public BigInteger gcd(BigInteger val)
{
BigInteger val1 = this.abs();
BigInteger val2 = val.abs();
// To avoid a possible division by zero
if (val1.signum() == 0)
{
return(val2);
}
else if (val2.signum() == 0)
{
return(val1);
}
// Optimization for small operands
// (op2.bitLength() < 64) and (op1.bitLength() < 64)
if (((val1.numberLength == 1) || ((val1.numberLength == 2) && (val1.digits[1] > 0))) &&
(val2.numberLength == 1 || (val2.numberLength == 2 && val2.digits[1] > 0)))
{
return(BigInteger.valueOf(Division.gcdBinary(val1.longValue(), val2
.longValue())));
}
return(Division.gcdBinary(val1.copy(), val2.copy()));
}
internal static BigInteger pow2ModPow(BigInteger _base, BigInteger exponent, int j)
{
// PRE: (base > 0), (exponent > 0) and (j > 0)
BigInteger res = BigInteger.ONE;
BigInteger e = exponent.copy();
BigInteger baseMod2toN = _base.copy();
BigInteger res2;
/*
* If 'base' is odd then it's coprime with 2^j and phi(2^j) = 2^(j-1);
* so we can reduce reduce the exponent (mod 2^(j-1)).
*/
if (_base.testBit(0))
{
inplaceModPow2(e, j - 1);
}
inplaceModPow2(baseMod2toN, j);
for (int i = e.bitLength() - 1; i >= 0; i--)
{
res2 = res.copy();
inplaceModPow2(res2, j);
res = res.multiply(res2);
if (BitLevel.testBit(e, i))
{
res = res.multiply(baseMod2toN);
inplaceModPow2(res, j);
}
}
inplaceModPow2(res, j);
return(res);
}
internal static BigInteger nextProbablePrime(BigInteger n)
{
// PRE: n >= 0
int i, j;
int certainty;
int gapSize = 1024; // for searching of the next probable prime number
int[] modules = new int[primes.Length];
bool[] isDivisible = new bool[gapSize];
BigInteger startPoint;
BigInteger probPrime;
// If n < "last prime of table" searches next prime in the table
if ((n.numberLength == 1) && (n.digits[0] >= 0)
&& (n.digits[0] < primes[primes.Length - 1])) {
for (i = 0; n.digits[0] >= primes[i]; i++) {
;
}
return BIprimes[i];
}
/*
* Creates a "N" enough big to hold the next probable prime Note that: N <
* "next prime" < 2*N
*/
startPoint = new BigInteger(1, n.numberLength,
new int[n.numberLength + 1]);
Array.Copy(n.digits, startPoint.digits, n.numberLength);
// To fix N to the "next odd number"
if (n.testBit(0)) {
Elementary.inplaceAdd(startPoint, 2);
} else {
startPoint.digits[0] |= 1;
}
// To set the improved certainly of Miller-Rabin
j = startPoint.bitLength();
for (certainty = 2; j < BITS[certainty]; certainty++) {
;
}
// To calculate modules: N mod p1, N mod p2, ... for first primes.
for (i = 0; i < primes.Length; i++) {
modules[i] = Division.remainder(startPoint, primes[i]) - gapSize;
}
while (true) {
// At this point, all numbers in the gap are initialized as
// probably primes
Array.Clear(isDivisible, 0, isDivisible.Length);
// To discard multiples of first primes
for (i = 0; i < primes.Length; i++) {
modules[i] = (modules[i] + gapSize) % primes[i];
j = (modules[i] == 0) ? 0 : (primes[i] - modules[i]);
for (; j < gapSize; j += primes[i]) {
isDivisible[j] = true;
}
}
// To execute Miller-Rabin for non-divisible numbers by all first
// primes
for (j = 0; j < gapSize; j++) {
if (!isDivisible[j]) {
probPrime = startPoint.copy();
Elementary.inplaceAdd(probPrime, j);
if (millerRabin(probPrime, certainty)) {
return probPrime;
}
}
}
Elementary.inplaceAdd(startPoint, gapSize);
}
}
internal static BigInteger nextProbablePrime(BigInteger n)
{
// PRE: n >= 0
int i, j;
int certainty;
int gapSize = 1024; // for searching of the next probable prime number
int[] modules = new int[primes.Length];
bool[] isDivisible = new bool[gapSize];
BigInteger startPoint;
BigInteger probPrime;
// If n < "last prime of table" searches next prime in the table
if ((n.numberLength == 1) && (n.digits[0] >= 0) &&
(n.digits[0] < primes[primes.Length - 1]))
{
for (i = 0; n.digits[0] >= primes[i]; i++)
{
;
}
return(BIprimes[i]);
}
/*
* Creates a "N" enough big to hold the next probable prime Note that: N <
* "next prime" < 2*N
*/
startPoint = new BigInteger(1, n.numberLength,
new int[n.numberLength + 1]);
Array.Copy(n.digits, startPoint.digits, n.numberLength);
// To fix N to the "next odd number"
if (n.testBit(0))
{
Elementary.inplaceAdd(startPoint, 2);
}
else
{
startPoint.digits[0] |= 1;
}
// To set the improved certainly of Miller-Rabin
j = startPoint.bitLength();
for (certainty = 2; j < BITS[certainty]; certainty++)
{
;
}
// To calculate modules: N mod p1, N mod p2, ... for first primes.
