private object CreateISerializable(JsonReader reader, JsonISerializableContract contract, JsonProperty member, string id)
        {
            Type objectType = contract.UnderlyingType;

            if (!JsonTypeReflector.FullyTrusted)
            {
                string message = @"Type '{0}' implements ISerializable but cannot be deserialized using the ISerializable interface because the current application is not fully trusted and ISerializable can expose secure data." + Environment.NewLine +
                                 @"To fix this error either change the environment to be fully trusted, change the application to not deserialize the type, add JsonObjectAttribute to the type or change the JsonSerializer setting ContractResolver to use a new DefaultContractResolver with IgnoreSerializableInterface set to true." + Environment.NewLine;
                message = message.FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, objectType);

                throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, message);
            }

            if (TraceWriter != null && TraceWriter.LevelFilter >= TraceLevel.Info)
                TraceWriter.Trace(TraceLevel.Info, JsonPosition.FormatMessage(reader as IJsonLineInfo, reader.Path, "Deserializing {0} using ISerializable constructor.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.UnderlyingType)), null);

            SerializationInfo serializationInfo = new SerializationInfo(contract.UnderlyingType, new JsonFormatterConverter(this, contract, member));

            bool finished = false;
            do
            {
                switch (reader.TokenType)
                {
                    case JsonToken.PropertyName:
                        string memberName = reader.Value.ToString();
                        if (!reader.Read())
                            throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected end when setting {0}'s value.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, memberName));
                        serializationInfo.AddValue(memberName, JToken.ReadFrom(reader));
                        break;
                    case JsonToken.Comment:
                        break;
                    case JsonToken.EndObject:
                        finished = true;
                        break;
                    default:
                        throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected token when deserializing object: " + reader.TokenType);
                }
            } while (!finished && reader.Read());

            if (!finished)
                ThrowUnexpectedEndException(reader, contract, serializationInfo, "Unexpected end when deserializing object.");

            if (contract.ISerializableCreator == null)
                throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "ISerializable type '{0}' does not have a valid constructor. To correctly implement ISerializable a constructor that takes SerializationInfo and StreamingContext parameters should be present.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, objectType));

            object createdObject = contract.ISerializableCreator(serializationInfo, Serializer._context);

            if (id != null)
                AddReference(reader, id, createdObject);

            // these are together because OnDeserializing takes an object but for an ISerializable the object is fully created in the constructor
            OnDeserializing(reader, contract, createdObject);
            OnDeserialized(reader, contract, createdObject);

            return createdObject;
        }
        private void SerializeISerializable(JsonWriter writer, ISerializable value, JsonISerializableContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract collectionContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
        {
            if (!JsonTypeReflector.FullyTrusted)
            {
                string message = @"Type '{0}' implements ISerializable but cannot be serialized using the ISerializable interface because the current application is not fully trusted and ISerializable can expose secure data." + Environment.NewLine +
                                 @"To fix this error either change the environment to be fully trusted, change the application to not deserialize the type, add JsonObjectAttribute to the type or change the JsonSerializer setting ContractResolver to use a new DefaultContractResolver with IgnoreSerializableInterface set to true." + Environment.NewLine;
                message = message.FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, value.GetType());

                throw JsonSerializationException.Create(null, writer.ContainerPath, message, null);
            }

            OnSerializing(writer, contract, value);
            _serializeStack.Add(value);

            WriteObjectStart(writer, value, contract, member, collectionContract, containerProperty);

            SerializationInfo serializationInfo = new SerializationInfo(contract.UnderlyingType, new FormatterConverter());
            value.GetObjectData(serializationInfo, Serializer._context);

            foreach (SerializationEntry serializationEntry in serializationInfo)
            {
                JsonContract valueContract = GetContractSafe(serializationEntry.Value, serializationEntry.ObjectType);

                if (ShouldWriteReference(serializationEntry.Value, null, valueContract, contract, member))
                {
                    writer.WritePropertyName(serializationEntry.Name);
                    WriteReference(writer, serializationEntry.Value);
                }
                else if (CheckForCircularReference(writer, serializationEntry.Value, null, valueContract, contract, member))
                {
                    writer.WritePropertyName(serializationEntry.Name);
                    SerializeValue(writer, serializationEntry.Value, valueContract, null, contract, member);
                }
            }

            writer.WriteEndObject();

            _serializeStack.RemoveAt(_serializeStack.Count - 1);
            OnSerialized(writer, contract, value);
        }
        private bool ShouldWriteType(TypeNameHandling typeNameHandlingFlag, JsonContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract containerContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
        {
            TypeNameHandling resolvedTypeNameHandling =
                ((member != null) ? member.TypeNameHandling : null)
                ?? ((containerProperty != null) ? containerProperty.ItemTypeNameHandling : null)
                ?? ((containerContract != null) ? containerContract.ItemTypeNameHandling : null)
                ?? Serializer._typeNameHandling;

            if (HasFlag(resolvedTypeNameHandling, typeNameHandlingFlag))
                return true;

            // instance type and the property's type's contract default type are different (no need to put the type in JSON because the type will be created by default)
            if (HasFlag(resolvedTypeNameHandling, TypeNameHandling.Auto))
            {
                if (member != null)
                {
                    if (contract.UnderlyingType != member.PropertyContract.CreatedType)
                        return true;
                }
                else if (containerContract != null)
                {
                    if (containerContract.ItemContract == null || contract.UnderlyingType != containerContract.ItemContract.CreatedType)
                        return true;
                }
                else if (_rootContract != null && _serializeStack.Count == _rootLevel)
                {
                    if (contract.UnderlyingType != _rootContract.CreatedType)
                        return true;
                }
            }

            return false;
        }
        private void SerializeList(JsonWriter writer, IEnumerable values, JsonArrayContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract collectionContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
        {
            IWrappedCollection wrappedCollection = values as IWrappedCollection;
            object underlyingList = wrappedCollection != null ? wrappedCollection.UnderlyingCollection : values;

            OnSerializing(writer, contract, underlyingList);

            _serializeStack.Add(underlyingList);

            bool hasWrittenMetadataObject = WriteStartArray(writer, underlyingList, contract, member, collectionContract, containerProperty);

            writer.WriteStartArray();

            int initialDepth = writer.Top;

            int index = 0;
            // note that an error in the IEnumerable won't be caught
            foreach (object value in values)
            {
                try
                {
                    JsonContract valueContract = contract.FinalItemContract ?? GetContractSafe(value, contract.CollectionItemType);

                    if (ShouldWriteReference(value, null, valueContract, contract, member))
                    {
                        WriteReference(writer, value);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        if (CheckForCircularReference(writer, value, null, valueContract, contract, member))
                        {
                            SerializeValue(writer, value, valueContract, null, contract, member);
                        }
                    }
                }
                catch (Exception ex)
                {
                    if (IsErrorHandled(underlyingList, contract, index, null, writer.ContainerPath, ex))
                        HandleError(writer, initialDepth);
                    else
                        throw;
                }
                finally
                {
                    index++;
                }
            }

            writer.WriteEndArray();

            if (hasWrittenMetadataObject)
                writer.WriteEndObject();

