Exemplo n.º 1
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        public ExprUserLogicalOp CreateUserLogOpError(CType pType, Expr pCallTF, ExprCall pCallOp)
        {
            ExprUserLogicalOp rval = CreateUserLogOp(pType, pCallTF, pCallOp);

            rval.SetError();
            return(rval);
        }
Exemplo n.º 2
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        /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
        // Expression types.

        private ExprBinOp VisitBoundLambda(ExprBoundLambda anonmeth)
        {
            Debug.Assert(anonmeth != null);

            MethodSymbol  lambdaMethod     = GetPreDefMethod(PREDEFMETH.PM_EXPRESSION_LAMBDA);
            AggregateType delegateType     = anonmeth.DelegateType;
            TypeArray     lambdaTypeParams = GetSymbolLoader().getBSymmgr().AllocParams(1, new CType[] { delegateType });
            AggregateType expressionType   = GetSymbolLoader().GetPredefindType(PredefinedType.PT_EXPRESSION);
            MethWithInst  mwi = new MethWithInst(lambdaMethod, expressionType, lambdaTypeParams);
            Expr          createParameters = CreateWraps(anonmeth);

            Debug.Assert(createParameters != null);
            Debug.Assert(anonmeth.Expression != null);
            Expr body = Visit(anonmeth.Expression);

            Debug.Assert(anonmeth.ArgumentScope.nextChild == null);
            Expr            parameters = GenerateParamsArray(null, PredefinedType.PT_PARAMETEREXPRESSION);
            Expr            args       = GetExprFactory().CreateList(body, parameters);
            CType           typeRet    = GetSymbolLoader().GetTypeManager().SubstType(mwi.Meth().RetType, mwi.GetType(), mwi.TypeArgs);
            ExprMemberGroup pMemGroup  = GetExprFactory().CreateMemGroup(null, mwi);
            ExprCall        call       = GetExprFactory().CreateCall(0, typeRet, args, pMemGroup, mwi);

            call.PredefinedMethod = PREDEFMETH.PM_EXPRESSION_LAMBDA;
            return(GetExprFactory().CreateSequence(createParameters, call));
        }
Exemplo n.º 3
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        public ExprUserLogicalOp CreateUserLogOp(CType pType, Expr pCallTF, ExprCall pCallOp)
        {
            Debug.Assert(pCallTF != null);
            Debug.Assert(pCallOp != null);
            Debug.Assert(pCallOp.OptionalArguments != null);
            Debug.Assert(pCallOp.OptionalArguments.isLIST());
            Debug.Assert(pCallOp.OptionalArguments.asLIST().OptionalElement != null);
            ExprUserLogicalOp rval = new ExprUserLogicalOp();
            Expr leftChild         = pCallOp.OptionalArguments.asLIST().OptionalElement;

            Debug.Assert(leftChild != null);
            if (leftChild.isWRAP())
            {
                // In the EE case, we don't create WRAPEXPRs.
                leftChild = leftChild.asWRAP().OptionalExpression;
                Debug.Assert(leftChild != null);
            }
            rval.Kind                  = ExpressionKind.EK_USERLOGOP;
            rval.Type                  = pType;
            rval.Flags                 = EXPRFLAG.EXF_ASSGOP;
            rval.TrueFalseCall         = pCallTF;
            rval.OperatorCall          = pCallOp;
            rval.FirstOperandToExamine = leftChild;
            Debug.Assert(rval != null);
            return(rval);
        }
Exemplo n.º 4
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        private Expr GenerateConstructor(ExprCall expr)
        {
            Debug.Assert(expr != null);
            Debug.Assert(expr.MethWithInst.Meth().IsConstructor());
            Expr constructorInfo = GetExprFactory().CreateMethodInfo(expr.MethWithInst);
            Expr args            = GenerateArgsList(expr.OptionalArguments);
            Expr Params          = GenerateParamsArray(args, PredefinedType.PT_EXPRESSION);

