public void PURQBinaryIndexedTree()
{
var rand = new Random();
for (int a = 0; a < _sourceArrays.Length; ++a)
{
int[] sourceArray = _sourceArrays[a];
var purqBinaryIndexedTree = new PURQBinaryIndexedTree(sourceArray);
for (int r = 0; r < 1000; ++r)
{
int firstIndex = rand.Next(0, sourceArray.Length);
int secondIndex = rand.Next(0, sourceArray.Length);
int mode = rand.Next(2);
if (mode == 0)
{
NaiveBinaryIndexedTreeAlternatives.PointUpdate(sourceArray, firstIndex, delta: r);
purqBinaryIndexedTree.PointUpdate(firstIndex, delta: r);
}
else
{
int startIndex = Math.Min(firstIndex, secondIndex);
int endIndex = Math.Max(firstIndex, secondIndex);
int expected = NaiveBinaryIndexedTreeAlternatives.SumQuery(sourceArray, startIndex, endIndex);
Assert.AreEqual(expected, purqBinaryIndexedTree.SumQuery(startIndex, endIndex));
}
}
}
}
public ORDERSET(HashSet <int> possibleValues)
{
_possibleValues = possibleValues;
_orderedValues = possibleValues.OrderBy(v => v).ToArray();
_valueIsInserted = new bool[_orderedValues.Length];
_insertionBIT = new PURQBinaryIndexedTree(_orderedValues.Length);
}
public static int[] Solve(int[] sourceArray, DistinctCountQuery[] queries)
{
int[] queryResults = new int[queries.Length];
// Queries are performed in phases, a phase for each of the sourceArray.Length possible
// query end indices. The query start index doesn't matter, just the fact that all queries
// in a phase share an end index. The phases will proceed in ascending order of query end
// indices, which is why the query objects are sorted that way below. A PURQ BIT is queried
// within phases and updated between them. For any given phase, the PURQ BIT is always in a
// state such that it can only answer distinct count queries which have an end index equal
// to the phase's end index. The BIT's underlying array has 0s and 1s, where a 1 at an index
// means the value there is the latest occurrence of the value up to the phase's end index.
// The BIT returns sums like normal, but with this construction the sums correspond to the
// distinct count of values within the queried range. That's because for a given phase, all
// queries extend up to the phase's end index. So for any value known to be within the queried
// range, the latest occurrence of the value up to the phase's end index is definitely within
// the range, and its underlying BIT value accounts for a single 1 added to the returned sum.
// After a phase is complete, we increment the query end index for the next phase, update the
// BIT so the value there has a 1 (it's last, so definitely the latest for its value), and
// turn off any earlier value marked with a 1, since it's no longer the latest.
// Sort queries by ascending query end index.
Array.Sort(queries, (q1, q2) => q1.QueryEndIndex.CompareTo(q2.QueryEndIndex));
var latestOccurrenceBIT = new PURQBinaryIndexedTree(sourceArray.Length);
var valuesLatestOccurrenceIndices = new Dictionary <int, int>(sourceArray.Length);
int queryIndex = 0;
for (int phaseEndIndex = 0;
phaseEndIndex < sourceArray.Length && queryIndex < queries.Length;
++phaseEndIndex)
{
int endValue = sourceArray[phaseEndIndex];
int endValuesPreviousLatestOccurrenceIndex;
if (valuesLatestOccurrenceIndices.TryGetValue(
endValue, out endValuesPreviousLatestOccurrenceIndex))
{
latestOccurrenceBIT.PointUpdate(endValuesPreviousLatestOccurrenceIndex, -1);
}
latestOccurrenceBIT.PointUpdate(phaseEndIndex, 1);
valuesLatestOccurrenceIndices[endValue] = phaseEndIndex;
DistinctCountQuery query;
while (queryIndex < queries.Length &&
(query = queries[queryIndex]).QueryEndIndex == phaseEndIndex)
{
queryResults[query.ResultIndex] = latestOccurrenceBIT.SumQuery(
query.QueryStartIndex, phaseEndIndex);
++queryIndex;
}
}
return(queryResults);
}
private void PURQSumQuery()
{
var purqBinaryIndexedTree = new PURQBinaryIndexedTree(_array);
for (int i = 0; i < _randomRangesCount; ++i)
{
Tuple <int, int> range = _randomRanges[i];
purqBinaryIndexedTree.SumQuery(range.Item1, range.Item2);
}
}
private void PURQRangeUpdate()
{
var purqBinaryIndexedTree = new PURQBinaryIndexedTree(_array);
for (int i = 0; i < _randomRangesCount; ++i)
{
Tuple <int, int> range = _randomRanges[i];
for (int j = range.Item1; j <= range.Item2; ++j)
{
purqBinaryIndexedTree.PointUpdate(j, 1);
}
}
}
// Insertion sort looks like this: [sorted part]k[unsorted part]. When adding the
// kth element to the sorted part, we swap it with however many larger elements
// there are to its left. The number of larger elements to its left doesn't change
// as those elements get sorted, so this problem is equivalent to INVCNT. The array
// size is limited to 100k elements, but that could be 100k * (100k - 1) / 2
// inversions, so we need to use long when counting. I tried using same code as
// INVCNT but got TLE. Hints pointed at BIT, and reviewing DQUERY led to the idea.