            _serializeStack.RemoveAt(_serializeStack.Count - 1);

            OnSerialized(writer, contract, underlyingList);
        }
        private void SerializeMultidimensionalArray(JsonWriter writer, Array values, JsonArrayContract contract, JsonProperty member, int initialDepth, int[] indices)
        {
            int dimension = indices.Length;
            int[] newIndices = new int[dimension + 1];
            for (int i = 0; i < dimension; i++)
            {
                newIndices[i] = indices[i];
            }

            writer.WriteStartArray();

            for (int i = 0; i < values.GetLength(dimension); i++)
            {
                newIndices[dimension] = i;
                bool isTopLevel = (newIndices.Length == values.Rank);

                if (isTopLevel)
                {
                    object value = values.GetValue(newIndices);

                    try
                    {
                        JsonContract valueContract = contract.FinalItemContract ?? GetContractSafe(value, contract.CollectionItemType);

                        if (ShouldWriteReference(value, null, valueContract, contract, member))
                        {
                            WriteReference(writer, value);
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            if (CheckForCircularReference(writer, value, null, valueContract, contract, member))
                            {
                                SerializeValue(writer, value, valueContract, null, contract, member);
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    catch (Exception ex)
                    {
                        if (IsErrorHandled(values, contract, i, null, writer.ContainerPath, ex))
                            HandleError(writer, initialDepth + 1);
                        else
                            throw;
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    SerializeMultidimensionalArray(writer, values, contract, member, initialDepth + 1, newIndices);
                }
            }

            writer.WriteEndArray();
        }
        private void SerializeObject(JsonWriter writer, object value, JsonObjectContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract collectionContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
        {
            OnSerializing(writer, contract, value);

            _serializeStack.Add(value);

            WriteObjectStart(writer, value, contract, member, collectionContract, containerProperty);

            int initialDepth = writer.Top;

            for (int index = 0; index < contract.Properties.Count; index++)
            {
                JsonProperty property = contract.Properties[index];
                try
                {
                    object memberValue;
                    JsonContract memberContract;

                    if (!CalculatePropertyValues(writer, value, contract, member, property, out memberContract, out memberValue))
                        continue;

                    property.WritePropertyName(writer);
                    SerializeValue(writer, memberValue, memberContract, property, contract, member);
                }
                catch (Exception ex)
                {
                    if (IsErrorHandled(value, contract, property.PropertyName, null, writer.ContainerPath, ex))
                        HandleError(writer, initialDepth);
                    else
                        throw;
                }
            }

            if (contract.ExtensionDataGetter != null)
            {
                IEnumerable<KeyValuePair<object, object>> extensionData = contract.ExtensionDataGetter(value);
                if (extensionData != null)
                {
                    foreach (KeyValuePair<object, object> e in extensionData)
                    {
                        JsonContract keyContract = GetContractSafe(e.Key);
                        JsonContract valueContract = GetContractSafe(e.Value);

                        bool escape;
                        string propertyName = GetPropertyName(writer, e.Key, keyContract, out escape);

                        if (ShouldWriteReference(e.Value, null, valueContract, contract, member))
                        {
                            writer.WritePropertyName(propertyName);
                            WriteReference(writer, e.Value);
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            if (!CheckForCircularReference(writer, e.Value, null, valueContract, contract, member))
                                continue;

                            writer.WritePropertyName(propertyName);

                            SerializeValue(writer, e.Value, valueContract, null, contract, member);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }

            writer.WriteEndObject();

            _serializeStack.RemoveAt(_serializeStack.Count - 1);

            OnSerialized(writer, contract, value);
        }
        private void WriteObjectStart(JsonWriter writer, object value, JsonContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract collectionContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
        {
            writer.WriteStartObject();

            bool isReference = ResolveIsReference(contract, member, collectionContract, containerProperty) ?? HasFlag(Serializer._preserveReferencesHandling, PreserveReferencesHandling.Objects);
            if (isReference)
            {
                WriteReferenceIdProperty(writer, contract.UnderlyingType, value);
            }
            if (ShouldWriteType(TypeNameHandling.Objects, contract, member, collectionContract, containerProperty))
            {
                WriteTypeProperty(writer, contract.UnderlyingType);
            }
        }
        private object CreateObjectUsingCreatorWithParameters(JsonReader reader, JsonObjectContract contract, JsonProperty containerProperty, ObjectConstructor<object> creator, string id)
        {
            ValidationUtils.ArgumentNotNull(creator, "creator");

            // only need to keep a track of properies presence if they are required or a value should be defaulted if missing
            Dictionary<JsonProperty, PropertyPresence> propertiesPresence = (contract.HasRequiredOrDefaultValueProperties || HasFlag(Serializer._defaultValueHandling, DefaultValueHandling.Populate))
                ? contract.Properties.ToDictionary(m => m, m => PropertyPresence.None)
                : null;

            Type objectType = contract.UnderlyingType;

            if (TraceWriter != null && TraceWriter.LevelFilter >= TraceLevel.Info)
            {
                string parameters = string.Join(", ", contract.CreatorParameters.Select(p => p.PropertyName).ToArray());
                TraceWriter.Trace(TraceLevel.Info, JsonPosition.FormatMessage(reader as IJsonLineInfo, reader.Path, "Deserializing {0} using creator with parameters: {1}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.UnderlyingType, parameters)), null);
            }

            IDictionary<string, object> extensionData;
            IDictionary<JsonProperty, object> propertyValues = ResolvePropertyAndCreatorValues(contract, containerProperty, reader, objectType, out extensionData);

            object[] creatorParameterValues = new object[contract.CreatorParameters.Count];
            IDictionary<JsonProperty, object> remainingPropertyValues = new Dictionary<JsonProperty, object>();

            foreach (KeyValuePair<JsonProperty, object> propertyValue in propertyValues)
            {
                JsonProperty property = propertyValue.Key;