            return(GenerateCall(PREDEFMETH.PM_EXPRESSION_NEW, constructorInfo, Params));
        }
Exemplo n.º 5
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        private Expr GenerateUserDefinedUnaryOperator(ExprUnaryOp expr)
        {
            Debug.Assert(expr != null);
            PREDEFMETH pdm;
            Expr       arg  = expr.Child;
            ExprCall   call = (ExprCall)expr.OptionalUserDefinedCall;

            if (call != null)
            {
                // Use the actual argument of the call; it may contain user-defined
                // conversions or be a bound lambda, and that will not be in the original
                // argument stashed away in the left child of the operator.
                arg = call.OptionalArguments;
            }
            Debug.Assert(arg != null && arg.Kind != ExpressionKind.List);
            switch (expr.Kind)
            {
            case ExpressionKind.True:
            case ExpressionKind.False:
                return(Visit(call));

            case ExpressionKind.UnaryPlus:
                pdm = PREDEFMETH.PM_EXPRESSION_UNARYPLUS_USER_DEFINED;
                break;

            case ExpressionKind.BitwiseNot: pdm = PREDEFMETH.PM_EXPRESSION_NOT_USER_DEFINED; break;

            case ExpressionKind.LogicalNot: pdm = PREDEFMETH.PM_EXPRESSION_NOT_USER_DEFINED; break;

            case ExpressionKind.DecimalNegate:
            case ExpressionKind.Negate:
                pdm = expr.isChecked() ? PREDEFMETH.PM_EXPRESSION_NEGATECHECKED_USER_DEFINED : PREDEFMETH.PM_EXPRESSION_NEGATE_USER_DEFINED;
                break;

            case ExpressionKind.Inc:
            case ExpressionKind.Dec:
            case ExpressionKind.DecimalInc:
            case ExpressionKind.DecimalDec:
                pdm = PREDEFMETH.PM_EXPRESSION_CALL;
                break;

            default:
                throw Error.InternalCompilerError();
            }
            Expr op         = Visit(arg);
            Expr methodInfo = GetExprFactory().CreateMethodInfo(expr.UserDefinedCallMethod);

            if (expr.Kind == ExpressionKind.Inc || expr.Kind == ExpressionKind.Dec ||
                expr.Kind == ExpressionKind.DecimalInc || expr.Kind == ExpressionKind.DecimalDec)
            {
                return(GenerateCall(pdm, null, methodInfo, GenerateParamsArray(op, PredefinedType.PT_EXPRESSION)));
            }
            return(GenerateCall(pdm, op, methodInfo));
        }
        public ExprUserLogicalOp(CType type, Expr trueFalseCall, ExprCall operatorCall)
            : base(ExpressionKind.UserLogicalOp, type)
        {
            Debug.Assert(trueFalseCall != null);
            Debug.Assert((operatorCall?.OptionalArguments as ExprList)?.OptionalElement != null);
            Flags         = EXPRFLAG.EXF_ASSGOP;
            TrueFalseCall = trueFalseCall;
            OperatorCall  = operatorCall;
            Expr leftChild = ((ExprList)operatorCall.OptionalArguments).OptionalElement;

            // In the EE case, we don't create WRAPEXPRs.
            FirstOperandToExamine = leftChild is ExprWrap wrap ? wrap.OptionalExpression : leftChild;
            Debug.Assert(FirstOperandToExamine != null);
        }
Exemplo n.º 7
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        private static bool IsNullableConstructor(Expr expr, out ExprCall call)
        {
            Debug.Assert(expr != null);

            if (expr is ExprCall pCall && pCall.MemberGroup.OptionalObject == null &&
                (pCall.MethWithInst?.Meth().IsNullableConstructor() ?? false))
            {
                call = pCall;
                return(true);
            }

            call = null;
            return(false);
        }
Exemplo n.º 8
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        private Expr GenerateUserDefinedComparisonOperator(ExprBinOp expr)
        {
            Debug.Assert(expr != null);
            PREDEFMETH pdm;

            switch (expr.Kind)
            {
            case ExpressionKind.StringEq: pdm = PREDEFMETH.PM_EXPRESSION_EQUAL_USER_DEFINED; break;