// Element values in the array are limited to <= 1 million. Say we're at the ith
// index in the array. We want to use the BIT to figure out how many values greater
// than a[i] have already been seen. All we need to do is make sure we've incremented
// the BIT for each a[j], j before i. Then we can do a range query from a[i]+1 to
// the limit of a million. For example, say the array is [9 6 9 4 5 1 2]. The BIT
// goes up to a million. By the time we get the value 5, 9 has been incremented twice,
// 6 has been incremented once, and 4 has been incremented once. We then sum from
// 6 (one more than 5) to a million (the limit), and see that 5 is inverted with
// 3 values to its left (9, 9 and 6, but not 4).
// ...But what would we do if the limit were much higher? Self-balancing BST?
public static long Solve(int[] array)
{
var elementBIT = new PURQBinaryIndexedTree(
// Max value (1 million) correponds to max index => array length is +1 of that.
arrayLength: _elementLimit + 1);
long inversionCount = 0;
for (int i = 1; i < array.Length; ++i)
{
elementBIT.PointUpdate(array[i - 1], 1);
inversionCount += elementBIT.SumQuery(array[i] + 1, _elementLimit);
}
return(inversionCount);
}
private void PURQRandomOperation()
{
var purqBinaryIndexedTree = new PURQBinaryIndexedTree(_array);
for (int i = 0; i < _randomRangesCount; ++i)
{
Tuple <int, int> range = _randomRanges[i];
if (range.Item1 % 2 == 0)
{
purqBinaryIndexedTree.SumQuery(range.Item1, range.Item2);
}
else
{
for (int j = range.Item1; j <= range.Item2; ++j)
{
purqBinaryIndexedTree.PointUpdate(j, 1);
}
}
}
}
// This problem is similar to DQUERY, but requires less creativity I think. It
// was easier to think of the way to use the BIT.
public static int[] SolveOffline(int[] sourceArray, GreaterThanQuery[] queries)
{
int[] queryResults = new int[queries.Length];
// Sort source array values by descending value, but remember their original index.
var orderedSourceValues = sourceArray
.Select((v, i) => new IndexedValue(v, i))
.ToArray();
Array.Sort(orderedSourceValues, (v1, v2) => v2.Value.CompareTo(v1.Value));
// Sort queries by descending k (a query looks for everything in a range > k).
Array.Sort(queries, (q1, q2) => q2.GreaterThanLowerLimit.CompareTo(q1.GreaterThanLowerLimit));
int sourceValuesIndex = 0;
// Set an index in this BIT to 1 once the source array value at that index is greater
// than the limit that we're considering for our queries. Queries are ordered descendingly
// by the limit being considered, so once we set it to 1 the first time, it's good
// for all future queries (since future queries will have even lower limits).
var greaterThanLimitBIT = new PURQBinaryIndexedTree(sourceArray.Length);
foreach (var query in queries)
{
while (sourceValuesIndex < sourceArray.Length &&
orderedSourceValues[sourceValuesIndex].Value > query.GreaterThanLowerLimit)
{
greaterThanLimitBIT.PointUpdate(
orderedSourceValues[sourceValuesIndex].SourceIndex, 1);
++sourceValuesIndex;
}
queryResults[query.ResultIndex] = greaterThanLimitBIT.SumQuery(
query.QueryStartIndex, query.QueryEndIndex);
}
return(queryResults);
}