                JsonProperty matchingCreatorParameter;
                if (contract.CreatorParameters.Contains(property))
                {
                    matchingCreatorParameter = property;
                }
                else
                {
                    // check to see if a parameter with the same name as the underlying property name exists and match to that
                    matchingCreatorParameter = contract.CreatorParameters.ForgivingCaseSensitiveFind(p => p.PropertyName, property.UnderlyingName);
                }

                if (matchingCreatorParameter != null)
                {
                    int i = contract.CreatorParameters.IndexOf(matchingCreatorParameter);
                    creatorParameterValues[i] = propertyValue.Value;
                }
                else
                {
                    remainingPropertyValues.Add(propertyValue);
                }

                if (propertiesPresence != null)
                {
                    // map from creator property to normal property
                    JsonProperty presenceProperty = propertiesPresence.Keys.FirstOrDefault(p => p.PropertyName == property.PropertyName);
                    if (presenceProperty != null)
                        propertiesPresence[presenceProperty] = (propertyValue.Value == null) ? PropertyPresence.Null : PropertyPresence.Value;
                }
            }

            object createdObject = creator(creatorParameterValues);

            if (id != null)
                AddReference(reader, id, createdObject);

            OnDeserializing(reader, contract, createdObject);

            // go through unused values and set the newly created object's properties
            foreach (KeyValuePair<JsonProperty, object> remainingPropertyValue in remainingPropertyValues)
            {
                JsonProperty property = remainingPropertyValue.Key;
                object value = remainingPropertyValue.Value;

                if (ShouldSetPropertyValue(property, value))
                {
                    property.ValueProvider.SetValue(createdObject, value);
                }
                else if (!property.Writable && value != null)
                {
                    // handle readonly collection/dictionary properties
                    JsonContract propertyContract = Serializer._contractResolver.ResolveContract(property.PropertyType);

                    if (propertyContract.ContractType == JsonContractType.Array)
                    {
                        JsonArrayContract propertyArrayContract = (JsonArrayContract)propertyContract;

                        object createdObjectCollection = property.ValueProvider.GetValue(createdObject);
                        if (createdObjectCollection != null)
                        {
                            IWrappedCollection createdObjectCollectionWrapper = propertyArrayContract.CreateWrapper(createdObjectCollection);
                            IWrappedCollection newValues = propertyArrayContract.CreateWrapper(value);

                            foreach (object newValue in newValues)
                            {
                                createdObjectCollectionWrapper.Add(newValue);
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    else if (propertyContract.ContractType == JsonContractType.Dictionary)
                    {
                        JsonDictionaryContract dictionaryContract = (JsonDictionaryContract)propertyContract;

                        object createdObjectDictionary = property.ValueProvider.GetValue(createdObject);
                        if (createdObjectDictionary != null)
                        {
                            IDictionary targetDictionary = (dictionaryContract.ShouldCreateWrapper) ? dictionaryContract.CreateWrapper(createdObjectDictionary) : (IDictionary)createdObjectDictionary;
                            IDictionary newValues = (dictionaryContract.ShouldCreateWrapper) ? dictionaryContract.CreateWrapper(value) : (IDictionary)value;

                            foreach (DictionaryEntry newValue in newValues)
                            {
                                targetDictionary.Add(newValue.Key, newValue.Value);
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }

            if (extensionData != null)
            {
                foreach (KeyValuePair<string, object> e in extensionData)
                {
                    contract.ExtensionDataSetter(createdObject, e.Key, e.Value);
                }
            }

            EndObject(createdObject, reader, contract, reader.Depth, propertiesPresence);

            OnDeserialized(reader, contract, createdObject);
            return createdObject;
        }
        private object CreateValueInternal(JsonReader reader, Type objectType, JsonContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract containerContract, JsonProperty containerMember, object existingValue)
        {
            if (contract != null && contract.ContractType == JsonContractType.Linq)
                return CreateJToken(reader, contract);

            do
            {
                switch (reader.TokenType)
                {
                    // populate a typed object or generic dictionary/array
                    // depending upon whether an objectType was supplied
                    case JsonToken.StartObject:
                        return CreateObject(reader, objectType, contract, member, containerContract, containerMember, existingValue);
                    case JsonToken.StartArray:
                        return CreateList(reader, objectType, contract, member, existingValue, null);
                    case JsonToken.Integer:
                    case JsonToken.Float:
                    case JsonToken.Boolean:
                    case JsonToken.Date:
                    case JsonToken.Bytes:
                        return EnsureType(reader, reader.Value, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract, objectType);
                    case JsonToken.String:
                        string s = (string)reader.Value;

                        // convert empty string to null automatically for nullable types
                        if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(s) && objectType != typeof(string) && objectType != typeof(object) && contract != null && contract.IsNullable)
                            return null;

                        // string that needs to be returned as a byte array should be base 64 decoded
                        if (objectType == typeof(byte[]))
                            return Convert.FromBase64String(s);

                        return EnsureType(reader, s, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract, objectType);
                    case JsonToken.StartConstructor:
                        string constructorName = reader.Value.ToString();

                        return EnsureType(reader, constructorName, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract, objectType);
                    case JsonToken.Null:
                    case JsonToken.Undefined:
            #if !(NETFX_CORE || PORTABLE40 || PORTABLE)
                        if (objectType == typeof(DBNull))
                            return DBNull.Value;
            #endif

                        return EnsureType(reader, reader.Value, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract, objectType);
                    case JsonToken.Raw:
                        return new JRaw((string)reader.Value);
                    case JsonToken.Comment:
                        // ignore
                        break;
                    default:
                        throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected token while deserializing object: " + reader.TokenType);
                }
            } while (reader.Read());

            throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected end when deserializing object.");
        }
        private object CreateList(JsonReader reader, Type objectType, JsonContract contract, JsonProperty member, object existingValue, string id)
        {
            object value;

            if (HasNoDefinedType(contract))
                return CreateJToken(reader, contract);

            JsonArrayContract arrayContract = EnsureArrayContract(reader, objectType, contract);

            if (existingValue == null)
            {
                bool createdFromNonDefaultCreator;
                IList list = CreateNewList(reader, arrayContract, out createdFromNonDefaultCreator);

                if (createdFromNonDefaultCreator)
                {
                    if (id != null)
                        throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Cannot preserve reference to array or readonly list, or list created from a non-default constructor: {0}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.UnderlyingType));

                    if (contract.OnSerializingCallbacks.Count > 0)
                        throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Cannot call OnSerializing on an array or readonly list, or list created from a non-default constructor: {0}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.UnderlyingType));

                    if (contract.OnErrorCallbacks.Count > 0)
                        throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Cannot call OnError on an array or readonly list, or list created from a non-default constructor: {0}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.UnderlyingType));

                    if (!arrayContract.HasParametrizedCreator && !arrayContract.IsArray)
                        throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Cannot deserialize readonly or fixed size list: {0}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.UnderlyingType));
                }

