/// <summary>
        /// Creates a scope used to instrument an MVC action and populates some common details.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="controllerContext">The System.Web.Mvc.ControllerContext that was passed as an argument to the instrumented method.</param>
        /// <returns>A new scope used to instrument an MVC action.</returns>
        public static Scope CreateScope(ControllerContextStruct controllerContext)
        {
            Scope scope = null;

            try
            {
                if (!Tracer.Instance.Settings.IsIntegrationEnabled(IntegrationId))
                {
                    // integration disabled, don't create a scope, skip this trace
                    return(null);
                }

                var httpContext = controllerContext.HttpContext;

                if (httpContext == null)
                {
                    return(null);
                }

                var    newResourceNamesEnabled = Tracer.Instance.Settings.RouteTemplateResourceNamesEnabled;
                string host         = httpContext.Request.Headers.Get("Host");
                string httpMethod   = httpContext.Request.HttpMethod.ToUpperInvariant();
                string url          = httpContext.Request.RawUrl.ToLowerInvariant();
                string resourceName = null;

                RouteData            routeData   = controllerContext.RouteData;
                Route                route       = routeData?.Route as Route;
                RouteValueDictionary routeValues = routeData?.Values;
                bool wasAttributeRouted          = false;

                if (route == null && routeData?.Route.GetType().FullName == RouteCollectionRouteTypeName)
                {
                    var routeMatches = routeValues?.GetValueOrDefault("MS_DirectRouteMatches") as List <RouteData>;

                    if (routeMatches?.Count > 0)
                    {
                        // route was defined using attribute routing i.e. [Route("/path/{id}")]
                        // get route and routeValues from the RouteData in routeMatches
                        wasAttributeRouted = true;
                        route       = routeMatches[0].Route as Route;
                        routeValues = routeMatches[0].Values;

                        if (route != null)
                        {
                            var resourceUrl = route.Url?.ToLowerInvariant() ?? string.Empty;
                            if (resourceUrl.FirstOrDefault() != '/')
                            {
                                resourceUrl = string.Concat("/", resourceUrl);
                            }

                            resourceName = $"{httpMethod} {resourceUrl}";
                        }
                    }
                }

                string routeUrl       = route?.Url;
                string areaName       = (routeValues?.GetValueOrDefault("area") as string)?.ToLowerInvariant();
                string controllerName = (routeValues?.GetValueOrDefault("controller") as string)?.ToLowerInvariant();
                string actionName     = (routeValues?.GetValueOrDefault("action") as string)?.ToLowerInvariant();

                if (newResourceNamesEnabled && string.IsNullOrEmpty(resourceName) && !string.IsNullOrEmpty(routeUrl))
                {
                    resourceName = $"{httpMethod} /{routeUrl.ToLowerInvariant()}";
                }

                if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(resourceName) && httpContext.Request.Url != null)
                {
                    var cleanUri = UriHelpers.GetCleanUriPath(httpContext.Request.Url);
                    resourceName = $"{httpMethod} {cleanUri.ToLowerInvariant()}";
                }

                if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(resourceName))
                {
                    // Keep the legacy resource name, just to have something
                    resourceName = $"{httpMethod} {controllerName}.{actionName}";
                }

                // Replace well-known routing tokens
                resourceName =
                    resourceName
                    .Replace("{area}", areaName)
                    .Replace("{controller}", controllerName)
                    .Replace("{action}", actionName);

                if (newResourceNamesEnabled && !wasAttributeRouted && routeValues is not null && route is not null)
                {
                    // Remove unused parameters from conventional route templates
                    // Don't bother with routes defined using attribute routing
                    foreach (var parameter in route.Defaults)
                    {
                        var parameterName = parameter.Key;
                        if (parameterName != "area" &&
                            parameterName != "controller" &&
                            parameterName != "action" &&
                            !routeValues.ContainsKey(parameterName))
                        {
                            resourceName = resourceName.Replace($"/{{{parameterName}}}", string.Empty);
                        }
                    }
                }

                SpanContext propagatedContext = null;
                var         tracer            = Tracer.Instance;
                var         tagsFromHeaders   = Enumerable.Empty <KeyValuePair <string, string> >();

                if (tracer.ActiveScope == null)
                {
                    try
                    {
                        // extract propagated http headers
                        var headers = httpContext.Request.Headers.Wrap();
                        propagatedContext = SpanContextPropagator.Instance.Extract(headers);
                        tagsFromHeaders   = SpanContextPropagator.Instance.ExtractHeaderTags(headers, tracer.Settings.HeaderTags, SpanContextPropagator.HttpRequestHeadersTagPrefix);
                    }
                    catch (Exception ex)
                    {
                        Log.Error(ex, "Error extracting propagated HTTP headers.");
                    }
                }

                var tags = new AspNetTags();
                scope = Tracer.Instance.StartActiveWithTags(OperationName, propagatedContext, tags: tags);
                Span span = scope.Span;

                span.DecorateWebServerSpan(
                    resourceName: resourceName,
                    method: httpMethod,
                    host: host,
                    httpUrl: url,
                    tags,
                    tagsFromHeaders);