            case ExpressionKind.StringNotEq: pdm = PREDEFMETH.PM_EXPRESSION_NOTEQUAL_USER_DEFINED; break;

            case ExpressionKind.DelegateEq: pdm = PREDEFMETH.PM_EXPRESSION_EQUAL_USER_DEFINED; break;

            case ExpressionKind.DelegateNotEq: pdm = PREDEFMETH.PM_EXPRESSION_NOTEQUAL_USER_DEFINED; break;

            case ExpressionKind.Eq: pdm = PREDEFMETH.PM_EXPRESSION_EQUAL_USER_DEFINED; break;

            case ExpressionKind.NotEq: pdm = PREDEFMETH.PM_EXPRESSION_NOTEQUAL_USER_DEFINED; break;

            case ExpressionKind.LessThanOrEqual: pdm = PREDEFMETH.PM_EXPRESSION_LESSTHANOREQUAL_USER_DEFINED; break;

            case ExpressionKind.LessThan: pdm = PREDEFMETH.PM_EXPRESSION_LESSTHAN_USER_DEFINED; break;

            case ExpressionKind.GreaterThanOrEqual: pdm = PREDEFMETH.PM_EXPRESSION_GREATERTHANOREQUAL_USER_DEFINED; break;

            case ExpressionKind.GreaterThan: pdm = PREDEFMETH.PM_EXPRESSION_GREATERTHAN_USER_DEFINED; break;

            default:
                throw Error.InternalCompilerError();
            }
            Expr p1 = expr.OptionalLeftChild;
            Expr p2 = expr.OptionalRightChild;

            if (expr.OptionalUserDefinedCall != null)
            {
                ExprCall udcall = (ExprCall)expr.OptionalUserDefinedCall;
                ExprList args   = (ExprList)udcall.OptionalArguments;
                Debug.Assert(args.OptionalNextListNode.Kind != ExpressionKind.List);

                p1 = args.OptionalElement;
                p2 = args.OptionalNextListNode;
            }
            p1 = Visit(p1);
            p2 = Visit(p2);
            FixLiftedUserDefinedBinaryOperators(expr, ref p1, ref p2);
            Expr lift       = GetExprFactory().CreateBoolConstant(false); // We never lift to null in C#.
            Expr methodInfo = GetExprFactory().CreateMethodInfo(expr.UserDefinedCallMethod);

            return(GenerateCall(pdm, p1, p2, lift, methodInfo));
        }
Exemplo n.º 9
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        private Expr GenerateDelegateInvoke(ExprCall expr)
        {
            Debug.Assert(expr != null);
            ExprMemberGroup memberGroup = expr.MemberGroup;

            Debug.Assert(memberGroup.IsDelegate);
            Expr oldObject = memberGroup.OptionalObject;

            Debug.Assert(oldObject != null);
            Expr pObject = Visit(oldObject);
            Expr args    = GenerateArgsList(expr.OptionalArguments);
            Expr Params  = GenerateParamsArray(args, PredefinedType.PT_EXPRESSION);

            return(GenerateCall(PREDEFMETH.PM_EXPRESSION_INVOKE, pObject, Params));
        }
Exemplo n.º 10
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        private Expr GenerateUserDefinedConversion(ExprUserDefinedConversion pExpr, Expr pArgument)
        {
            Expr pCastCall     = pExpr.UserDefinedCall;
            Expr pCastArgument = pExpr.Argument;
            Expr pConversionSource;

            if (!isEnumToDecimalConversion(pArgument.Type, pExpr.Type) &&
                IsNullableValueAccess(pCastArgument, pArgument))
            {
                // We have an implicit conversion of nullable CType to the value CType, generate a convert node for it.
                pConversionSource = GenerateValueAccessConversion(pArgument);
            }
            else
            {
                ExprCall call          = pCastCall as ExprCall;
                Expr     pUDConversion = call?.PConversions;
                if (pUDConversion != null)
                {
                    if (pUDConversion is ExprCall convCall)
                    {
                        Expr pUDConversionArgument = convCall.OptionalArguments;
                        if (IsNullableValueAccess(pUDConversionArgument, pArgument))
                        {
                            pConversionSource = GenerateValueAccessConversion(pArgument);
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            pConversionSource = Visit(pUDConversionArgument);
                        }