                if (!arrayContract.IsMultidimensionalArray)
                    PopulateList(list, reader, arrayContract, member, id);
                else
                    PopulateMultidimensionalArray(list, reader, arrayContract, member, id);

                if (createdFromNonDefaultCreator)
                {
                    if (arrayContract.IsMultidimensionalArray)
                    {
                        list = CollectionUtils.ToMultidimensionalArray(list, arrayContract.CollectionItemType, contract.CreatedType.GetArrayRank());
                    }
                    else if (arrayContract.IsArray)
                    {
                        Array a = Array.CreateInstance(arrayContract.CollectionItemType, list.Count);
                        list.CopyTo(a, 0);
                        list = a;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        // call constructor that takes IEnumerable<T>
                        return arrayContract.ParametrizedCreator(list);
                    }
                }
                else if (list is IWrappedCollection)
                {
                    return ((IWrappedCollection)list).UnderlyingCollection;
                }

                value = list;
            }
            else
            {
                if (!arrayContract.CanDeserialize)
                    throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Cannot populate list type {0}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.CreatedType));

                value = PopulateList((arrayContract.ShouldCreateWrapper) ? arrayContract.CreateWrapper(existingValue) : (IList)existingValue, reader, arrayContract, member, id);
            }

            return value;
        }
        private object CreateObject(JsonReader reader, Type objectType, JsonContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract containerContract, JsonProperty containerMember, object existingValue)
        {
            string id;
            Type resolvedObjectType = objectType;

            if (Serializer.MetadataPropertyHandling == MetadataPropertyHandling.Ignore)
            {
                // don't look for metadata properties
                CheckedRead(reader);
                id = null;
            }
            else if (Serializer.MetadataPropertyHandling == MetadataPropertyHandling.ReadAhead)
            {
                var tokenReader = reader as JTokenReader;
                if (tokenReader == null)
                {
                    JToken t = JToken.ReadFrom(reader);
                    tokenReader = (JTokenReader)t.CreateReader();
                    tokenReader.Culture = reader.Culture;
                    tokenReader.DateFormatString = reader.DateFormatString;
                    tokenReader.DateParseHandling = reader.DateParseHandling;
                    tokenReader.DateTimeZoneHandling = reader.DateTimeZoneHandling;
                    tokenReader.FloatParseHandling = reader.FloatParseHandling;
                    tokenReader.SupportMultipleContent = reader.SupportMultipleContent;

                    // start
                    CheckedRead(tokenReader);

                    reader = tokenReader;
                }

                object newValue;
                if (ReadMetadataPropertiesToken(tokenReader, ref resolvedObjectType, ref contract, member, containerContract, containerMember, existingValue, out newValue, out id))
                    return newValue;
            }
            else
            {
                CheckedRead(reader);
                object newValue;
                if (ReadMetadataProperties(reader, ref resolvedObjectType, ref contract, member, containerContract, containerMember, existingValue, out newValue, out id))
                    return newValue;
            }

            if (HasNoDefinedType(contract))
                return CreateJObject(reader);

            switch (contract.ContractType)
            {
                case JsonContractType.Object:
                {
                    bool createdFromNonDefaultCreator = false;
                    JsonObjectContract objectContract = (JsonObjectContract)contract;
                    object targetObject;
                    // check that if type name handling is being used that the existing value is compatible with the specified type
                    if (existingValue != null && (resolvedObjectType == objectType || resolvedObjectType.IsAssignableFrom(existingValue.GetType())))
                        targetObject = existingValue;
                    else
                        targetObject = CreateNewObject(reader, objectContract, member, containerMember, id, out createdFromNonDefaultCreator);

                    // don't populate if read from non-default creator because the object has already been read
                    if (createdFromNonDefaultCreator)
                        return targetObject;

                    return PopulateObject(targetObject, reader, objectContract, member, id);
                }
                case JsonContractType.Primitive:
                {
                    JsonPrimitiveContract primitiveContract = (JsonPrimitiveContract)contract;
                    // if the content is inside $value then read past it
                    if (Serializer.MetadataPropertyHandling != MetadataPropertyHandling.Ignore
                        && reader.TokenType == JsonToken.PropertyName
                        && string.Equals(reader.Value.ToString(), JsonTypeReflector.ValuePropertyName, StringComparison.Ordinal))
                    {
                        CheckedRead(reader);

                        // the token should not be an object because the $type value could have been included in the object
                        // without needing the $value property
                        if (reader.TokenType == JsonToken.StartObject)
                            throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected token when deserializing primitive value: " + reader.TokenType);

                        object value = CreateValueInternal(reader, resolvedObjectType, primitiveContract, member, null, null, existingValue);

                        CheckedRead(reader);
                        return value;
                    }
                    break;
                }
                case JsonContractType.Dictionary:
                {
                    JsonDictionaryContract dictionaryContract = (JsonDictionaryContract)contract;
                    object targetDictionary;

                    if (existingValue == null)
                    {
                        bool createdFromNonDefaultCreator;
                        IDictionary dictionary = CreateNewDictionary(reader, dictionaryContract, out createdFromNonDefaultCreator);

                        if (createdFromNonDefaultCreator)
                        {
                            if (id != null)
                                throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Cannot preserve reference to readonly dictionary, or dictionary created from a non-default constructor: {0}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.UnderlyingType));

                            if (contract.OnSerializingCallbacks.Count > 0)
                                throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Cannot call OnSerializing on readonly dictionary, or dictionary created from a non-default constructor: {0}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.UnderlyingType));

                            if (contract.OnErrorCallbacks.Count > 0)
                                throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Cannot call OnError on readonly list, or dictionary created from a non-default constructor: {0}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.UnderlyingType));

                            if (!dictionaryContract.HasParametrizedCreator)
                                throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Cannot deserialize readonly or fixed size dictionary: {0}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.UnderlyingType));
                        }

                        PopulateDictionary(dictionary, reader, dictionaryContract, member, id);

                        if (createdFromNonDefaultCreator)
                        {
                            return dictionaryContract.ParametrizedCreator(dictionary);
                        }
                        else if (dictionary is IWrappedDictionary)
                        {
                            return ((IWrappedDictionary)dictionary).UnderlyingDictionary;
                        }

