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Cannot call OnSerializing on an array or readonly list, or list created from a non-default constructor: {0}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.UnderlyingType));

                    if (contract.OnErrorCallbacks.Count > 0)
                        throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Cannot call OnError on an array or readonly list, or list created from a non-default constructor: {0}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.UnderlyingType));

                    if (!arrayContract.HasParametrizedCreator && !arrayContract.IsArray)
                        throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Cannot deserialize readonly or fixed size list: {0}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.UnderlyingType));
                }

                if (!arrayContract.IsMultidimensionalArray)
                    PopulateList(list, reader, arrayContract, member, id);
                else
                    PopulateMultidimensionalArray(list, reader, arrayContract, member, id);

                if (createdFromNonDefaultCreator)
                {
                    if (arrayContract.IsMultidimensionalArray)
                        list = CollectionUtils.ToMultidimensionalArray(list, arrayContract.CollectionItemType, contract.CreatedType.GetArrayRank());
                    else if (arrayContract.IsArray)
                    {
                        var a = Array.CreateInstance(arrayContract.CollectionItemType, list.Count);
                        list.CopyTo(a, 0);
                        list = a;
                    }
                    else
                        // call constructor that takes IEnumerable<T>
                        return arrayContract.ParametrizedCreator(list);
                }
                else if (list is IWrappedCollection)
                    return ((IWrappedCollection) list).UnderlyingCollection;

                value = list;
            }
            else
            {
                if (!arrayContract.CanDeserialize)
                    throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Cannot populate list type {0}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.CreatedType));

                value = PopulateList((arrayContract.ShouldCreateWrapper) ? arrayContract.CreateWrapper(existingValue) : (IList)existingValue, reader, arrayContract, member, id);
            }

            return value;
        }
        private bool CalculatePropertyDetails(JsonProperty property, ref JsonConverter propertyConverter, JsonContainerContract containerContract, JsonProperty containerProperty, JsonReader reader, object target, out bool useExistingValue, out object currentValue, out JsonContract propertyContract, out bool gottenCurrentValue)
        {
            currentValue = null;
            useExistingValue = false;
            propertyContract = null;
            gottenCurrentValue = false;

            if (property.Ignored)
                return true;

            var tokenType = reader.TokenType;

            if (property.PropertyContract == null)
                property.PropertyContract = GetContractSafe(property.PropertyType);

            var objectCreationHandling =
                property.ObjectCreationHandling.GetValueOrDefault(Serializer._objectCreationHandling);

            if ((objectCreationHandling != ObjectCreationHandling.Replace)
                && (tokenType == JsonToken.StartArray || tokenType == JsonToken.StartObject)
                && property.Readable)
            {
                currentValue = property.ValueProvider.GetValue(target);
                gottenCurrentValue = true;

                if (currentValue != null)
                {
                    propertyContract = GetContractSafe(currentValue.GetType());

                    useExistingValue = (!propertyContract.IsReadOnlyOrFixedSize && !propertyContract.UnderlyingType.IsValueType());
                }
            }

            if (!property.Writable && !useExistingValue)
                return true;

            // test tokentype here because null might not be convertable to some types, e.g. ignoring null when applied to DateTime
            if (property.NullValueHandling.GetValueOrDefault(Serializer._nullValueHandling) == NullValueHandling.Ignore && tokenType == JsonToken.Null)
                return true;

            // test tokentype here because default value might not be convertable to actual type, e.g. default of "" for DateTime
            if (HasFlag(property.DefaultValueHandling.GetValueOrDefault(Serializer._defaultValueHandling), DefaultValueHandling.Ignore)
                && !HasFlag(property.DefaultValueHandling.GetValueOrDefault(Serializer._defaultValueHandling), DefaultValueHandling.Populate)
                && JsonTokenUtils.IsPrimitiveToken(tokenType)
                && MiscellaneousUtils.ValueEquals(reader.Value, property.GetResolvedDefaultValue()))
                return true;

            if (currentValue == null)
            {
                propertyContract = property.PropertyContract;
            }
            else
            {
                propertyContract = GetContractSafe(currentValue.GetType());

                if (propertyContract != property.PropertyContract)
                    propertyConverter = GetConverter(propertyContract, property.MemberConverter, containerContract, containerProperty);
            }

            return false;
        }
        private object CreateObject(JsonReader reader, Type objectType, JsonContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract containerContract, JsonProperty containerMember, object existingValue)
        {
            string id;
            var resolvedObjectType = objectType;

            if (Serializer.MetadataPropertyHandling == MetadataPropertyHandling.Ignore)
            {
                // don't look for metadata properties
                CheckedRead(reader);
                id = null;
            }
            else if (Serializer.MetadataPropertyHandling == MetadataPropertyHandling.ReadAhead)
            {
                var tokenReader = reader as JTokenReader;
                if (tokenReader == null)
                {
                    var t = JToken.ReadFrom(reader);
                    tokenReader = (JTokenReader)t.CreateReader();
                    tokenReader.Culture = reader.Culture;
                    tokenReader.DateFormatString = reader.DateFormatString;
                    tokenReader.DateParseHandling = reader.DateParseHandling;
                    tokenReader.DateTimeZoneHandling = reader.DateTimeZoneHandling;
                    tokenReader.FloatParseHandling = reader.FloatParseHandling;
                    tokenReader.SupportMultipleContent = reader.SupportMultipleContent;

                    // start
                    CheckedRead(tokenReader);

                    reader = tokenReader;
                }

                object newValue;
                if (ReadMetadataPropertiesToken(tokenReader, ref resolvedObjectType, ref contract, member, containerContract, containerMember, existingValue, out newValue, out id))
                    return newValue;
            }
            else
            {
                CheckedRead(reader);
                object newValue;
                if (ReadMetadataProperties(reader, ref resolvedObjectType, ref contract, member, containerContract, containerMember, existingValue, out newValue, out id))
                    return newValue;
            }

            if (HasNoDefinedType(contract))
                return CreateJObject(reader);

            switch (contract.ContractType)
            {
                case JsonContractType.Object:
                    {
                        var createdFromNonDefaultCreator = false;
                        var objectContract = (JsonObjectContract)contract;
                        object targetObject;
                        // check that if type name handling is being used that the existing value is compatible with the specified type
                        if (existingValue != null && (resolvedObjectType == objectType || resolvedObjectType.IsAssignableFrom(existingValue.GetType())))
                            targetObject = existingValue;
                        else
                            targetObject = CreateNewObject(reader, objectContract, member, containerMember, id, out createdFromNonDefaultCreator);

                        // don't populate if read from non-default creator because the object has already been read
                        if (createdFromNonDefaultCreator)
                            return targetObject;

                        return PopulateObject(targetObject, reader, objectContract, member, id);
                    }
                case JsonContractType.Primitive:
                    {
                        var primitiveContract = (JsonPrimitiveContract)contract;
                        // if the content is inside $value then read past it
                        if (Serializer.MetadataPropertyHandling != MetadataPropertyHandling.Ignore
                            && reader.TokenType == JsonToken.PropertyName
                            && string.Equals(reader.Value.ToString(), JsonTypeReflector.ValuePropertyName, StringComparison.Ordinal))
                        {
                            CheckedRead(reader);

                            // the token should not be an object because the $type value could have been included in the object
                            // without needing the $value property
                            if (reader.TokenType == JsonToken.StartObject)
                                throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected token when deserializing primitive value: " + reader.TokenType);

                            var value = CreateValueInternal(reader, resolvedObjectType, primitiveContract, member, null, null, existingValue);

                            CheckedRead(reader);
                            return value;
                        }
                        break;
                    }
                case JsonContractType.Dictionary:
                    {
                        var dictionaryContract = (JsonDictionaryContract)contract;
                        object targetDictionary;

                        if (existingValue == null)
                        {
                            bool createdFromNonDefaultCreator;
                            var dictionary = CreateNewDictionary(reader, dictionaryContract, out createdFromNonDefaultCreator);