                tags.AspNetRoute      = routeUrl;
                tags.AspNetArea       = areaName;
                tags.AspNetController = controllerName;
                tags.AspNetAction     = actionName;

                tags.SetAnalyticsSampleRate(IntegrationId, tracer.Settings, enabledWithGlobalSetting: true);

                if (newResourceNamesEnabled)
                {
                    // set the resource name in the HttpContext so TracingHttpModule can update root span
                    httpContext.Items[SharedConstants.HttpContextPropagatedResourceNameKey] = resourceName;
                }
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                Log.Error(ex, "Error creating or populating scope.");
            }

            return(scope);
        }
        /// <summary>
        /// Creates a scope used to instrument an MVC action and populates some common details.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="controllerContext">The System.Web.Mvc.ControllerContext that was passed as an argument to the instrumented method.</param>
        /// <returns>A new scope used to instrument an MVC action.</returns>
        public static Scope CreateScope(ControllerContextStruct controllerContext)
        {
            Scope scope = null;

            try
            {
                if (!Tracer.Instance.Settings.IsIntegrationEnabled(IntegrationId))
                {
                    // integration disabled, don't create a scope, skip this trace
                    return(null);
                }

                var httpContext = controllerContext.HttpContext;

                if (httpContext == null)
                {
                    return(null);
                }

                string host         = httpContext.Request.Headers.Get("Host");
                string httpMethod   = httpContext.Request.HttpMethod.ToUpperInvariant();
                string url          = httpContext.Request.RawUrl.ToLowerInvariant();
                string resourceName = null;

                RouteData            routeData   = controllerContext.RouteData;
                Route                route       = routeData?.Route as Route;
                RouteValueDictionary routeValues = routeData?.Values;

                if (route == null && routeData?.Route.GetType().FullName == RouteCollectionRouteTypeName)
                {
                    var routeMatches = routeValues?.GetValueOrDefault("MS_DirectRouteMatches") as List <RouteData>;

                    if (routeMatches?.Count > 0)
                    {
                        // route was defined using attribute routing i.e. [Route("/path/{id}")]
                        // get route and routeValues from the RouteData in routeMatches
                        route       = routeMatches[0].Route as Route;
                        routeValues = routeMatches[0].Values;

                        if (route != null)
                        {
                            var resourceUrl = route.Url?.ToLowerInvariant() ?? string.Empty;
                            if (resourceUrl.FirstOrDefault() != '/')
                            {
                                resourceUrl = string.Concat("/", resourceUrl);
                            }

                            resourceName = $"{httpMethod} {resourceUrl}";
                        }
                    }
                }

                if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(resourceName) && httpContext.Request.Url != null)
                {
                    var cleanUri = UriHelpers.GetRelativeUrl(httpContext.Request.Url, tryRemoveIds: true);
                    resourceName = $"{httpMethod} {cleanUri.ToLowerInvariant()}";
                }

                string areaName       = (routeValues?.GetValueOrDefault("area") as string)?.ToLowerInvariant();
                string controllerName = (routeValues?.GetValueOrDefault("controller") as string)?.ToLowerInvariant();
                string actionName     = (routeValues?.GetValueOrDefault("action") as string)?.ToLowerInvariant();

                if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(resourceName))
                {
                    // Keep the legacy resource name, just to have something
                    resourceName = $"{httpMethod} {controllerName}.{actionName}";
                }

                SpanContext propagatedContext = null;
                var         tracer            = Tracer.Instance;
                var         tagsFromHeaders   = Enumerable.Empty <KeyValuePair <string, string> >();

                if (tracer.ActiveScope == null)
                {
                    try
                    {
                        // extract propagated http headers
                        var headers = httpContext.Request.Headers.Wrap();
                        propagatedContext = SpanContextPropagator.Instance.Extract(headers);
                        tagsFromHeaders   = SpanContextPropagator.Instance.ExtractHeaderTags(headers, tracer.Settings.HeaderTags);
                    }
                    catch (Exception ex)
                    {
                        Log.Error(ex, "Error extracting propagated HTTP headers.");
                    }
                }

                var tags = new AspNetTags();
                scope = Tracer.Instance.StartActiveWithTags(OperationName, propagatedContext, tags: tags);
                Span span = scope.Span;

                // Fail safe to catch templates in routing values
                resourceName =
                    resourceName
                    .Replace("{area}", areaName)
                    .Replace("{controller}", controllerName)
                    .Replace("{action}", actionName);

                span.DecorateWebServerSpan(
                    resourceName: resourceName,
                    method: httpMethod,
                    host: host,
                    httpUrl: url,
                    tags,
                    tagsFromHeaders);

                tags.AspNetRoute      = route?.Url;
                tags.AspNetArea       = areaName;
                tags.AspNetController = controllerName;
                tags.AspNetAction     = actionName;

                tags.SetAnalyticsSampleRate(IntegrationId, tracer.Settings, enabledWithGlobalSetting: true);
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                Log.Error(ex, "Error creating or populating scope.");
            }

            return(scope);
        }