                        return(GenerateConversionWithSource(pConversionSource, pCastCall.Type, call.isChecked()));
                    }

                    // This can happen if we have a UD conversion from C to, say, int,
                    // and we have an explicit cast to decimal?. The conversion should
                    // then be bound as two chained user-defined conversions.
                    Debug.Assert(pUDConversion is ExprUserDefinedConversion);

                    // Just recurse.
                    return(GenerateUserDefinedConversion((ExprUserDefinedConversion)pUDConversion, pArgument));
                }

                pConversionSource = Visit(pCastArgument);
            }

            return(GenerateUserDefinedConversion(pCastArgument, pExpr.Type, pConversionSource, pExpr.UserDefinedCallMethod));
        }
Exemplo n.º 11
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        private ExprCall GenerateCall(PREDEFMETH pdm, Expr arg1, Expr arg2, Expr arg3, Expr arg4)
        {
            MethodSymbol method = GetPreDefMethod(pdm);

            if (method == null)
            {
                return(null);
            }
            AggregateType   expressionType = GetSymbolLoader().GetPredefindType(PredefinedType.PT_EXPRESSION);
            Expr            args           = GetExprFactory().CreateList(arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4);
            MethWithInst    mwi            = new MethWithInst(method, expressionType);
            ExprMemberGroup pMemGroup      = GetExprFactory().CreateMemGroup(null, mwi);
            ExprCall        call           = GetExprFactory().CreateCall(0, mwi.Meth().RetType, args, pMemGroup, mwi);

            call.PredefinedMethod = pdm;
            return(call);
        }
Exemplo n.º 12
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        private static bool IsNullableConstructor(Expr expr, out ExprCall call)
        {
            Debug.Assert(expr != null);

            if (expr is ExprCall pCall && pCall.MemberGroup.OptionalObject == null)
            {
                MethodSymbol meth = pCall.MethWithInst.Meth();
                if (meth != null && meth.IsNullableConstructor())
                {
                    call = pCall;
                    return(true);
                }
            }

            call = null;
            return(false);
        }
Exemplo n.º 13
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        private ExprCall GenerateCall(PREDEFMETH pdm, Expr arg1)
        {
            MethodSymbol method = GetPreDefMethod(pdm);

            // this should be enforced in an earlier pass and the transform pass should not
            // be handling this error
            if (method == null)
            {
                return(null);
            }
            AggregateType   expressionType = GetSymbolLoader().GetPredefindType(PredefinedType.PT_EXPRESSION);
            MethWithInst    mwi            = new MethWithInst(method, expressionType);
            ExprMemberGroup pMemGroup      = GetExprFactory().CreateMemGroup(null, mwi);
            ExprCall        call           = GetExprFactory().CreateCall(0, mwi.Meth().RetType, arg1, pMemGroup, mwi);

            call.PredefinedMethod = pdm;
            return(call);
        }
Exemplo n.º 14
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        public ExprCall CreateCall(EXPRFLAG nFlags, CType pType, Expr pOptionalArguments, ExprMemberGroup pMemberGroup, MethWithInst MWI)
        {
            Debug.Assert(0 == (nFlags &
                               ~(
                                   EXPRFLAG.EXF_NEWOBJCALL | EXPRFLAG.EXF_CONSTRAINED | EXPRFLAG.EXF_BASECALL |
                                   EXPRFLAG.EXF_NEWSTRUCTASSG |
                                   EXPRFLAG.EXF_IMPLICITSTRUCTASSG | EXPRFLAG.EXF_MASK_ANY
                                   )
                               ));