                            if (createdFromNonDefaultCreator)
                            {
                                if (id != null)
                                    throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Cannot preserve reference to readonly dictionary, or dictionary created from a non-default constructor: {0}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.UnderlyingType));

                                if (contract.OnSerializingCallbacks.Count > 0)
                                    throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Cannot call OnSerializing on readonly dictionary, or dictionary created from a non-default constructor: {0}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.UnderlyingType));

                                if (contract.OnErrorCallbacks.Count > 0)
                                    throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Cannot call OnError on readonly list, or dictionary created from a non-default constructor: {0}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.UnderlyingType));

                                if (!dictionaryContract.HasParametrizedCreator)
                                    throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Cannot deserialize readonly or fixed size dictionary: {0}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.UnderlyingType));
                            }

                            PopulateDictionary(dictionary, reader, dictionaryContract, member, id);

                            if (createdFromNonDefaultCreator)
                                return dictionaryContract.ParametrizedCreator(dictionary);
                            if (dictionary is IWrappedDictionary)
                                return ((IWrappedDictionary) dictionary).UnderlyingDictionary;

                            targetDictionary = dictionary;
                        }
                        else
                            targetDictionary = PopulateDictionary(dictionaryContract.ShouldCreateWrapper ? dictionaryContract.CreateWrapper(existingValue) : (IDictionary) existingValue, reader, dictionaryContract, member, id);

                        return targetDictionary;
                    }
                case JsonContractType.Dynamic:
                    var dynamicContract = (JsonDynamicContract)contract;
                    return CreateDynamic(reader, dynamicContract, member, id);
                case JsonContractType.Serializable:
                    var serializableContract = (JsonISerializableContract)contract;
                    return CreateISerializable(reader, serializableContract, member, id);
            }

            var message = @"Cannot deserialize the current JSON object (e.g. {{""name"":""value""}}) into type '{0}' because the type requires a {1} to deserialize correctly." + Environment.NewLine +
                             @"To fix this error either change the JSON to a {1} or change the deserialized type so that it is a normal .NET type (e.g. not a primitive type like integer, not a collection type like an array or List<T>) that can be deserialized from a JSON object. JsonObjectAttribute can also be added to the type to force it to deserialize from a JSON object." + Environment.NewLine;
            message = message.FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, resolvedObjectType, GetExpectedDescription(contract));

            throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, message);
        }
        private bool ReadMetadataProperties(JsonReader reader, ref Type objectType, ref JsonContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract containerContract, JsonProperty containerMember, object existingValue, out object newValue, out string id)
        {
            id = null;
            newValue = null;

            if (reader.TokenType == JsonToken.PropertyName)
            {
                var propertyName = reader.Value.ToString();

                if (propertyName.Length > 0 && propertyName[0] == '$')
                {
                    // read metadata properties
                    // $type, $id, $ref, etc
                    bool metadataProperty;

                    do
                    {
                        propertyName = reader.Value.ToString();

                        if (string.Equals(propertyName, JsonTypeReflector.RefPropertyName, StringComparison.Ordinal))
                        {
                            CheckedRead(reader);
                            if (reader.TokenType != JsonToken.String && reader.TokenType != JsonToken.Null)
                                throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "JSON reference {0} property must have a string or null value.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, JsonTypeReflector.RefPropertyName));

                            var reference = (reader.Value != null) ? reader.Value.ToString() : null;

                            CheckedRead(reader);

                            if (reference != null)
                            {
                                if (reader.TokenType == JsonToken.PropertyName)
                                    throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Additional content found in JSON reference object. A JSON reference object should only have a {0} property.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, JsonTypeReflector.RefPropertyName));

                                newValue = Serializer.GetReferenceResolver().ResolveReference(this, reference);

                                if (TraceWriter != null && TraceWriter.LevelFilter >= TraceLevel.Info)
                                    TraceWriter.Trace(TraceLevel.Info, JsonPosition.FormatMessage(reader as IJsonLineInfo, reader.Path, "Resolved object reference '{0}' to {1}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, reference, newValue.GetType())), null);

                                return true;
                            }
                            metadataProperty = true;
                        }
                        else if (string.Equals(propertyName, JsonTypeReflector.TypePropertyName, StringComparison.Ordinal))
                        {
                            CheckedRead(reader);
                            var qualifiedTypeName = reader.Value.ToString();

                            ResolveTypeName(reader, ref objectType, ref contract, member, containerContract, containerMember, qualifiedTypeName);

                            CheckedRead(reader);

                            metadataProperty = true;
                        }
                        else if (string.Equals(propertyName, JsonTypeReflector.IdPropertyName, StringComparison.Ordinal))
                        {
                            CheckedRead(reader);

                            id = (reader.Value != null) ? reader.Value.ToString() : null;

                            CheckedRead(reader);
                            metadataProperty = true;
                        }
                        else if (string.Equals(propertyName, JsonTypeReflector.ArrayValuesPropertyName, StringComparison.Ordinal))
                        {
                            CheckedRead(reader);
                            var list = CreateList(reader, objectType, contract, member, existingValue, id);
                            CheckedRead(reader);
                            newValue = list;
                            return true;
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            metadataProperty = false;
                        }
                    } while (metadataProperty && reader.TokenType == JsonToken.PropertyName);
                }
            }
            return false;
        }
        private void SetExtensionData(JsonObjectContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonReader reader, string memberName, object o)
        {
            if (contract.ExtensionDataSetter != null)
            {
                try
                {
                    var value = CreateValueInternal(reader, null, null, null, contract, member, null);

                    contract.ExtensionDataSetter(o, memberName, value);
                }
                catch (Exception ex)
                {
                    throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Error setting value in extension data for type '{0}'.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.UnderlyingType), ex);
                }
            }
            else
            {
                reader.Skip();
            }
        }
        private object CreateValueInternal(JsonReader reader, Type objectType, JsonContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract containerContract, JsonProperty containerMember, object existingValue)
        {
            if (contract != null && contract.ContractType == JsonContractType.Linq) return CreateJToken(reader, contract);

            do
            {
                switch (reader.TokenType)
                {
                    // populate a typed object or generic dictionary/array
                    // depending upon whether an objectType was supplied
                    case JsonToken.StartObject:
                        return CreateObject(reader, objectType, contract, member, containerContract, containerMember, existingValue);
                    case JsonToken.StartArray:
                        return CreateList(reader, objectType, contract, member, existingValue, null);
                    case JsonToken.Integer:
                    case JsonToken.Float:
                    case JsonToken.Boolean:
                    case JsonToken.Date:
                    case JsonToken.Bytes:
                        return EnsureType(reader, reader.Value, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract, objectType);
                    case JsonToken.String:
                        var s = (string)reader.Value;
                        // convert empty string to null automatically for nullable types
                        if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(s) && objectType != null && objectType != typeof(string) && objectType != typeof(object) && contract != null && contract.IsNullable) return null;
                        // string that needs to be returned as a byte array should be base 64 decoded
                        if (objectType == typeof(byte[])) return Convert.FromBase64String(s);
                        return EnsureType(reader, s, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract, objectType);
                    case JsonToken.StartConstructor:
                        var constructorName = reader.Value.ToString();
                        return EnsureType(reader, constructorName, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract, objectType);
                    case JsonToken.Null:
                    case JsonToken.Undefined:
                        if (objectType == typeof(DBNull))
                            return DBNull.Value;
                        return EnsureType(reader, reader.Value, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract, objectType);
                    case JsonToken.Raw:
                        return new JRaw(reader.Value);
                    case JsonToken.Comment:
                        // ignore
                        break;
                    default:
                        throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected token while deserializing object: " + reader.TokenType);
                }
            } while (reader.Read());

            throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected end when deserializing object.");
        }
        private void SerializeDictionary(JsonWriter writer, IDictionary values, JsonDictionaryContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract collectionContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
        {
            var wrappedDictionary = values as IWrappedDictionary;
            var underlyingDictionary = wrappedDictionary != null ? wrappedDictionary.UnderlyingDictionary : values;