                        targetDictionary = dictionary;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        targetDictionary = PopulateDictionary(dictionaryContract.ShouldCreateWrapper ? dictionaryContract.CreateWrapper(existingValue) : (IDictionary)existingValue, reader, dictionaryContract, member, id);
                    }

                    return targetDictionary;
                }
            #if !(NET35 || NET20 || PORTABLE40)
                case JsonContractType.Dynamic:
                    JsonDynamicContract dynamicContract = (JsonDynamicContract)contract;
                    return CreateDynamic(reader, dynamicContract, member, id);
            #endif
            #if !(NETFX_CORE || PORTABLE40 || PORTABLE)
                case JsonContractType.Serializable:
                    JsonISerializableContract serializableContract = (JsonISerializableContract)contract;
                    return CreateISerializable(reader, serializableContract, member, id);
            #endif
            }

            string message = @"Cannot deserialize the current JSON object (e.g. {{""name"":""value""}}) into type '{0}' because the type requires a {1} to deserialize correctly." + Environment.NewLine +
                             @"To fix this error either change the JSON to a {1} or change the deserialized type so that it is a normal .NET type (e.g. not a primitive type like integer, not a collection type like an array or List<T>) that can be deserialized from a JSON object. JsonObjectAttribute can also be added to the type to force it to deserialize from a JSON object." + Environment.NewLine;
            message = message.FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, resolvedObjectType, GetExpectedDescription(contract));

            throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, message);
        }
        private bool CalculatePropertyDetails(JsonProperty property, ref JsonConverter propertyConverter, JsonContainerContract containerContract, JsonProperty containerProperty, JsonReader reader, object target, out bool useExistingValue, out object currentValue, out JsonContract propertyContract, out bool gottenCurrentValue)
        {
            currentValue = null;
            useExistingValue = false;
            propertyContract = null;
            gottenCurrentValue = false;

            if (property.Ignored)
                return true;

            JsonToken tokenType = reader.TokenType;

            if (property.PropertyContract == null)
                property.PropertyContract = GetContractSafe(property.PropertyType);

            ObjectCreationHandling objectCreationHandling =
                property.ObjectCreationHandling.GetValueOrDefault(Serializer._objectCreationHandling);

            if ((objectCreationHandling != ObjectCreationHandling.Replace)
                && (tokenType == JsonToken.StartArray || tokenType == JsonToken.StartObject)
                && property.Readable)
            {
                currentValue = property.ValueProvider.GetValue(target);
                gottenCurrentValue = true;

                if (currentValue != null)
                {
                    propertyContract = GetContractSafe(currentValue.GetType());

                    useExistingValue = (!propertyContract.IsReadOnlyOrFixedSize && !propertyContract.UnderlyingType.IsValueType());
                }
            }

            if (!property.Writable && !useExistingValue)
                return true;

            // test tokentype here because null might not be convertable to some types, e.g. ignoring null when applied to DateTime
            if (property.NullValueHandling.GetValueOrDefault(Serializer._nullValueHandling) == NullValueHandling.Ignore && tokenType == JsonToken.Null)
                return true;

            // test tokentype here because default value might not be convertable to actual type, e.g. default of "" for DateTime
            if (HasFlag(property.DefaultValueHandling.GetValueOrDefault(Serializer._defaultValueHandling), DefaultValueHandling.Ignore)
                && !HasFlag(property.DefaultValueHandling.GetValueOrDefault(Serializer._defaultValueHandling), DefaultValueHandling.Populate)
                && JsonTokenUtils.IsPrimitiveToken(tokenType)
                && MiscellaneousUtils.ValueEquals(reader.Value, property.GetResolvedDefaultValue()))
                return true;

            if (currentValue == null)
            {
                propertyContract = property.PropertyContract;
            }
            else
            {
                propertyContract = GetContractSafe(currentValue.GetType());

                if (propertyContract != property.PropertyContract)
                    propertyConverter = GetConverter(propertyContract, property.MemberConverter, containerContract, containerProperty);
            }

            return false;
        }
        private object CreateDynamic(JsonReader reader, JsonDynamicContract contract, JsonProperty member, string id)
        {
            IDynamicMetaObjectProvider newObject;

            if (!contract.IsInstantiable)
                throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Could not create an instance of type {0}. Type is an interface or abstract class and cannot be instantiated.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.UnderlyingType));

            if (contract.DefaultCreator != null &&
                (!contract.DefaultCreatorNonPublic || Serializer._constructorHandling == ConstructorHandling.AllowNonPublicDefaultConstructor))
                newObject = (IDynamicMetaObjectProvider)contract.DefaultCreator();
            else
                throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unable to find a default constructor to use for type {0}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.UnderlyingType));

            if (id != null)
                AddReference(reader, id, newObject);

            OnDeserializing(reader, contract, newObject);

            int initialDepth = reader.Depth;

            bool finished = false;
            do
            {
                switch (reader.TokenType)
                {
                    case JsonToken.PropertyName:
                        string memberName = reader.Value.ToString();

                        try
                        {
                            if (!reader.Read())
                                throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected end when setting {0}'s value.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, memberName));

                            // first attempt to find a settable property, otherwise fall back to a dynamic set without type
                            JsonProperty property = contract.Properties.GetClosestMatchProperty(memberName);

                            if (property != null && property.Writable && !property.Ignored)
                            {
                                if (property.PropertyContract == null)
                                    property.PropertyContract = GetContractSafe(property.PropertyType);

                                JsonConverter propertyConverter = GetConverter(property.PropertyContract, property.MemberConverter, null, null);

                                if (!SetPropertyValue(property, propertyConverter, null, member, reader, newObject))
                                    reader.Skip();
                            }
                            else
                            {
                                Type t = (JsonTokenUtils.IsPrimitiveToken(reader.TokenType)) ? reader.ValueType : typeof(IDynamicMetaObjectProvider);

                                JsonContract dynamicMemberContract = GetContractSafe(t);
                                JsonConverter dynamicMemberConverter = GetConverter(dynamicMemberContract, null, null, member);

                                object value;
                                if (dynamicMemberConverter != null && dynamicMemberConverter.CanRead)
                                    value = DeserializeConvertable(dynamicMemberConverter, reader, t, null);
                                else
                                    value = CreateValueInternal(reader, t, dynamicMemberContract, null, null, member, null);

                                contract.TrySetMember(newObject, memberName, value);
                            }
                        }
                        catch (Exception ex)
                        {
                            if (IsErrorHandled(newObject, contract, memberName, reader as IJsonLineInfo, reader.Path, ex))
                                HandleError(reader, true, initialDepth);
                            else
                                throw;
                        }
                        break;
                    case JsonToken.EndObject:
                        finished = true;
                        break;
                    default:
                        throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected token when deserializing object: " + reader.TokenType);
                }
            } while (!finished && reader.Read());

            if (!finished)
                ThrowUnexpectedEndException(reader, contract, newObject, "Unexpected end when deserializing object.");

            OnDeserialized(reader, contract, newObject);

            return newObject;
        }
        internal object CreateISerializableItem(JToken token, Type type, JsonISerializableContract contract, JsonProperty member)
        {
            JsonContract itemContract = GetContractSafe(type);
            JsonConverter itemConverter = GetConverter(itemContract, null, contract, member);