            ExprCall rval = new ExprCall(pType);

            rval.Flags                = nFlags;
            rval.OptionalArguments    = pOptionalArguments;
            rval.MemberGroup          = pMemberGroup;
            rval.NullableCallLiftKind = NullableCallLiftKind.NotLifted;

            rval.MethWithInst = MWI;
            return(rval);
        }
Exemplo n.º 15
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        public ExprUserLogicalOp CreateUserLogOp(CType pType, Expr pCallTF, ExprCall pCallOp)
        {
            Debug.Assert(pCallTF != null);
            Debug.Assert((pCallOp?.OptionalArguments as ExprList)?.OptionalElement != null);
            ExprUserLogicalOp rval = new ExprUserLogicalOp(pType);
            Expr leftChild         = ((ExprList)pCallOp.OptionalArguments).OptionalElement;

            Debug.Assert(leftChild != null);
            if (leftChild is ExprWrap wrap)
            {
                // In the EE case, we don't create WRAPEXPRs.
                leftChild = wrap.OptionalExpression;
                Debug.Assert(leftChild != null);
            }
            rval.Flags                 = EXPRFLAG.EXF_ASSGOP;
            rval.TrueFalseCall         = pCallTF;
            rval.OperatorCall          = pCallOp;
            rval.FirstOperandToExamine = leftChild;
            return(rval);
        }
Exemplo n.º 16
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        private static bool IsNullableConstructor(Expr expr)
        {
            Debug.Assert(expr != null);

            if (!expr.isCALL())
            {
                return(false);
            }

            ExprCall pCall = expr.asCALL();

            if (pCall.MemberGroup.OptionalObject != null)
            {
                return(false);
            }

            MethodSymbol meth = pCall.MethWithInst.Meth();

            if (meth == null)
            {
                return(false);
            }
            return(meth.IsNullableConstructor());
        }
Exemplo n.º 17
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        public ExprCall BindNew(Expr pExprSrc)
        {
            Debug.Assert(pExprSrc != null);

            NullableType pNubSourceType = GetSymbolLoader().GetTypeManager().GetNullable(pExprSrc.Type);

            AggregateType pSourceType = pNubSourceType.GetAts(GetErrorContext());

            if (pSourceType == null)
            {
                MethWithInst    mwi       = new MethWithInst(null, null);
                ExprMemberGroup pMemGroup = GetExprFactory().CreateMemGroup(pExprSrc, mwi);
                ExprCall        rval      = GetExprFactory().CreateCall(0, pNubSourceType, null, pMemGroup, null);
                rval.SetError();
                return(rval);
            }

            MethodSymbol meth = GetSymbolLoader().getBSymmgr().methNubCtor;

            if (meth == null)
            {
                meth = GetSymbolLoader().getPredefinedMembers().GetMethod(PREDEFMETH.PM_G_OPTIONAL_CTOR);
                GetSymbolLoader().getBSymmgr().methNubCtor = meth;
            }

            MethWithInst    methwithinst = new MethWithInst(meth, pSourceType, BSYMMGR.EmptyTypeArray());
            ExprMemberGroup memgroup     = GetExprFactory().CreateMemGroup(null, methwithinst);
            ExprCall        pExprRes     = GetExprFactory().CreateCall(EXPRFLAG.EXF_NEWOBJCALL | EXPRFLAG.EXF_CANTBENULL, pNubSourceType, pExprSrc, memgroup, methwithinst);

            if (meth == null)
            {
                pExprRes.SetError();
            }

            return(pExprRes);
        }
Exemplo n.º 18
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 public static ExprUserLogicalOp CreateUserLogOp(CType type, Expr trueFalseCall, ExprCall operatorCall) =>
 new ExprUserLogicalOp(type, trueFalseCall, operatorCall);
Exemplo n.º 19
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        public ExprUnaryOp CreateUserDefinedUnaryOperator(ExpressionKind exprKind, CType pType, Expr pOperand, ExprCall call, MethPropWithInst pmpwi)
        {
            Debug.Assert(pType != null);
            Debug.Assert(pOperand != null);
            Debug.Assert(call != null);
            Debug.Assert(pmpwi != null);
            ExprUnaryOp rval = new ExprUnaryOp(exprKind, pType);