            OnSerializing(writer, contract, underlyingDictionary);
            _serializeStack.Add(underlyingDictionary);

            WriteObjectStart(writer, underlyingDictionary, contract, member, collectionContract, containerProperty);

            if (contract.ItemContract == null)
                contract.ItemContract = Serializer._contractResolver.ResolveContract(contract.DictionaryValueType ?? typeof(object));

            if (contract.KeyContract == null)
                contract.KeyContract = Serializer._contractResolver.ResolveContract(contract.DictionaryKeyType ?? typeof(object));

            var initialDepth = writer.Top;

            foreach (DictionaryEntry entry in values)
            {
                bool escape;
                var propertyName = GetPropertyName(writer, entry.Key, contract.KeyContract, out escape);

                propertyName = (contract.PropertyNameResolver != null)
                    ? contract.PropertyNameResolver(propertyName)
                    : propertyName;

                try
                {
                    var value = entry.Value;
                    var valueContract = contract.FinalItemContract ?? GetContractSafe(value);

                    if (ShouldWriteReference(value, null, valueContract, contract, member))
                    {
                        writer.WritePropertyName(propertyName, escape);
                        WriteReference(writer, value);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        if (!CheckForCircularReference(writer, value, null, valueContract, contract, member))
                            continue;

                        writer.WritePropertyName(propertyName, escape);

                        SerializeValue(writer, value, valueContract, null, contract, member);
                    }
                }
                catch (Exception ex)
                {
                    if (IsErrorHandled(underlyingDictionary, contract, propertyName, null, writer.ContainerPath, ex))
                        HandleError(writer, initialDepth);
                    else
                        throw;
                }
            }

            writer.WriteEndObject();

            _serializeStack.RemoveAt(_serializeStack.Count - 1);

            OnSerialized(writer, contract, underlyingDictionary);
        }
        private object PopulateDictionary(IDictionary dictionary, JsonReader reader, JsonDictionaryContract contract, JsonProperty containerProperty, string id)
        {
            var wrappedDictionary = dictionary as IWrappedDictionary;
            var underlyingDictionary = wrappedDictionary != null ? wrappedDictionary.UnderlyingDictionary : dictionary;

            if (id != null)
                AddReference(reader, id, underlyingDictionary);

            OnDeserializing(reader, contract, underlyingDictionary);

            var initialDepth = reader.Depth;

            if (contract.KeyContract == null)
                contract.KeyContract = GetContractSafe(contract.DictionaryKeyType);

            if (contract.ItemContract == null)
                contract.ItemContract = GetContractSafe(contract.DictionaryValueType);

            var dictionaryValueConverter = contract.ItemConverter ?? GetConverter(contract.ItemContract, null, contract, containerProperty);
            var keyTypeCode = (contract.KeyContract is JsonPrimitiveContract) ? ((JsonPrimitiveContract)contract.KeyContract).TypeCode : PrimitiveTypeCode.Empty;

            var finished = false;
            do
            {
                switch (reader.TokenType)
                {
                    case JsonToken.PropertyName:
                        var keyValue = reader.Value;
                        if (CheckPropertyName(reader, keyValue.ToString()))
                            continue;

                        try
                        {
                            try
                            {
                                DateParseHandling dateParseHandling;
                                switch (keyTypeCode)
                                {
                                    case PrimitiveTypeCode.DateTime:
                                    case PrimitiveTypeCode.DateTimeNullable:
                                        dateParseHandling = DateParseHandling.DateTime;
                                        break;
                                    case PrimitiveTypeCode.DateTimeOffset:
                                    case PrimitiveTypeCode.DateTimeOffsetNullable:
                                        dateParseHandling = DateParseHandling.DateTimeOffset;
                                        break;
                                    default:
                                        dateParseHandling = DateParseHandling.None;
                                        break;
                                }

                                // this is for correctly reading ISO and MS formatted dictionary keys
                                object dt;
                                if (dateParseHandling != DateParseHandling.None && DateTimeUtils.TryParseDateTime(keyValue.ToString(), dateParseHandling, reader.DateTimeZoneHandling, reader.DateFormatString, reader.Culture, out dt))
                                    keyValue = dt;
                                else
                                    keyValue = EnsureType(reader, keyValue, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.KeyContract, contract.DictionaryKeyType);
                            }
                            catch (Exception ex)
                            {
                                throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Could not convert string '{0}' to dictionary key type '{1}'. Create a TypeConverter to convert from the string to the key type object.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, reader.Value, contract.DictionaryKeyType), ex);
                            }

                            if (!ReadForType(reader, contract.ItemContract, dictionaryValueConverter != null))
                                throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected end when deserializing object.");

                            object itemValue;
                            if (dictionaryValueConverter != null && dictionaryValueConverter.CanRead)
                                itemValue = DeserializeConvertable(dictionaryValueConverter, reader, contract.DictionaryValueType, null);
                            else
                                itemValue = CreateValueInternal(reader, contract.DictionaryValueType, contract.ItemContract, null, contract, containerProperty, null);

                            dictionary[keyValue] = itemValue;
                        }
                        catch (Exception ex)
                        {
                            if (IsErrorHandled(underlyingDictionary, contract, keyValue, reader as IJsonLineInfo, reader.Path, ex))
                                HandleError(reader, true, initialDepth);
                            else
                                throw;
                        }
                        break;
                    case JsonToken.Comment:
                        break;
                    case JsonToken.EndObject:
                        finished = true;
                        break;
                    default:
                        throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected token when deserializing object: " + reader.TokenType);
                }
            } while (!finished && reader.Read());

            if (!finished)
                ThrowUnexpectedEndException(reader, contract, underlyingDictionary, "Unexpected end when deserializing object.");

            OnDeserialized(reader, contract, underlyingDictionary);
            return underlyingDictionary;
        }
        private void SerializeDynamic(JsonWriter writer, IDynamicMetaObjectProvider value, JsonDynamicContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract collectionContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
        {
            OnSerializing(writer, contract, value);
            _serializeStack.Add(value);

            WriteObjectStart(writer, value, contract, member, collectionContract, containerProperty);

            var initialDepth = writer.Top;

            for (var index = 0; index < contract.Properties.Count; index++)
            {
                var property = contract.Properties[index];

                // only write non-dynamic properties that have an explicit attribute
                if (property.HasMemberAttribute)
                {
                    try
                    {
                        object memberValue;
                        JsonContract memberContract;

                        if (!CalculatePropertyValues(writer, value, contract, member, property, out memberContract, out memberValue))
                            continue;

                        property.WritePropertyName(writer);
                        SerializeValue(writer, memberValue, memberContract, property, contract, member);
                    }
                    catch (Exception ex)
                    {
                        if (IsErrorHandled(value, contract, property.PropertyName, null, writer.ContainerPath, ex))
                            HandleError(writer, initialDepth);
                        else
                            throw;
                    }
                }
            }

            foreach (var memberName in value.GetDynamicMemberNames())
            {
                object memberValue;
                if (contract.TryGetMember(value, memberName, out memberValue))
                {
                    try
                    {
                        var valueContract = GetContractSafe(memberValue);

                        if (!ShouldWriteDynamicProperty(memberValue))
                            continue;

                        if (CheckForCircularReference(writer, memberValue, null, valueContract, contract, member))
                        {
                            var resolvedPropertyName = (contract.PropertyNameResolver != null)
                                ? contract.PropertyNameResolver(memberName)
                                : memberName;

                            writer.WritePropertyName(resolvedPropertyName);
                            SerializeValue(writer, memberValue, valueContract, null, contract, member);
                        }
                    }
                    catch (Exception ex)
                    {
                        if (IsErrorHandled(value, contract, memberName, null, writer.ContainerPath, ex))
                            HandleError(writer, initialDepth);
                        else
                            throw;
                    }
                }
            }

            writer.WriteEndObject();