            JsonReader tokenReader = token.CreateReader();
            CheckedRead(tokenReader); // Move to first token

            object result;
            if (itemConverter != null && itemConverter.CanRead)
                result = DeserializeConvertable(itemConverter, tokenReader, type, null);
            else
                result = CreateValueInternal(tokenReader, type, itemContract, null, contract, member, null);

            return result;
        }
        private bool ShouldWriteProperty(object memberValue, JsonProperty property)
        {
            if (property.NullValueHandling.GetValueOrDefault(Serializer._nullValueHandling) == NullValueHandling.Ignore &&
                memberValue == null)
                return false;

            if (HasFlag(property.DefaultValueHandling.GetValueOrDefault(Serializer._defaultValueHandling), DefaultValueHandling.Ignore)
                && MiscellaneousUtils.ValueEquals(memberValue, property.GetResolvedDefaultValue()))
                return false;

            return true;
        }
        public object CreateNewObject(JsonReader reader, JsonObjectContract objectContract, JsonProperty containerMember, JsonProperty containerProperty, string id, out bool createdFromNonDefaultCreator)
        {
            object newObject = null;

            if (objectContract.OverrideCreator != null)
            {
                if (objectContract.CreatorParameters.Count > 0)
                {
                    createdFromNonDefaultCreator = true;
                    return CreateObjectUsingCreatorWithParameters(reader, objectContract, containerMember, objectContract.OverrideCreator, id);
                }

                newObject = objectContract.OverrideCreator(new object[0]);
            }
            else if (objectContract.DefaultCreator != null &&
                     (!objectContract.DefaultCreatorNonPublic || Serializer._constructorHandling == ConstructorHandling.AllowNonPublicDefaultConstructor || objectContract.ParametrizedCreator == null))
            {
                // use the default constructor if it is...
                // public
                // non-public and the user has change constructor handling settings
                // non-public and there is no other creator
                newObject = objectContract.DefaultCreator();
            }
            else if (objectContract.ParametrizedCreator != null)
            {
                createdFromNonDefaultCreator = true;
                return CreateObjectUsingCreatorWithParameters(reader, objectContract, containerMember, objectContract.ParametrizedCreator, id);
            }

            if (newObject == null)
            {
                if (!objectContract.IsInstantiable)
                    throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Could not create an instance of type {0}. Type is an interface or abstract class and cannot be instantiated.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, objectContract.UnderlyingType));

                throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unable to find a constructor to use for type {0}. A class should either have a default constructor, one constructor with arguments or a constructor marked with the JsonConstructor attribute.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, objectContract.UnderlyingType));
            }

            createdFromNonDefaultCreator = false;
            return newObject;
        }
        private bool CheckForCircularReference(JsonWriter writer, object value, JsonProperty property, JsonContract contract, JsonContainerContract containerContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
        {
            if (value == null || contract.ContractType == JsonContractType.Primitive || contract.ContractType == JsonContractType.String)
                return true;

            ReferenceLoopHandling? referenceLoopHandling = null;

            if (property != null)
                referenceLoopHandling = property.ReferenceLoopHandling;

            if (referenceLoopHandling == null && containerProperty != null)
                referenceLoopHandling = containerProperty.ItemReferenceLoopHandling;

            if (referenceLoopHandling == null && containerContract != null)
                referenceLoopHandling = containerContract.ItemReferenceLoopHandling;

            if (_serializeStack.IndexOf(value) != -1)
            {
                string message = "Self referencing loop detected";
                if (property != null)
                    message += " for property '{0}'".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, property.PropertyName);
                message += " with type '{0}'.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, value.GetType());

                switch (referenceLoopHandling.GetValueOrDefault(Serializer._referenceLoopHandling))
                {
                    case ReferenceLoopHandling.Error:
                        throw JsonSerializationException.Create(null, writer.ContainerPath, message, null);
                    case ReferenceLoopHandling.Ignore:
                        if (TraceWriter != null && TraceWriter.LevelFilter >= TraceLevel.Verbose)
                            TraceWriter.Trace(TraceLevel.Verbose, JsonPosition.FormatMessage(null, writer.Path, message + ". Skipping serializing self referenced value."), null);

                        return false;
                    case ReferenceLoopHandling.Serialize:
                        if (TraceWriter != null && TraceWriter.LevelFilter >= TraceLevel.Verbose)
                            TraceWriter.Trace(TraceLevel.Verbose, JsonPosition.FormatMessage(null, writer.Path, message + ". Serializing self referenced value."), null);

                        return true;
                }
            }

            return true;
        }
        private bool ShouldSerialize(JsonWriter writer, JsonProperty property, object target)
        {
            if (property.ShouldSerialize == null)
                return true;

            bool shouldSerialize = property.ShouldSerialize(target);

            if (TraceWriter != null && TraceWriter.LevelFilter >= TraceLevel.Verbose)
                TraceWriter.Trace(TraceLevel.Verbose, JsonPosition.FormatMessage(null, writer.Path, "ShouldSerialize result for property '{0}' on {1}: {2}".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, property.PropertyName, property.DeclaringType, shouldSerialize)), null);

            return shouldSerialize;
        }
        private bool CalculatePropertyValues(JsonWriter writer, object value, JsonContainerContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonProperty property, out JsonContract memberContract, out object memberValue)
        {
            if (!property.Ignored && property.Readable && ShouldSerialize(writer, property, value) && IsSpecified(writer, property, value))
            {
                if (property.PropertyContract == null)
                    property.PropertyContract = Serializer._contractResolver.ResolveContract(property.PropertyType);

                memberValue = property.ValueProvider.GetValue(value);
                memberContract = (property.PropertyContract.IsSealed) ? property.PropertyContract : GetContractSafe(memberValue, property.PropertyType);

                if (ShouldWriteProperty(memberValue, property))
                {
                    if (ShouldWriteReference(memberValue, property, memberContract, contract, member))
                    {
                        property.WritePropertyName(writer);
                        WriteReference(writer, memberValue);
                        return false;
                    }

                    if (!CheckForCircularReference(writer, memberValue, property, memberContract, contract, member))
                        return false;

                    if (memberValue == null)
                    {
                        JsonObjectContract objectContract = contract as JsonObjectContract;
                        Required resolvedRequired = property._required ?? ((objectContract != null) ? objectContract.ItemRequired : null) ?? Required.Default;
                        if (resolvedRequired == Required.Always)
                            throw JsonSerializationException.Create(null, writer.ContainerPath, "Cannot write a null value for property '{0}'. Property requires a value.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, property.PropertyName), null);
                    }

                    return true;
                }
            }

            memberContract = null;
            memberValue = null;
            return false;
        }
        private bool IsSpecified(JsonWriter writer, JsonProperty property, object target)
        {
            if (property.GetIsSpecified == null)
                return true;

            bool isSpecified = property.GetIsSpecified(target);

            if (TraceWriter != null && TraceWriter.LevelFilter >= TraceLevel.Verbose)
                TraceWriter.Trace(TraceLevel.Verbose, JsonPosition.FormatMessage(null, writer.Path, "IsSpecified result for property '{0}' on {1}: {2}".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, property.PropertyName, property.DeclaringType, isSpecified)), null);

            return isSpecified;
        }
        private void SerializeConvertable(JsonWriter writer, JsonConverter converter, object value, JsonContract contract, JsonContainerContract collectionContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
        {
            if (ShouldWriteReference(value, null, contract, collectionContract, containerProperty))
            {
                WriteReference(writer, value);
            }
            else
            {
                if (!CheckForCircularReference(writer, value, null, contract, collectionContract, containerProperty))
                    return;