            rval.Child = pOperand;
            // The call may be lifted, but we do not mark the outer binop as lifted.
            rval.OptionalUserDefinedCall = call;
            rval.UserDefinedCallMethod   = pmpwi;
            if (call.HasError)
            {
                rval.SetError();
            }
            return(rval);
        }
Exemplo n.º 20
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        public ExprUserLogicalOp CreateUserLogOpError(CType type, Expr trueFalseCall, ExprCall operatorCall)
        {
            ExprUserLogicalOp rval = CreateUserLogOp(type, trueFalseCall, operatorCall);

            rval.SetError();
            return(rval);
        }
Exemplo n.º 21
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 // The call may be lifted, but we do not mark the outer binop as lifted.
 public static ExprUnaryOp CreateUserDefinedUnaryOperator(ExpressionKind exprKind, CType type, Expr operand, ExprCall call, MethPropWithInst userMethod) =>
 new ExprUnaryOp(exprKind, type, operand, call, userMethod);
Exemplo n.º 22
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        protected override Expr VisitCALL(ExprCall expr)
        {
            Debug.Assert(expr != null);
            switch (expr.NullableCallLiftKind)
            {
            default:
                break;

            case NullableCallLiftKind.NullableIntermediateConversion:
            case NullableCallLiftKind.NullableConversion:
            case NullableCallLiftKind.NullableConversionConstructor:
                return(GenerateConversion(expr.OptionalArguments, expr.Type, expr.isChecked()));

            case NullableCallLiftKind.NotLiftedIntermediateConversion:
            case NullableCallLiftKind.UserDefinedConversion:
                return(GenerateUserDefinedConversion(expr.OptionalArguments, expr.Type, expr.MethWithInst));
            }

            if (expr.MethWithInst.Meth().IsConstructor())
            {
                return(GenerateConstructor(expr));
            }

            ExprMemberGroup memberGroup = expr.MemberGroup;

            if (memberGroup.IsDelegate)
            {
                return(GenerateDelegateInvoke(expr));
            }

            Expr pObject;

            if (expr.MethWithInst.Meth().isStatic || expr.MemberGroup.OptionalObject == null)
            {
                pObject = GetExprFactory().CreateNull();
            }
            else
            {
                pObject = expr.MemberGroup.OptionalObject;

                // If we have, say, an int? which is the object of a call to ToString
                // then we do NOT want to generate ((object)i).ToString() because that
                // will convert a null-valued int? to a null object.  Rather what we want
                // to do is box it to a ValueType and call ValueType.ToString.
                //
                // To implement this we say that if the object of the call is an implicit boxing cast
                // then just generate the object, not the cast.  If the cast is explicit in the
                // source code then it will be an EXPLICITCAST and we will visit it normally.
                //
                // It might be better to rewrite the expression tree API so that it
                // can handle in the general case all implicit boxing conversions. Right now it
                // requires that all arguments to a call that need to be boxed be explicitly boxed.

                if (pObject != null && pObject is ExprCast cast && cast.IsBoxingCast)
                {
                    pObject = cast.Argument;
                }
                pObject = Visit(pObject);
            }
            Expr       methodInfo = GetExprFactory().CreateMethodInfo(expr.MethWithInst);
            Expr       args       = GenerateArgsList(expr.OptionalArguments);
            Expr       Params     = GenerateParamsArray(args, PredefinedType.PT_EXPRESSION);
            PREDEFMETH pdm        = PREDEFMETH.PM_EXPRESSION_CALL;

            Debug.Assert(!expr.MethWithInst.Meth().isVirtual || expr.MemberGroup.OptionalObject != null);