            _serializeStack.RemoveAt(_serializeStack.Count - 1);
            OnSerialized(writer, contract, value);
        }
        private bool ShouldWriteType(TypeNameHandling typeNameHandlingFlag, JsonContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract containerContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
        {
            var resolvedTypeNameHandling =
                ((member != null) ? member.TypeNameHandling : null)
                ?? ((containerProperty != null) ? containerProperty.ItemTypeNameHandling : null)
                ?? ((containerContract != null) ? containerContract.ItemTypeNameHandling : null)
                ?? Serializer._typeNameHandling;

            if (HasFlag(resolvedTypeNameHandling, typeNameHandlingFlag))
                return true;

            // instance type and the property's type's contract default type are different (no need to put the type in JSON because the type will be created by default)
            if (HasFlag(resolvedTypeNameHandling, TypeNameHandling.Auto))
            {
                if (member != null)
                {
                    if (contract.UnderlyingType != member.PropertyContract.CreatedType)
                        return true;
                }
                else if (containerContract != null)
                {
                    if (containerContract.ItemContract == null || contract.UnderlyingType != containerContract.ItemContract.CreatedType)
                        return true;
                }
                else if (_rootContract != null && _serializeStack.Count == _rootLevel)
                {
                    if (contract.UnderlyingType != _rootContract.CreatedType)
                        return true;
                }
            }

            return false;
        }
        private void SerializeISerializable(JsonWriter writer, ISerializable value, JsonISerializableContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract collectionContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
        {
            if (!JsonTypeReflector.FullyTrusted)
            {
                var message = @"Type '{0}' implements ISerializable but cannot be serialized using the ISerializable interface because the current application is not fully trusted and ISerializable can expose secure data." + Environment.NewLine +
                                 @"To fix this error either change the environment to be fully trusted, change the application to not deserialize the type, add JsonObjectAttribute to the type or change the JsonSerializer setting ContractResolver to use a new DefaultContractResolver with IgnoreSerializableInterface set to true." + Environment.NewLine;
                message = message.FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, value.GetType());

                throw JsonSerializationException.Create(null, writer.ContainerPath, message, null);
            }

            OnSerializing(writer, contract, value);
            _serializeStack.Add(value);

            WriteObjectStart(writer, value, contract, member, collectionContract, containerProperty);

            var serializationInfo = new SerializationInfo(contract.UnderlyingType, new FormatterConverter());
            value.GetObjectData(serializationInfo, Serializer._context);

            foreach (var serializationEntry in serializationInfo)
            {
                var valueContract = GetContractSafe(serializationEntry.Value);

                if (ShouldWriteReference(serializationEntry.Value, null, valueContract, contract, member))
                {
                    writer.WritePropertyName(serializationEntry.Name);
                    WriteReference(writer, serializationEntry.Value);
                }
                else if (CheckForCircularReference(writer, serializationEntry.Value, null, valueContract, contract, member))
                {
                    writer.WritePropertyName(serializationEntry.Name);
                    SerializeValue(writer, serializationEntry.Value, valueContract, null, contract, member);
                }
            }

            writer.WriteEndObject();

            _serializeStack.RemoveAt(_serializeStack.Count - 1);
            OnSerialized(writer, contract, value);
        }
        private bool WriteStartArray(JsonWriter writer, object values, JsonArrayContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract containerContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
        {
            var isReference = ResolveIsReference(contract, member, containerContract, containerProperty) ?? HasFlag(Serializer._preserveReferencesHandling, PreserveReferencesHandling.Arrays);
            // don't make readonly fields the referenced value because they can't be deserialized to
            isReference = (isReference && (member == null || member.Writable));

            var includeTypeDetails = ShouldWriteType(TypeNameHandling.Arrays, contract, member, containerContract, containerProperty);
            var writeMetadataObject = isReference || includeTypeDetails;

            if (writeMetadataObject)
            {
                writer.WriteStartObject();

                if (isReference)
                {
                    WriteReferenceIdProperty(writer, contract.UnderlyingType, values);
                }
                if (includeTypeDetails)
                {
                    WriteTypeProperty(writer, values.GetType());
                }
                writer.WritePropertyName(JsonTypeReflector.ArrayValuesPropertyName, false);
            }

            if (contract.ItemContract == null)
                contract.ItemContract = Serializer._contractResolver.ResolveContract(contract.CollectionItemType ?? typeof(object));

            return writeMetadataObject;
        }
        private void SerializeMultidimensionalArray(JsonWriter writer, Array values, JsonArrayContract contract, JsonProperty member, int initialDepth, int[] indices)
        {
            var dimension = indices.Length;
            var newIndices = new int[dimension + 1];
            for (var i = 0; i < dimension; i++)
            {
                newIndices[i] = indices[i];
            }

            writer.WriteStartArray();

            for (var i = 0; i < values.GetLength(dimension); i++)
            {
                newIndices[dimension] = i;
                var isTopLevel = (newIndices.Length == values.Rank);

                if (isTopLevel)
                {
                    var value = values.GetValue(newIndices);

                    try
                    {
                        var valueContract = contract.FinalItemContract ?? GetContractSafe(value);

                        if (ShouldWriteReference(value, null, valueContract, contract, member))
                        {
                            WriteReference(writer, value);
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            if (CheckForCircularReference(writer, value, null, valueContract, contract, member))
                            {
                                SerializeValue(writer, value, valueContract, null, contract, member);
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    catch (Exception ex)
                    {
                        if (IsErrorHandled(values, contract, i, null, writer.ContainerPath, ex))
                            HandleError(writer, initialDepth + 1);
                        else
                            throw;
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    SerializeMultidimensionalArray(writer, values, contract, member, initialDepth + 1, newIndices);
                }
            }

            writer.WriteEndArray();
        }
        public object CreateNewObject(JsonReader reader, JsonObjectContract objectContract, JsonProperty containerMember, JsonProperty containerProperty, string id, out bool createdFromNonDefaultCreator)
        {
            object newObject = null;

            if (objectContract.OverrideCreator != null)
            {
                if (objectContract.CreatorParameters.Count > 0)
                {
                    createdFromNonDefaultCreator = true;
                    return CreateObjectUsingCreatorWithParameters(reader, objectContract, containerMember, objectContract.OverrideCreator, id);
                }

                newObject = objectContract.OverrideCreator(new object[0]);
            }
            else if (objectContract.DefaultCreator != null &&
                     (!objectContract.DefaultCreatorNonPublic || Serializer._constructorHandling == ConstructorHandling.AllowNonPublicDefaultConstructor || objectContract.ParametrizedCreator == null))
            {
                // use the default constructor if it is...
                // public
                // non-public and the user has change constructor handling settings
                // non-public and there is no other creator
                newObject = objectContract.DefaultCreator();
            }
            else if (objectContract.ParametrizedCreator != null)
            {
                createdFromNonDefaultCreator = true;
                return CreateObjectUsingCreatorWithParameters(reader, objectContract, containerMember, objectContract.ParametrizedCreator, id);
            }

            if (newObject == null)
            {
                if (!objectContract.IsInstantiable)
                    throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Could not create an instance of type {0}. Type is an interface or abstract class and cannot be instantiated.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, objectContract.UnderlyingType));

                throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unable to find a constructor to use for type {0}. A class should either have a default constructor, one constructor with arguments or a constructor marked with the JsonConstructor attribute.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, objectContract.UnderlyingType));
            }

            createdFromNonDefaultCreator = false;
            return newObject;
        }
        private void PopulateMultidimensionalArray(IList list, JsonReader reader, JsonArrayContract contract, JsonProperty containerProperty, string id)
        {
            var rank = contract.UnderlyingType.GetArrayRank();

            if (id != null)
                AddReference(reader, id, list);