                _serializeStack.Add(value);

                if (TraceWriter != null && TraceWriter.LevelFilter >= TraceLevel.Info)
                    TraceWriter.Trace(TraceLevel.Info, JsonPosition.FormatMessage(null, writer.Path, "Started serializing {0} with converter {1}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, value.GetType(), converter.GetType())), null);

                converter.WriteJson(writer, value, GetInternalSerializer());

                if (TraceWriter != null && TraceWriter.LevelFilter >= TraceLevel.Info)
                    TraceWriter.Trace(TraceLevel.Info, JsonPosition.FormatMessage(null, writer.Path, "Finished serializing {0} with converter {1}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, value.GetType(), converter.GetType())), null);

                _serializeStack.RemoveAt(_serializeStack.Count - 1);
            }
        }
        private void SerializePrimitive(JsonWriter writer, object value, JsonPrimitiveContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract containerContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
        {
            if (contract.TypeCode == PrimitiveTypeCode.Bytes)
            {
                // if type name handling is enabled then wrap the base64 byte string in an object with the type name
                bool includeTypeDetails = ShouldWriteType(TypeNameHandling.Objects, contract, member, containerContract, containerProperty);
                if (includeTypeDetails)
                {
                    writer.WriteStartObject();
                    WriteTypeProperty(writer, contract.CreatedType);
                    writer.WritePropertyName(JsonTypeReflector.ValuePropertyName, false);

                    JsonWriter.WriteValue(writer, contract.TypeCode, value);

                    writer.WriteEndObject();
                    return;
                }
            }

            JsonWriter.WriteValue(writer, contract.TypeCode, value);
        }
        private void SerializeMultidimensionalArray(JsonWriter writer, Array values, JsonArrayContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract collectionContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
        {
            OnSerializing(writer, contract, values);

            _serializeStack.Add(values);

            bool hasWrittenMetadataObject = WriteStartArray(writer, values, contract, member, collectionContract, containerProperty);

            SerializeMultidimensionalArray(writer, values, contract, member, writer.Top, new int[0]);

            if (hasWrittenMetadataObject)
                writer.WriteEndObject();

            _serializeStack.RemoveAt(_serializeStack.Count - 1);

            OnSerialized(writer, contract, values);
        }
        private void SerializeValue(JsonWriter writer, object value, JsonContract valueContract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract containerContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
        {
            if (value == null)
            {
                writer.WriteNull();
                return;
            }

            JsonConverter converter = 
                ((member != null) ? member.Converter : null) ??
                ((containerProperty != null) ? containerProperty.ItemConverter : null) ??
                ((containerContract != null) ? containerContract.ItemConverter : null) ??
                valueContract.Converter ??
                Serializer.GetMatchingConverter(valueContract.UnderlyingType) ??
                valueContract.InternalConverter;

            if (converter != null && converter.CanWrite)
            {
                SerializeConvertable(writer, converter, value, valueContract, containerContract, containerProperty);
                return;
            }

            switch (valueContract.ContractType)
            {
                case JsonContractType.Object:
                    SerializeObject(writer, value, (JsonObjectContract)valueContract, member, containerContract, containerProperty);
                    break;
                case JsonContractType.Array:
                    JsonArrayContract arrayContract = (JsonArrayContract)valueContract;
                    if (!arrayContract.IsMultidimensionalArray)
                        SerializeList(writer, (IEnumerable)value, arrayContract, member, containerContract, containerProperty);
                    else
                        SerializeMultidimensionalArray(writer, (Array)value, arrayContract, member, containerContract, containerProperty);
                    break;
                case JsonContractType.Primitive:
                    SerializePrimitive(writer, value, (JsonPrimitiveContract)valueContract, member, containerContract, containerProperty);
                    break;
                case JsonContractType.String:
                    SerializeString(writer, value, (JsonStringContract)valueContract);
                    break;
                case JsonContractType.Dictionary:
                    JsonDictionaryContract dictionaryContract = (JsonDictionaryContract)valueContract;
                    SerializeDictionary(writer, (value is IDictionary) ? (IDictionary)value : dictionaryContract.CreateWrapper(value), dictionaryContract, member, containerContract, containerProperty);
                    break;
#if !(NET35 || NET20 || PORTABLE40)
                case JsonContractType.Dynamic:
                    SerializeDynamic(writer, (IDynamicMetaObjectProvider)value, (JsonDynamicContract)valueContract, member, containerContract, containerProperty);
                    break;
#endif
#if !(NETFX_CORE || PORTABLE40 || PORTABLE)
                case JsonContractType.Serializable:
                    SerializeISerializable(writer, (ISerializable)value, (JsonISerializableContract)valueContract, member, containerContract, containerProperty);
                    break;
#endif
                case JsonContractType.Linq:
                    ((JToken)value).WriteTo(writer, Serializer.Converters.ToArray());
                    break;
            }
        }
        private bool WriteStartArray(JsonWriter writer, object values, JsonArrayContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract containerContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
        {
            bool isReference = ResolveIsReference(contract, member, containerContract, containerProperty) ?? HasFlag(Serializer._preserveReferencesHandling, PreserveReferencesHandling.Arrays);
            bool includeTypeDetails = ShouldWriteType(TypeNameHandling.Arrays, contract, member, containerContract, containerProperty);
            bool writeMetadataObject = isReference || includeTypeDetails;

            if (writeMetadataObject)
            {
                writer.WriteStartObject();

                if (isReference)
                {
                    WriteReferenceIdProperty(writer, contract.UnderlyingType, values);
                }
                if (includeTypeDetails)
                {
                    WriteTypeProperty(writer, values.GetType());
                }
                writer.WritePropertyName(JsonTypeReflector.ArrayValuesPropertyName, false);
            }

            if (contract.ItemContract == null)
                contract.ItemContract = Serializer._contractResolver.ResolveContract(contract.CollectionItemType ?? typeof(object));

            return writeMetadataObject;
        }
        private bool? ResolveIsReference(JsonContract contract, JsonProperty property, JsonContainerContract collectionContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
        {
            bool? isReference = null;