            return(GenerateCall(pdm, pObject, methodInfo, Params));
        }
Exemplo n.º 23
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 protected virtual Expr VisitCALL(ExprCall pExpr)
 {
     return(VisitEXPR(pExpr));
 }
Exemplo n.º 24
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            /***************************************************************************************************
            *   Called by BindImplicitConversion when the destination type is Nullable<T>. The following
            *   conversions are handled by this method:
            *
            * For S in { object, ValueType, interfaces implemented by underlying type} there is an explicit
            *     unboxing conversion S => T?
            * System.Enum => T? there is an unboxing conversion if T is an enum type
            * null => T? implemented as default(T?)
            *
            * Implicit T?* => T?+ implemented by either wrapping or calling GetValueOrDefault the
            *     appropriate number of times.
            * If imp/exp S => T then imp/exp S => T?+ implemented by converting to T then wrapping the
            *     appropriate number of times.
            * If imp/exp S => T then imp/exp S?+ => T?+ implemented by calling GetValueOrDefault (m-1) times
            *     then calling HasValue, producing a null if it returns false, otherwise calling Value,
            *     converting to T then wrapping the appropriate number of times.
            *
            *   The 3 rules above can be summarized with the following recursive rules:
            *
            * If imp/exp S => T? then imp/exp S? => T? implemented as
            *     qs.HasValue ? (T?)(qs.Value) : default(T?)
            * If imp/exp S => T then imp/exp S => T? implemented as new T?((T)s)
            *
            *   This method also handles calling bindUserDefinedConverion. This method does NOT handle
            *   the following conversions:
            *
            * Implicit boxing conversion from S? to { object, ValueType, Enum, ifaces implemented by S }. (Handled by BindImplicitConversion.)
            * If imp/exp S => T then explicit S?+ => T implemented by calling Value the appropriate number
            *     of times. (Handled by BindExplicitConversion.)
            *
            *   The recursive equivalent is:
            *
            * If imp/exp S => T and T is not nullable then explicit S? => T implemented as qs.Value
            *
            *   Some nullable conversion are NOT standard conversions. In particular, if S => T is implicit
            *   then S? => T is not standard. Similarly if S => T is not implicit then S => T? is not standard.
            ***************************************************************************************************/
            private bool BindNubConversion(NullableType nubDst)
            {
                // This code assumes that STANDARD and ISEXPLICIT are never both set.
                // bindUserDefinedConversion should ensure this!
                Debug.Assert(0 != (~_flags & (CONVERTTYPE.STANDARD | CONVERTTYPE.ISEXPLICIT)));
                Debug.Assert(_exprSrc == null || _exprSrc.Type == _typeSrc);
                Debug.Assert(!_needsExprDest || _exprSrc != null);
                Debug.Assert(_typeSrc != nubDst); // BindImplicitConversion should have taken care of this already.
                AggregateType atsDst = nubDst.GetAts();

                // Check for the unboxing conversion. This takes precedence over the wrapping conversions.
                if (GetSymbolLoader().HasBaseConversion(nubDst.GetUnderlyingType(), _typeSrc) && !CConversions.FWrappingConv(_typeSrc, nubDst))
                {
                    // These should be different! Fix the caller if typeSrc is an AggregateType of Nullable.
                    Debug.Assert(atsDst != _typeSrc);

                    // typeSrc is a base type of the destination nullable type so there is an explicit
                    // unboxing conversion.
                    if (0 == (_flags & CONVERTTYPE.ISEXPLICIT))
                    {
                        return(false);
                    }

                    if (_needsExprDest)
                    {
                        _binder.bindSimpleCast(_exprSrc, _typeDest, out _exprDest, EXPRFLAG.EXF_UNBOX);
                    }
                    return(true);
                }

                bool           dstWasNullable;
                bool           srcWasNullable;
                CType          typeDstBase = nubDst.StripNubs(out dstWasNullable);
                CType          typeSrcBase = _typeSrc.StripNubs(out srcWasNullable);
                ConversionFunc pfn         = (_flags & CONVERTTYPE.ISEXPLICIT) != 0 ?
                                             (ConversionFunc)_binder.BindExplicitConversion :
                                             (ConversionFunc)_binder.BindImplicitConversion;

                if (!srcWasNullable)
                {
                    Debug.Assert(_typeSrc == typeSrcBase);