            OnDeserializing(reader, contract, list);

            var collectionItemContract = GetContractSafe(contract.CollectionItemType);
            var collectionItemConverter = GetConverter(collectionItemContract, null, contract, containerProperty);

            int? previousErrorIndex = null;
            var listStack = new Stack<IList>();
            listStack.Push(list);
            var currentList = list;

            var finished = false;
            do
            {
                var initialDepth = reader.Depth;

                if (listStack.Count == rank)
                {
                    try
                    {
                        if (ReadForType(reader, collectionItemContract, collectionItemConverter != null))
                        {
                            switch (reader.TokenType)
                            {
                                case JsonToken.EndArray:
                                    listStack.Pop();
                                    currentList = listStack.Peek();
                                    previousErrorIndex = null;
                                    break;
                                case JsonToken.Comment:
                                    break;
                                default:
                                    object value;

                                    if (collectionItemConverter != null && collectionItemConverter.CanRead)
                                        value = DeserializeConvertable(collectionItemConverter, reader, contract.CollectionItemType, null);
                                    else
                                        value = CreateValueInternal(reader, contract.CollectionItemType, collectionItemContract, null, contract, containerProperty, null);

                                    currentList.Add(value);
                                    break;
                            }
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                    catch (Exception ex)
                    {
                        var errorPosition = reader.GetPosition(initialDepth);

                        if (IsErrorHandled(list, contract, errorPosition.Position, reader as IJsonLineInfo, reader.Path, ex))
                        {
                            HandleError(reader, true, initialDepth);

                            if (previousErrorIndex != null && previousErrorIndex == errorPosition.Position)
                            {
                                // reader index has not moved since previous error handling
                                // break out of reading array to prevent infinite loop
                                throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Infinite loop detected from error handling.", ex);
                            }
                            previousErrorIndex = errorPosition.Position;
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            throw;
                        }
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    if (reader.Read())
                    {
                        switch (reader.TokenType)
                        {
                            case JsonToken.StartArray:
                                IList newList = new List<object>();
                                currentList.Add(newList);
                                listStack.Push(newList);
                                currentList = newList;
                                break;
                            case JsonToken.EndArray:
                                listStack.Pop();

                                if (listStack.Count > 0)
                                {
                                    currentList = listStack.Peek();
                                }
                                else
                                {
                                    finished = true;
                                }
                                break;
                            case JsonToken.Comment:
                                break;
                            default:
                                throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected token when deserializing multidimensional array: " + reader.TokenType);
                        }
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        break;
                    }
                }
            } while (!finished);

            if (!finished)
                ThrowUnexpectedEndException(reader, contract, list, "Unexpected end when deserializing array.");

            OnDeserialized(reader, contract, list);
        }
        private object PopulateObject(object newObject, JsonReader reader, JsonObjectContract contract, JsonProperty member, string id)
        {
            OnDeserializing(reader, contract, newObject);

            // only need to keep a track of properies presence if they are required or a value should be defaulted if missing
            var propertiesPresence = (contract.HasRequiredOrDefaultValueProperties || HasFlag(Serializer._defaultValueHandling, DefaultValueHandling.Populate))
                ? contract.Properties.ToDictionary(m => m, m => PropertyPresence.None)
                : null;

            if (id != null)
                AddReference(reader, id, newObject);

            var initialDepth = reader.Depth;

            var finished = false;
            do
            {
                switch (reader.TokenType)
                {
                    case JsonToken.PropertyName:
                        {
                            var memberName = reader.Value.ToString();

                            if (CheckPropertyName(reader, memberName))
                                continue;

                            try
                            {
                                // attempt exact case match first
                                // then try match ignoring case
                                var property = contract.Properties.GetClosestMatchProperty(memberName);

                                if (property == null)
                                {
                                    if (TraceWriter != null && TraceWriter.LevelFilter >= TraceLevel.Verbose)
                                        TraceWriter.Trace(TraceLevel.Verbose, JsonPosition.FormatMessage(reader as IJsonLineInfo, reader.Path, "Could not find member '{0}' on {1}".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, memberName, contract.UnderlyingType)), null);

                                    if (Serializer._missingMemberHandling == MissingMemberHandling.Error)
                                        throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Could not find member '{0}' on object of type '{1}'".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, memberName, contract.UnderlyingType.Name));

                                    if (!reader.Read())
                                        break;

                                    SetExtensionData(contract, member, reader, memberName, newObject);
                                    continue;
                                }

                                if (property.PropertyContract == null)
                                    property.PropertyContract = GetContractSafe(property.PropertyType);

                                var propertyConverter = GetConverter(property.PropertyContract, property.MemberConverter, contract, member);

                                if (!ReadForType(reader, property.PropertyContract, propertyConverter != null))
                                    throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected end when setting {0}'s value.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, memberName));

                                SetPropertyPresence(reader, property, propertiesPresence);

                                // set extension data if property is ignored or readonly
                                if (!SetPropertyValue(property, propertyConverter, contract, member, reader, newObject))
                                    SetExtensionData(contract, member, reader, memberName, newObject);
                            }
                            catch (Exception ex)
                            {
                                if (IsErrorHandled(newObject, contract, memberName, reader as IJsonLineInfo, reader.Path, ex))
                                    HandleError(reader, true, initialDepth);
                                else
                                    throw;
                            }
                            break;
                        }
                    case JsonToken.EndObject:
                        finished = true;
                        break;
                    case JsonToken.Comment:
                        // ignore
                        break;
                    default:
                        throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected token when deserializing object: " + reader.TokenType);
                }
            } while (!finished && reader.Read());

            if (!finished)
                ThrowUnexpectedEndException(reader, contract, newObject, "Unexpected end when deserializing object.");

            EndObject(newObject, reader, contract, initialDepth, propertiesPresence);

            OnDeserialized(reader, contract, newObject);
            return newObject;
        }
        private object PopulateList(IList list, JsonReader reader, JsonArrayContract contract, JsonProperty containerProperty, string id)
        {
            var wrappedCollection = list as IWrappedCollection;
            var underlyingList = wrappedCollection != null ? wrappedCollection.UnderlyingCollection : list;

            if (id != null)
                AddReference(reader, id, underlyingList);

            // can't populate an existing array
            if (list.IsFixedSize)
            {
                reader.Skip();
                return underlyingList;
            }

            OnDeserializing(reader, contract, underlyingList);

            var initialDepth = reader.Depth;

            if (contract.ItemContract == null)
                contract.ItemContract = GetContractSafe(contract.CollectionItemType);

            var collectionItemConverter = GetConverter(contract.ItemContract, null, contract, containerProperty);

            int? previousErrorIndex = null;

            var finished = false;
            do
            {
                try
                {
                    if (ReadForType(reader, contract.ItemContract, collectionItemConverter != null))
                    {
                        switch (reader.TokenType)
                        {
                            case JsonToken.EndArray:
                                finished = true;
                                break;
                            case JsonToken.Comment:
                                break;
                            default:
                                object value;

                                if (collectionItemConverter != null && collectionItemConverter.CanRead)
                                    value = DeserializeConvertable(collectionItemConverter, reader, contract.CollectionItemType, null);
                                else
                                    value = CreateValueInternal(reader, contract.CollectionItemType, contract.ItemContract, null, contract, containerProperty, null);

                                list.Add(value);
                                break;
                        }
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        break;
                    }
                }
                catch (Exception ex)
                {
                    var errorPosition = reader.GetPosition(initialDepth);

                    if (IsErrorHandled(underlyingList, contract, errorPosition.Position, reader as IJsonLineInfo, reader.Path, ex))
                    {
                        HandleError(reader, true, initialDepth);

                        if (previousErrorIndex != null && previousErrorIndex == errorPosition.Position)
                        {
                            // reader index has not moved since previous error handling
                            // break out of reading array to prevent infinite loop
                            throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Infinite loop detected from error handling.", ex);
                        }
                        previousErrorIndex = errorPosition.Position;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        throw;
                    }
                }
            } while (!finished);

            if (!finished)
                ThrowUnexpectedEndException(reader, contract, underlyingList, "Unexpected end when deserializing array.");