            // value could be coming from a dictionary or array and not have a property
            if (property != null)
                isReference = property.IsReference;

            if (isReference == null && containerProperty != null)
                isReference = containerProperty.ItemIsReference;

            if (isReference == null && collectionContract != null)
                isReference = collectionContract.ItemIsReference;

            if (isReference == null)
                isReference = contract.IsReference;

            return isReference;
        }
        private void SerializeDynamic(JsonWriter writer, IDynamicMetaObjectProvider value, JsonDynamicContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract collectionContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
        {
            OnSerializing(writer, contract, value);
            _serializeStack.Add(value);

            WriteObjectStart(writer, value, contract, member, collectionContract, containerProperty);

            int initialDepth = writer.Top;

            for (int index = 0; index < contract.Properties.Count; index++)
            {
                JsonProperty property = contract.Properties[index];

                // only write non-dynamic properties that have an explicit attribute
                if (property.HasMemberAttribute)
                {
                    try
                    {
                        object memberValue;
                        JsonContract memberContract;

                        if (!CalculatePropertyValues(writer, value, contract, member, property, out memberContract, out memberValue))
                            continue;

                        property.WritePropertyName(writer);
                        SerializeValue(writer, memberValue, memberContract, property, contract, member);
                    }
                    catch (Exception ex)
                    {
                        if (IsErrorHandled(value, contract, property.PropertyName, null, writer.ContainerPath, ex))
                            HandleError(writer, initialDepth);
                        else
                            throw;
                    }
                }
            }

            foreach (string memberName in value.GetDynamicMemberNames())
            {
                object memberValue;
                if (contract.TryGetMember(value, memberName, out memberValue))
                {
                    try
                    {
                        JsonContract valueContract = GetContractSafe(memberValue);

                        if (!ShouldWriteDynamicProperty(memberValue))
                            continue;

                        if (CheckForCircularReference(writer, memberValue, null, valueContract, contract, member))
                        {
                            string resolvedPropertyName = (contract.PropertyNameResolver != null)
                                ? contract.PropertyNameResolver(memberName)
                                : memberName;

                            writer.WritePropertyName(resolvedPropertyName);
                            SerializeValue(writer, memberValue, valueContract, null, contract, member);
                        }
                    }
                    catch (Exception ex)
                    {
                        if (IsErrorHandled(value, contract, memberName, null, writer.ContainerPath, ex))
                            HandleError(writer, initialDepth);
                        else
                            throw;
                    }
                }
            }

            writer.WriteEndObject();

            _serializeStack.RemoveAt(_serializeStack.Count - 1);
            OnSerialized(writer, contract, value);
        }
        private bool ShouldWriteReference(object value, JsonProperty property, JsonContract valueContract, JsonContainerContract collectionContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
        {
            if (value == null)
                return false;
            if (valueContract.ContractType == JsonContractType.Primitive || valueContract.ContractType == JsonContractType.String)
                return false;

            bool? isReference = ResolveIsReference(valueContract, property, collectionContract, containerProperty);

            if (isReference == null)
            {
                if (valueContract.ContractType == JsonContractType.Array)
                    isReference = HasFlag(Serializer._preserveReferencesHandling, PreserveReferencesHandling.Arrays);
                else
                    isReference = HasFlag(Serializer._preserveReferencesHandling, PreserveReferencesHandling.Objects);
            }

            if (!isReference.Value)
                return false;

            return Serializer.GetReferenceResolver().IsReferenced(this, value);
        }
        private void SerializeDictionary(JsonWriter writer, IDictionary values, JsonDictionaryContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract collectionContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
        {
            IWrappedDictionary wrappedDictionary = values as IWrappedDictionary;
            object underlyingDictionary = wrappedDictionary != null ? wrappedDictionary.UnderlyingDictionary : values;

            OnSerializing(writer, contract, underlyingDictionary);
            _serializeStack.Add(underlyingDictionary);

            WriteObjectStart(writer, underlyingDictionary, contract, member, collectionContract, containerProperty);

            if (contract.ItemContract == null)
                contract.ItemContract = Serializer._contractResolver.ResolveContract(contract.DictionaryValueType ?? typeof(object));

            if (contract.KeyContract == null)
                contract.KeyContract = Serializer._contractResolver.ResolveContract(contract.DictionaryKeyType ?? typeof(object));

            int initialDepth = writer.Top;

            foreach (DictionaryEntry entry in values)
            {
                bool escape;
                string propertyName = GetPropertyName(writer, entry.Key, contract.KeyContract, out escape);

                propertyName = (contract.PropertyNameResolver != null)
                    ? contract.PropertyNameResolver(propertyName)
                    : propertyName;

                try
                {
                    object value = entry.Value;
                    JsonContract valueContract = contract.FinalItemContract ?? GetContractSafe(value, contract.DictionaryValueType);

                    if (ShouldWriteReference(value, null, valueContract, contract, member))
                    {
                        writer.WritePropertyName(propertyName, escape);
                        WriteReference(writer, value);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        if (!CheckForCircularReference(writer, value, null, valueContract, contract, member))
                            continue;

                        writer.WritePropertyName(propertyName, escape);

                        SerializeValue(writer, value, valueContract, null, contract, member);
                    }
                }
                catch (Exception ex)
                {
                    if (IsErrorHandled(underlyingDictionary, contract, propertyName, null, writer.ContainerPath, ex))
                        HandleError(writer, initialDepth);
                    else
                        throw;
                }
            }

            writer.WriteEndObject();

            _serializeStack.RemoveAt(_serializeStack.Count - 1);

            OnSerialized(writer, contract, underlyingDictionary);
        }
        private bool ShouldSetPropertyValue(JsonProperty property, object value)
        {
            if (property.NullValueHandling.GetValueOrDefault(Serializer._nullValueHandling) == NullValueHandling.Ignore && value == null)
                return false;

            if (HasFlag(property.DefaultValueHandling.GetValueOrDefault(Serializer._defaultValueHandling), DefaultValueHandling.Ignore)
                && !HasFlag(property.DefaultValueHandling.GetValueOrDefault(Serializer._defaultValueHandling), DefaultValueHandling.Populate)
                && MiscellaneousUtils.ValueEquals(value, property.GetResolvedDefaultValue()))
                return false;

            if (!property.Writable)
                return false;

            return true;
        }