for (i = 0; i < primes.Length; i++)
{
modules[i] = Division.remainder(startPoint, primes[i]) - gapSize;
}
while (true)
{
// At this point, all numbers in the gap are initialized as
// probably primes
Array.Clear(isDivisible, 0, isDivisible.Length);
// To discard multiples of first primes
for (i = 0; i < primes.Length; i++)
{
modules[i] = (modules[i] + gapSize) % primes[i];
j = (modules[i] == 0) ? 0 : (primes[i] - modules[i]);
for (; j < gapSize; j += primes[i])
{
isDivisible[j] = true;
}
}
// To execute Miller-Rabin for non-divisible numbers by all first
// primes
for (j = 0; j < gapSize; j++)
{
if (!isDivisible[j])
{
probPrime = startPoint.copy();
Elementary.inplaceAdd(probPrime, j);
if (millerRabin(probPrime, certainty))
{
return(probPrime);
}
}
}
Elementary.inplaceAdd(startPoint, gapSize);
}
}
internal static BigInteger pow2ModPow(BigInteger _base, BigInteger exponent, int j)
{
// PRE: (base > 0), (exponent > 0) and (j > 0)
BigInteger res = BigInteger.ONE;
BigInteger e = exponent.copy();
BigInteger baseMod2toN = _base.copy();
BigInteger res2;
/*
* If 'base' is odd then it's coprime with 2^j and phi(2^j) = 2^(j-1);
* so we can reduce reduce the exponent (mod 2^(j-1)).
*/
if (_base.testBit(0)) {
inplaceModPow2(e, j - 1);
}
inplaceModPow2(baseMod2toN, j);
for (int i = e.bitLength() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
res2 = res.copy();
inplaceModPow2(res2, j);
res = res.multiply(res2);
if (BitLevel.testBit(e, i)) {
res = res.multiply(baseMod2toN);
inplaceModPow2(res, j);
}
}
inplaceModPow2(res, j);
return res;
}
internal static BigInteger modInverseMontgomery(BigInteger a, BigInteger p)
{
if (a.sign == 0){
// ZERO hasn't inverse
throw new ArithmeticException("BigInteger not invertible");
}
if (!p.testBit(0)){
// montgomery inverse require even modulo
return modInverseLorencz(a, p);
}
int m = p.numberLength * 32;
// PRE: a \in [1, p - 1]
BigInteger u, v, r, s;
u = p.copy(); // make copy to use inplace method
v = a.copy();
int max = Math.Max(v.numberLength, u.numberLength);
r = new BigInteger(1, 1, new int[max + 1]);
s = new BigInteger(1, 1, new int[max + 1]);
s.digits[0] = 1;
// s == 1 && v == 0
int k = 0;
int lsbu = u.getLowestSetBit();
int lsbv = v.getLowestSetBit();
int toShift;
if (lsbu > lsbv) {
BitLevel.inplaceShiftRight(u, lsbu);
BitLevel.inplaceShiftRight(v, lsbv);
BitLevel.inplaceShiftLeft(r, lsbv);
k += lsbu - lsbv;
} else {
BitLevel.inplaceShiftRight(u, lsbu);
BitLevel.inplaceShiftRight(v, lsbv);
BitLevel.inplaceShiftLeft(s, lsbu);
k += lsbv - lsbu;
}
r.sign = 1;
while (v.signum() > 0) {
// INV v >= 0, u >= 0, v odd, u odd (except last iteration when v is even (0))
while (u.compareTo(v) > BigInteger.EQUALS) {
Elementary.inplaceSubtract(u, v);
toShift = u.getLowestSetBit();
BitLevel.inplaceShiftRight(u, toShift);