                    // The null type can be implicitly converted to T? as the default value.
                    if (_typeSrc is NullType)
                    {
                        // If we have the constant null, generate it as a default value of T?.  If we have
                        // some crazy expression which has been determined to be always null, like (null??null)
                        // keep it in its expression form and transform it in the nullable rewrite pass.
                        if (_needsExprDest)
                        {
                            if (_exprSrc.isCONSTANT_OK())
                            {
                                _exprDest = GetExprFactory().CreateZeroInit(nubDst);
                            }
                            else
                            {
                                _exprDest = GetExprFactory().CreateCast(_typeDest, _exprSrc);
                            }
                        }
                        return(true);
                    }

                    Expr exprTmp = _exprSrc;

                    // If there is an implicit/explicit S => T then there is an implicit/explicit S => T?
                    if (_typeSrc == typeDstBase || pfn(_exprSrc, _typeSrc, typeDstBase, _needsExprDest, out exprTmp, _flags | CONVERTTYPE.NOUDC))
                    {
                        if (_needsExprDest)
                        {
                            ExprUserDefinedConversion exprUDC = exprTmp as ExprUserDefinedConversion;
                            if (exprUDC != null)
                            {
                                exprTmp = exprUDC.UserDefinedCall;
                            }

                            if (dstWasNullable)
                            {
                                ExprCall call = _binder.BindNubNew(exprTmp);
                                exprTmp = call;
                                call.NullableCallLiftKind = NullableCallLiftKind.NullableConversionConstructor;
                            }

                            if (exprUDC != null)
                            {
                                exprUDC.UserDefinedCall = exprTmp;
                                exprTmp = exprUDC;
                            }

                            Debug.Assert(exprTmp.Type == nubDst);
                            _exprDest = exprTmp;
                        }
                        return(true);
                    }

                    // No builtin conversion. Maybe there is a user defined conversion....
                    return(0 == (_flags & CONVERTTYPE.NOUDC) && _binder.bindUserDefinedConversion(_exprSrc, _typeSrc, nubDst, _needsExprDest, out _exprDest, 0 == (_flags & CONVERTTYPE.ISEXPLICIT)));
                }

                // Both are Nullable so there is only a conversion if there is a conversion between the base types.
                // That is, if there is an implicit/explicit S => T then there is an implicit/explicit S?+ => T?+.
                if (typeSrcBase != typeDstBase && !pfn(null, typeSrcBase, typeDstBase, false, out _exprDest, _flags | CONVERTTYPE.NOUDC))
                {
                    // No builtin conversion. Maybe there is a user defined conversion....
                    return(0 == (_flags & CONVERTTYPE.NOUDC) && _binder.bindUserDefinedConversion(_exprSrc, _typeSrc, nubDst, _needsExprDest, out _exprDest, 0 == (_flags & CONVERTTYPE.ISEXPLICIT)));
                }

                if (_needsExprDest)
                {
                    MethWithInst    mwi       = new MethWithInst(null, null);
                    ExprMemberGroup pMemGroup = GetExprFactory().CreateMemGroup(null, mwi);
                    ExprCall        exprDst   = GetExprFactory().CreateCall(0, nubDst, _exprSrc, pMemGroup, null);

                    // Here we want to first check whether or not the conversions work on the base types.

                    Expr arg1        = _binder.mustCast(_exprSrc, typeSrcBase);
                    bool convertible = (_flags & CONVERTTYPE.ISEXPLICIT) != 0
                        ? _binder.BindExplicitConversion(
                        arg1, arg1.Type, typeDstBase, out arg1, _flags | CONVERTTYPE.NOUDC)
                        : _binder.BindImplicitConversion(
                        arg1, arg1.Type, typeDstBase, out arg1, _flags | CONVERTTYPE.NOUDC);

                    if (!convertible)
                    {
                        Debug.Fail("bind(Im|Ex)plicitConversion failed unexpectedly");
                        return(false);
                    }

                    exprDst.CastOfNonLiftedResultToLiftedType = _binder.mustCast(arg1, nubDst, 0);
                    exprDst.NullableCallLiftKind = NullableCallLiftKind.NullableConversion;
                    exprDst.PConversions         = exprDst.CastOfNonLiftedResultToLiftedType;
                    _exprDest = exprDst;
                }

                return(true);
            }