            OnDeserialized(reader, contract, underlyingList);
            return underlyingList;
        }
 private void SetPropertyPresence(JsonReader reader, JsonProperty property, Dictionary<JsonProperty, PropertyPresence> requiredProperties)
 {
     if (property != null && requiredProperties != null)
     {
         requiredProperties[property] = (reader.TokenType == JsonToken.Null || reader.TokenType == JsonToken.Undefined)
             ? PropertyPresence.Null
             : PropertyPresence.Value;
     }
 }
        private object CreateISerializable(JsonReader reader, JsonISerializableContract contract, JsonProperty member, string id)
        {
            var objectType = contract.UnderlyingType;

            if (!JsonTypeReflector.FullyTrusted)
            {
                var message = @"Type '{0}' implements ISerializable but cannot be deserialized using the ISerializable interface because the current application is not fully trusted and ISerializable can expose secure data." + Environment.NewLine +
                                 @"To fix this error either change the environment to be fully trusted, change the application to not deserialize the type, add JsonObjectAttribute to the type or change the JsonSerializer setting ContractResolver to use a new DefaultContractResolver with IgnoreSerializableInterface set to true." + Environment.NewLine;
                message = message.FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, objectType);

                throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, message);
            }

            if (TraceWriter != null && TraceWriter.LevelFilter >= TraceLevel.Info)
                TraceWriter.Trace(TraceLevel.Info, JsonPosition.FormatMessage(reader as IJsonLineInfo, reader.Path, "Deserializing {0} using ISerializable constructor.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.UnderlyingType)), null);

            var serializationInfo = new SerializationInfo(contract.UnderlyingType, new JsonFormatterConverter(this, contract, member));

            var finished = false;
            do
            {
                switch (reader.TokenType)
                {
                    case JsonToken.PropertyName:
                        var memberName = reader.Value.ToString();
                        if (!reader.Read())
                            throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected end when setting {0}'s value.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, memberName));
                        serializationInfo.AddValue(memberName, JToken.ReadFrom(reader));
                        break;
                    case JsonToken.Comment:
                        break;
                    case JsonToken.EndObject:
                        finished = true;
                        break;
                    default:
                        throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected token when deserializing object: " + reader.TokenType);
                }
            } while (!finished && reader.Read());

            if (!finished)
                ThrowUnexpectedEndException(reader, contract, serializationInfo, "Unexpected end when deserializing object.");

            if (contract.ISerializableCreator == null)
                throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "ISerializable type '{0}' does not have a valid constructor. To correctly implement ISerializable a constructor that takes SerializationInfo and StreamingContext parameters should be present.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, objectType));

            var createdObject = contract.ISerializableCreator(serializationInfo, Serializer._context);

            if (id != null)
                AddReference(reader, id, createdObject);

            // these are together because OnDeserializing takes an object but for an ISerializable the object is fully created in the constructor
            OnDeserializing(reader, contract, createdObject);
            OnDeserialized(reader, contract, createdObject);

            return createdObject;
        }
 private JsonConverter GetConverter(JsonContract contract, JsonConverter memberConverter, JsonContainerContract containerContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
 {
     JsonConverter converter = null;
     if (memberConverter != null)
         // member attribute converter
         converter = memberConverter;
     else if (containerProperty != null && containerProperty.ItemConverter != null)
         converter = containerProperty.ItemConverter;
     else if (containerContract != null && containerContract.ItemConverter != null)
         converter = containerContract.ItemConverter;
     else if (contract != null)
     {
         JsonConverter matchingConverter;
         if (contract.Converter != null)
             // class attribute converter
             converter = contract.Converter;
         else if ((matchingConverter = Serializer.GetMatchingConverter(contract.UnderlyingType)) != null)
             // passed in converters
             converter = matchingConverter;
         else if (contract.InternalConverter != null)
             // internally specified converter
             converter = contract.InternalConverter;
     }
     return converter;
 }
        internal object CreateISerializableItem(JToken token, Type type, JsonISerializableContract contract, JsonProperty member)
        {
            var itemContract = GetContractSafe(type);
            var itemConverter = GetConverter(itemContract, null, contract, member);

            var tokenReader = token.CreateReader();
            CheckedRead(tokenReader); // Move to first token

            object result;
            if (itemConverter != null && itemConverter.CanRead)
                result = DeserializeConvertable(itemConverter, tokenReader, type, null);
            else
                result = CreateValueInternal(tokenReader, type, itemContract, null, contract, member, null);

            return result;
        }
        private bool ReadMetadataPropertiesToken(JTokenReader reader, ref Type objectType, ref JsonContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract containerContract, JsonProperty containerMember, object existingValue, out object newValue, out string id)
        {
            id = null;
            newValue = null;

            if (reader.TokenType == JsonToken.StartObject)
            {
                var current = (JObject)reader.CurrentToken;

                var refToken = current[JsonTypeReflector.RefPropertyName];
                if (refToken != null)
                {
                    if (refToken.Type != JTokenType.String && refToken.Type != JTokenType.Null)
                        throw JsonSerializationException.Create(refToken, refToken.Path, "JSON reference {0} property must have a string or null value.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, JsonTypeReflector.RefPropertyName), null);

                    JToken property = refToken.Parent;
                    JToken additionalContent = null;
                    if (property.Next != null)
                        additionalContent = property.Next;
                    else if (property.Previous != null)
                        additionalContent = property.Previous;

                    var reference = (string)refToken;

                    if (reference != null)
                    {
                        if (additionalContent != null)
                            throw JsonSerializationException.Create(additionalContent, additionalContent.Path, "Additional content found in JSON reference object. A JSON reference object should only have a {0} property.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, JsonTypeReflector.RefPropertyName), null);

                        newValue = Serializer.GetReferenceResolver().ResolveReference(this, reference);

                        if (TraceWriter != null && TraceWriter.LevelFilter >= TraceLevel.Info)
                            TraceWriter.Trace(TraceLevel.Info, JsonPosition.FormatMessage(reader, reader.Path, "Resolved object reference '{0}' to {1}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, reference, newValue.GetType())), null);

                        reader.Skip();
                        return true;
                    }
                }
                var typeToken = current[JsonTypeReflector.TypePropertyName];
                if (typeToken != null)
                {
                    var qualifiedTypeName = (string)typeToken;
                    var typeTokenReader = typeToken.CreateReader();
                    CheckedRead(typeTokenReader);
                    ResolveTypeName(typeTokenReader, ref objectType, ref contract, member, containerContract, containerMember, qualifiedTypeName);

                    var valueToken = current[JsonTypeReflector.ValuePropertyName];
                    if (valueToken != null)
                    {
                        while (true)
                        {
                            CheckedRead(reader);
                            if (reader.TokenType == JsonToken.PropertyName)
                            {
                                if ((string)reader.Value == JsonTypeReflector.ValuePropertyName)
                                    return false;
                            }

                            CheckedRead(reader);
                            reader.Skip();
                        }
                    }
                }
                var idToken = current[JsonTypeReflector.IdPropertyName];
                if (idToken != null)
                {
                    id = (string)idToken;
                }
                var valuesToken = current[JsonTypeReflector.ArrayValuesPropertyName];
                if (valuesToken != null)
                {
                    var listReader = valuesToken.CreateReader();
                    CheckedRead(listReader);
                    newValue = CreateList(listReader, objectType, contract, member, existingValue, id);

                    reader.Skip();
                    return true;
                }
            }

            CheckedRead(reader);
            return false;
        }
        private object CreateDynamic(JsonReader reader, JsonDynamicContract contract, JsonProperty member, string id)
        {
            IDynamicMetaObjectProvider newObject;

            if (!contract.IsInstantiable)
                throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Could not create an instance of type {0}. Type is an interface or abstract class and cannot be instantiated.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.UnderlyingType));

            if (contract.DefaultCreator != null &&
                (!contract.DefaultCreatorNonPublic || Serializer._constructorHandling == ConstructorHandling.AllowNonPublicDefaultConstructor))
                newObject = (IDynamicMetaObjectProvider)contract.DefaultCreator();
            else
                throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unable to find a default constructor to use for type {0}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.UnderlyingType));

            if (id != null)
                AddReference(reader, id, newObject);

