/// <summary>
        /// Create a signed URL allowing access to a resource that would
        /// usually require authentication.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>
        /// <para>
        /// When using query string authentication you create a query,
        /// specify an expiration time for the query, sign it with your
        /// signature, place the data in an HTTP request, and distribute
        /// the request to a user or embed the request in a web page.
        /// </para>
        /// <para>
        /// A PreSigned URL can be generated for GET, PUT, DELETE and HEAD
        /// operations on your bucketName, keys, and versions.
        /// </para>
        /// </remarks>
        /// <param name="request">The GetPreSignedUrlRequest that defines the
        /// parameters of the operation.</param>
        /// <returns>A string that is the signed http request.</returns>
        /// <exception cref="T:System.ArgumentException" />
        /// <exception cref="T:System.ArgumentNullException" />
        public string GetPreSignedURL(GetPreSignedUrlRequest request)
        {
            if (Credentials == null)
            {
                throw new AmazonS3Exception("Credentials must be specified, cannot call method anonymously");
            }

            if (request == null)
            {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("request", "The PreSignedUrlRequest specified is null!");
            }

            if (!request.IsSetExpires())
            {
                throw new InvalidOperationException("The Expires specified is null!");
            }

            var aws4Signing = AWSConfigs.S3UseSignatureVersion4;
            var region      = AWS4Signer.DetermineRegion(Config);

            if (aws4Signing && string.IsNullOrEmpty(region))
            {
                throw new InvalidOperationException("To use AWS4 signing, a region must be specified in the client configuration using the AuthenticationRegion or Region properties, or be determinable from the service URL.");
            }

            if (region.Equals(RegionEndpoint.CNNorth1.SystemName, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
            {
                aws4Signing = true;
            }

            var immutableCredentials = Credentials.GetCredentials();
            var irequest             = Marshall(request, immutableCredentials.AccessKey, immutableCredentials.Token, aws4Signing);

            irequest.Endpoint = DetermineEndpoint(irequest);
            ProcessRequestHandlers(irequest);
            var metrics = new RequestMetrics();

            string authorization;

            if (aws4Signing)
            {
                var aws4Signer    = new AWS4PreSignedUrlSigner();
                var signingResult = aws4Signer.SignRequest(irequest,
                                                           this.Config,
                                                           metrics,
                                                           immutableCredentials.AccessKey,
                                                           immutableCredentials.SecretKey);
                authorization = "&" + signingResult.ForQueryParameters;
            }
            else
            {
                signer.SignRequest(irequest, metrics, immutableCredentials.AccessKey, immutableCredentials.SecretKey);
                authorization = irequest.Headers[S3QueryParameter.Authorization.ToString()];
                authorization = authorization.Substring(authorization.IndexOf(":", StringComparison.Ordinal) + 1);
                authorization = "&Signature=" + AmazonS3Util.UrlEncode(authorization, false);
            }

            Uri    url    = ComposeUrl(irequest, irequest.Endpoint);
            string result = url.AbsoluteUri + authorization;

            Protocol protocol = DetermineProtocol();

            if (request.Protocol != protocol)
            {
                switch (protocol)
                {
                case Protocol.HTTP:
                    result = result.Replace("http://", "https://");
                    break;

                case Protocol.HTTPS:
                    result = result.Replace("https://", "http://");
                    break;
                }
            }
            return(result);
        }