Elementary.inplaceAdd(r, s);
BitLevel.inplaceShiftLeft(s, toShift);
k += toShift;
}
while (u.compareTo(v) <= BigInteger.EQUALS) {
Elementary.inplaceSubtract(v, u);
if (v.signum() == 0)
break;
toShift = v.getLowestSetBit();
BitLevel.inplaceShiftRight(v, toShift);
Elementary.inplaceAdd(s, r);
BitLevel.inplaceShiftLeft(r, toShift);
k += toShift;
}
}
if (!u.isOne()){
// in u is stored the gcd
throw new ArithmeticException("BigInteger not invertible.");
}
if (r.compareTo(p) >= BigInteger.EQUALS) {
Elementary.inplaceSubtract(r, p);
}
r = p.subtract(r);
// Have pair: ((BigInteger)r, (Integer)k) where r == a^(-1) * 2^k mod (module)
int n1 = calcN(p);
if (k > m) {
r = monPro(r, BigInteger.ONE, p, n1);
k = k - m;
}
r = monPro(r, BigInteger.getPowerOfTwo(m - k), p, n1);
return r;
}
internal static BigInteger modInverseMontgomery(BigInteger a, BigInteger p)
{
if (a.sign == 0)
{
// ZERO hasn't inverse
throw new ArithmeticException("BigInteger not invertible");
}
if (!p.testBit(0))
{
// montgomery inverse require even modulo
return(modInverseLorencz(a, p));
}
int m = p.numberLength * 32;
// PRE: a \in [1, p - 1]
BigInteger u, v, r, s;
u = p.copy(); // make copy to use inplace method
v = a.copy();
int max = Math.Max(v.numberLength, u.numberLength);
r = new BigInteger(1, 1, new int[max + 1]);
s = new BigInteger(1, 1, new int[max + 1]);
s.digits[0] = 1;
// s == 1 && v == 0
int k = 0;
int lsbu = u.getLowestSetBit();
int lsbv = v.getLowestSetBit();
int toShift;
if (lsbu > lsbv)
{
BitLevel.inplaceShiftRight(u, lsbu);
BitLevel.inplaceShiftRight(v, lsbv);
BitLevel.inplaceShiftLeft(r, lsbv);
k += lsbu - lsbv;
}
else
{
BitLevel.inplaceShiftRight(u, lsbu);
BitLevel.inplaceShiftRight(v, lsbv);
BitLevel.inplaceShiftLeft(s, lsbu);
k += lsbv - lsbu;
}
r.sign = 1;
while (v.signum() > 0)
{
// INV v >= 0, u >= 0, v odd, u odd (except last iteration when v is even (0))
while (u.compareTo(v) > BigInteger.EQUALS)
{
Elementary.inplaceSubtract(u, v);
toShift = u.getLowestSetBit();
BitLevel.inplaceShiftRight(u, toShift);
Elementary.inplaceAdd(r, s);
BitLevel.inplaceShiftLeft(s, toShift);
k += toShift;
}
while (u.compareTo(v) <= BigInteger.EQUALS)
{
Elementary.inplaceSubtract(v, u);
if (v.signum() == 0)
{
break;
}
toShift = v.getLowestSetBit();
BitLevel.inplaceShiftRight(v, toShift);
Elementary.inplaceAdd(s, r);
BitLevel.inplaceShiftLeft(r, toShift);
k += toShift;
}
}
if (!u.isOne())
{
// in u is stored the gcd
throw new ArithmeticException("BigInteger not invertible.");
}
if (r.compareTo(p) >= BigInteger.EQUALS)
{
Elementary.inplaceSubtract(r, p);
}
r = p.subtract(r);
// Have pair: ((BigInteger)r, (Integer)k) where r == a^(-1) * 2^k mod (module)
int n1 = calcN(p);
if (k > m)
{
r = monPro(r, BigInteger.ONE, p, n1);
k = k - m;
}
r = monPro(r, BigInteger.getPowerOfTwo(m - k), p, n1);
return(r);
}