            OnDeserializing(reader, contract, newObject);

            var initialDepth = reader.Depth;

            var finished = false;
            do
            {
                switch (reader.TokenType)
                {
                    case JsonToken.PropertyName:
                        var memberName = reader.Value.ToString();

                        try
                        {
                            if (!reader.Read())
                                throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected end when setting {0}'s value.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, memberName));

                            // first attempt to find a settable property, otherwise fall back to a dynamic set without type
                            var property = contract.Properties.GetClosestMatchProperty(memberName);

                            if (property != null && property.Writable && !property.Ignored)
                            {
                                if (property.PropertyContract == null)
                                    property.PropertyContract = GetContractSafe(property.PropertyType);

                                var propertyConverter = GetConverter(property.PropertyContract, property.MemberConverter, null, null);

                                if (!SetPropertyValue(property, propertyConverter, null, member, reader, newObject))
                                    reader.Skip();
                            }
                            else
                            {
                                var t = (JsonTokenUtils.IsPrimitiveToken(reader.TokenType)) ? reader.ValueType : typeof(IDynamicMetaObjectProvider);

                                var dynamicMemberContract = GetContractSafe(t);
                                var dynamicMemberConverter = GetConverter(dynamicMemberContract, null, null, member);

                                object value;
                                if (dynamicMemberConverter != null && dynamicMemberConverter.CanRead)
                                    value = DeserializeConvertable(dynamicMemberConverter, reader, t, null);
                                else
                                    value = CreateValueInternal(reader, t, dynamicMemberContract, null, null, member, null);

                                contract.TrySetMember(newObject, memberName, value);
                            }
                        }
                        catch (Exception ex)
                        {
                            if (IsErrorHandled(newObject, contract, memberName, reader as IJsonLineInfo, reader.Path, ex))
                                HandleError(reader, true, initialDepth);
                            else
                                throw;
                        }
                        break;
                    case JsonToken.EndObject:
                        finished = true;
                        break;
                    default:
                        throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected token when deserializing object: " + reader.TokenType);
                }
            } while (!finished && reader.Read());

            if (!finished)
                ThrowUnexpectedEndException(reader, contract, newObject, "Unexpected end when deserializing object.");

            OnDeserialized(reader, contract, newObject);

            return newObject;
        }
        private void ResolveTypeName(JsonReader reader, ref Type objectType, ref JsonContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract containerContract, JsonProperty containerMember, string qualifiedTypeName)
        {
            var resolvedTypeNameHandling =
                ((member != null) ? member.TypeNameHandling : null)
                ?? ((containerContract != null) ? containerContract.ItemTypeNameHandling : null)
                ?? ((containerMember != null) ? containerMember.ItemTypeNameHandling : null)
                ?? Serializer._typeNameHandling;

            if (resolvedTypeNameHandling != TypeNameHandling.None)
            {
                string typeName;
                string assemblyName;
                ReflectionUtils.SplitFullyQualifiedTypeName(qualifiedTypeName, out typeName, out assemblyName);

                Type specifiedType;
                try
                {
                    specifiedType = Serializer._binder.BindToType(assemblyName, typeName);
                }
                catch (Exception ex)
                {
                    throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Error resolving type specified in JSON '{0}'.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, qualifiedTypeName), ex);
                }

                if (specifiedType == null)
                    throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Type specified in JSON '{0}' was not resolved.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, qualifiedTypeName));

                if (TraceWriter != null && TraceWriter.LevelFilter >= TraceLevel.Verbose)
                    TraceWriter.Trace(TraceLevel.Verbose, JsonPosition.FormatMessage(reader as IJsonLineInfo, reader.Path, "Resolved type '{0}' to {1}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, qualifiedTypeName, specifiedType)), null);

                if (objectType != null
 && objectType != typeof(IDynamicMetaObjectProvider)
 && !objectType.IsAssignableFrom(specifiedType))
                    throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Type specified in JSON '{0}' is not compatible with '{1}'.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, specifiedType.AssemblyQualifiedName, objectType.AssemblyQualifiedName));

                objectType = specifiedType;
                contract = GetContractSafe(specifiedType);
            }
        }
        private object CreateObjectUsingCreatorWithParameters(JsonReader reader, JsonObjectContract contract, JsonProperty containerProperty, ObjectConstructor<object> creator, string id)
        {
            ValidationUtils.ArgumentNotNull(creator, "creator");

            // only need to keep a track of properies presence if they are required or a value should be defaulted if missing
            var propertiesPresence = (contract.HasRequiredOrDefaultValueProperties || HasFlag(Serializer._defaultValueHandling, DefaultValueHandling.Populate))
                ? contract.Properties.ToDictionary(m => m, m => PropertyPresence.None)
                : null;

            var objectType = contract.UnderlyingType;

            if (TraceWriter != null && TraceWriter.LevelFilter >= TraceLevel.Info)
            {
                var parameters = string.Join(", ", contract.CreatorParameters.Select(p => p.PropertyName).ToArray());
                TraceWriter.Trace(TraceLevel.Info, JsonPosition.FormatMessage(reader as IJsonLineInfo, reader.Path, "Deserializing {0} using creator with parameters: {1}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.UnderlyingType, parameters)), null);
            }

            IDictionary<string, object> extensionData;
            var propertyValues = ResolvePropertyAndCreatorValues(contract, containerProperty, reader, objectType, out extensionData);

            var creatorParameterValues = new object[contract.CreatorParameters.Count];
            IDictionary<JsonProperty, object> remainingPropertyValues = new Dictionary<JsonProperty, object>();

            foreach (var propertyValue in propertyValues)
            {
                var property = propertyValue.Key;

                var matchingCreatorParameter = contract.CreatorParameters.Contains(property) ? property : contract.CreatorParameters.ForgivingCaseSensitiveFind(p => p.PropertyName, property.UnderlyingName);

                if (matchingCreatorParameter != null)
                {
                    var i = contract.CreatorParameters.IndexOf(matchingCreatorParameter);
                    creatorParameterValues[i] = propertyValue.Value;
                }
                else
                    remainingPropertyValues.Add(propertyValue);

                if (propertiesPresence == null) continue;
                // map from creator property to normal property
                var presenceProperty = propertiesPresence.Keys.FirstOrDefault(p => p.PropertyName == property.PropertyName);
                if (presenceProperty != null)
                    propertiesPresence[presenceProperty] = (propertyValue.Value == null) ? PropertyPresence.Null : PropertyPresence.Value;
            }

            var createdObject = creator(creatorParameterValues);

            if (id != null)
                AddReference(reader, id, createdObject);

            OnDeserializing(reader, contract, createdObject);

            // go through unused values and set the newly created object's properties
            foreach (var remainingPropertyValue in remainingPropertyValues)
            {
                var property = remainingPropertyValue.Key;
                var value = remainingPropertyValue.Value;

                if (ShouldSetPropertyValue(property, value))
                {
                    property.ValueProvider.SetValue(createdObject, value);
                }
                else if (!property.Writable && value != null)
                {
                    // handle readonly collection/dictionary properties
                    var propertyContract = Serializer._contractResolver.ResolveContract(property.PropertyType);

                    if (propertyContract.ContractType == JsonContractType.Array)
                    {
                        var propertyArrayContract = (JsonArrayContract)propertyContract;

                        var createdObjectCollection = property.ValueProvider.GetValue(createdObject);
                        if (createdObjectCollection != null)
                        {
                            var createdObjectCollectionWrapper = propertyArrayContract.CreateWrapper(createdObjectCollection);
                            var newValues = propertyArrayContract.CreateWrapper(value);

                            foreach (var newValue in newValues)
                            {
                                createdObjectCollectionWrapper.Add(newValue);
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    else if (propertyContract.ContractType == JsonContractType.Dictionary)
                    {
                        var dictionaryContract = (JsonDictionaryContract)propertyContract;

                        var createdObjectDictionary = property.ValueProvider.GetValue(createdObject);
                        if (createdObjectDictionary != null)
                        {
                            var targetDictionary = (dictionaryContract.ShouldCreateWrapper) ? dictionaryContract.CreateWrapper(createdObjectDictionary) : (IDictionary)createdObjectDictionary;
                            var newValues = (dictionaryContract.ShouldCreateWrapper) ? dictionaryContract.CreateWrapper(value) : (IDictionary)value;

                            foreach (DictionaryEntry newValue in newValues)
                            {
                                targetDictionary.Add(newValue.Key, newValue.Value);
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }

            if (extensionData != null)
            {
                foreach (var e in extensionData)
                {
                    contract.ExtensionDataSetter(createdObject, e.Key, e.Value);
                }
            }

            EndObject(createdObject, reader, contract, reader.Depth, propertiesPresence);

            OnDeserialized(reader, contract, createdObject);
            return createdObject;
        }
        private bool SetPropertyValue(JsonProperty property, JsonConverter propertyConverter, JsonContainerContract containerContract, JsonProperty containerProperty, JsonReader reader, object target)
        {
            object currentValue;
            bool useExistingValue;
            JsonContract propertyContract;
            bool gottenCurrentValue;

            if (CalculatePropertyDetails(property, ref propertyConverter, containerContract, containerProperty, reader, target, out useExistingValue, out currentValue, out propertyContract, out gottenCurrentValue))
                return false;

            object value;

            if (propertyConverter != null && propertyConverter.CanRead)
            {
                if (!gottenCurrentValue && target != null && property.Readable)
                    currentValue = property.ValueProvider.GetValue(target);

                value = DeserializeConvertable(propertyConverter, reader, property.PropertyType, currentValue);
            }
            else
            {
                value = CreateValueInternal(reader, property.PropertyType, propertyContract, property, containerContract, containerProperty, (useExistingValue) ? currentValue : null);
            }

            // always set the value if useExistingValue is false,
            // otherwise also set it if CreateValue returns a new value compared to the currentValue
            // this could happen because of a JsonConverter against the type
            if ((!useExistingValue || value != currentValue)
                && ShouldSetPropertyValue(property, value))
            {
                property.ValueProvider.SetValue(target, value);

                if (property.SetIsSpecified != null)
                {
                    if (TraceWriter != null && TraceWriter.LevelFilter >= TraceLevel.Verbose)
                        TraceWriter.Trace(TraceLevel.Verbose, JsonPosition.FormatMessage(reader as IJsonLineInfo, reader.Path, "IsSpecified for property '{0}' on {1} set to true.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, property.PropertyName, property.DeclaringType)), null);

                    property.SetIsSpecified(target, true);
                }

                return true;
            }

            // the value wasn't set be JSON was populated onto the existing value
            return useExistingValue;
        }
        private IEnumerable<KeyValuePair<JsonProperty, object>> ResolvePropertyAndCreatorValues(JsonObjectContract contract, JsonProperty containerProperty, JsonReader reader, Type objectType, out IDictionary<string, object> extensionData)
        {
            extensionData = (contract.ExtensionDataSetter != null) ? new Dictionary<string, object>() : null;

            IDictionary<JsonProperty, object> propertyValues = new Dictionary<JsonProperty, object>();
            var exit = false;
            do
            {
                switch (reader.TokenType)
                {
                    case JsonToken.PropertyName:
                        var memberName = reader.Value.ToString();

                        // attempt exact case match first
                        // then try match ignoring case
                        var property = contract.CreatorParameters.GetClosestMatchProperty(memberName) ??
                                                contract.Properties.GetClosestMatchProperty(memberName);

                        if (property != null)
                        {
                            if (property.PropertyContract == null)
                                property.PropertyContract = GetContractSafe(property.PropertyType);

                            var propertyConverter = GetConverter(property.PropertyContract, property.MemberConverter, contract, containerProperty);

                            if (!ReadForType(reader, property.PropertyContract, propertyConverter != null))
                                throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected end when setting {0}'s value.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, memberName));

                            if (!property.Ignored)
                            {
                                if (property.PropertyContract == null)
                                    property.PropertyContract = GetContractSafe(property.PropertyType);

                                object propertyValue;
                                if (propertyConverter != null && propertyConverter.CanRead)
                                    propertyValue = DeserializeConvertable(propertyConverter, reader, property.PropertyType, null);
                                else
                                    propertyValue = CreateValueInternal(reader, property.PropertyType, property.PropertyContract, property, contract, containerProperty, null);

                                propertyValues[property] = propertyValue;
                                continue;
                            }
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            if (!reader.Read())
                                throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected end when setting {0}'s value.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, memberName));

                            if (TraceWriter != null && TraceWriter.LevelFilter >= TraceLevel.Verbose)
                                TraceWriter.Trace(TraceLevel.Verbose, JsonPosition.FormatMessage(reader as IJsonLineInfo, reader.Path, "Could not find member '{0}' on {1}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, memberName, contract.UnderlyingType)), null);

                            if (Serializer._missingMemberHandling == MissingMemberHandling.Error)
                                throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Could not find member '{0}' on object of type '{1}'".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, memberName, objectType.Name));
                        }

                        if (extensionData != null)
                        {
                            var value = CreateValueInternal(reader, null, null, null, contract, containerProperty, null);
                            extensionData[memberName] = value;
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            reader.Skip();
                        }
                        break;
                    case JsonToken.Comment:
                        break;
                    case JsonToken.EndObject:
                        exit = true;
                        break;
                    default:
                        throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected token when deserializing object: " + reader.TokenType);
                }
            } while (!exit && reader.Read());

            return propertyValues;
        }
        private bool ShouldSetPropertyValue(JsonProperty property, object value)
        {
            if (property.NullValueHandling.GetValueOrDefault(Serializer._nullValueHandling) == NullValueHandling.Ignore && value == null)
                return false;

            if (HasFlag(property.DefaultValueHandling.GetValueOrDefault(Serializer._defaultValueHandling), DefaultValueHandling.Ignore)
                && !HasFlag(property.DefaultValueHandling.GetValueOrDefault(Serializer._defaultValueHandling), DefaultValueHandling.Populate)
                && MiscellaneousUtils.ValueEquals(value, property.GetResolvedDefaultValue()))
                return false;

            if (!property.Writable)
                return false;

            return true;
        }
        private void SerializeList(JsonWriter writer, IEnumerable values, JsonArrayContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract collectionContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
        {
            var wrappedCollection = values as IWrappedCollection;
            var underlyingList = wrappedCollection != null ? wrappedCollection.UnderlyingCollection : values;

            OnSerializing(writer, contract, underlyingList);

            _serializeStack.Add(underlyingList);

            var hasWrittenMetadataObject = WriteStartArray(writer, underlyingList, contract, member, collectionContract, containerProperty);

            writer.WriteStartArray();

            var initialDepth = writer.Top;

            var index = 0;
            // note that an error in the IEnumerable won't be caught
            foreach (var value in values)
            {
                try
                {
                    var valueContract = contract.FinalItemContract ?? GetContractSafe(value);

                    if (ShouldWriteReference(value, null, valueContract, contract, member))
                    {
                        WriteReference(writer, value);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        if (CheckForCircularReference(writer, value, null, valueContract, contract, member))
                        {
                            SerializeValue(writer, value, valueContract, null, contract, member);
                        }
                    }
                }
                catch (Exception ex)
                {
                    if (IsErrorHandled(underlyingList, contract, index, null, writer.ContainerPath, ex))
                        HandleError(writer, initialDepth);
                    else
                        throw;
                }
                finally
                {
                    index++;
                }
            }

            writer.WriteEndArray();

            if (hasWrittenMetadataObject)
                writer.WriteEndObject();

            _serializeStack.RemoveAt(_serializeStack.Count - 1);

            OnSerialized(writer, contract, underlyingList);
        }