public void TestIEWithSerialized()
        {
            // Does a complete encrypt/decrypt sequence from serialized values.
            // Kind of redundant because each of the testmethods above test serialization
            // of individual data types

            //Serialize and deserialize all objects
            IDEscrowParams     ieParam2 = ip.Deserialize <IDEscrowParams>(ip.Serialize(ieParam));
            IDEscrowPublicKey  pk2      = ip.Deserialize <IDEscrowPublicKey>(ip.Serialize(pk));
            IDEscrowPrivateKey sk2      = ip.Deserialize <IDEscrowPrivateKey>(ip.Serialize(sk));

            // Encrypt
            FieldZq        F    = ip.Zq;
            FieldZqElement xb2  = F.GetRandomElement(true);
            FieldZqElement ob2  = F.GetRandomElement(true);
            GroupElement   Cxb2 = ip.Gq.G.Exponentiate(xb2);  // Cxb = g^xb

            Cxb2 = Cxb2.Multiply(ip.G[1].Exponentiate(ob2));  // Cxb = (g^xb)*(g1^ob)
            GroupElement PE2 = ieParam2.Ge.Exponentiate(xb2);

            IDEscrowCiphertext ctext2 = IDEscrowFunctions.VerifiableEncrypt(ieParam2, pk2, tokenID, Cxb2, xb2, ob2, additionalInfo);

            ctext2 = ip.Deserialize <IDEscrowCiphertext>(ip.Serialize(ctext2));

            // Verify
            bool isValid = IDEscrowFunctions.Verify(ieParam2, ctext2, tokenID, pk2, Cxb2);

            Assert.IsTrue(isValid);

            // Decrypt
            GroupElement PEPrime = IDEscrowFunctions.Decrypt(ieParam2, ctext2, sk2);

            Assert.IsTrue(PE2.Equals(PEPrime));
        }
        public void SetupIEParameters()
        {
            ieParam = new IDEscrowParams(ip);

            // Serialize a copy
            string ieParamStr = ip.Serialize(ieParam);

            // check that we didn't send any null fields
            Assert.IsFalse(ieParamStr.Contains(":null"));

            IDEscrowParams ieParam2 = ip.Deserialize <IDEscrowParams>(ieParamStr);

            Assert.IsTrue(ieParam.Equals(ieParam2));
        }
Exemplo n.º 3
0
        public void ProtocolTest()
        {
            Stopwatch sw = new Stopwatch();

            sw.Start();
            bool[] bools = new bool[] { true, false };
            foreach (bool isSubgroupConstruction in bools)
            {
                foreach (bool supportDevice in bools)
                {
                    foreach (int DSize in new int[] { 0, 2, 5 })
                    {
                        foreach (bool isLite in bools)
                        {
                            string filename = "TestVectorData\\testvectors_";
                            if (isSubgroupConstruction)
                            {
                                filename += "SG";
                            }
                            else
                            {
                                filename += "EC";
                            }
                            if (supportDevice)
                            {
                                filename += "_Device";
                            }
                            filename += ("_D" + DSize);
                            if (isLite)
                            {
                                filename += "_lite";
                            }
                            filename += "_doc.txt";
                            var vectors = GetTestVectors(filename);

                            IssuerKeyAndParameters ikap = LoadIssuerKeyAndParameters(isSubgroupConstruction, vectors["GroupName"], supportDevice, vectors);
                            FieldZq Zq = ikap.IssuerParameters.Zq;
                            // replace random y0/g0 with test vector values
                            ikap.PrivateKey            = Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["y0"]));
                            ikap.IssuerParameters.G[0] = CreateGroupElement(ikap.IssuerParameters.Gq, vectors["g0"]);
                            Assert.AreEqual(ikap.IssuerParameters.G[0], ikap.IssuerParameters.Gq.G.Exponentiate(ikap.PrivateKey), "g0 computation");
                            IssuerParameters ip = ikap.IssuerParameters;
                            ip.Verify();

                            /*
                             * issuance
                             */

                            byte[][] A = new byte[][] {
                                HexToBytes(vectors["A1"]),
                                HexToBytes(vectors["A2"]),
                                HexToBytes(vectors["A3"]),
                                HexToBytes(vectors["A4"]),
                                HexToBytes(vectors["A5"])
                            };

                            Assert.AreEqual(Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["x1"])), ProtocolHelper.ComputeXi(ip, 0, A[0]), "x1");
                            Assert.AreEqual(Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["x2"])), ProtocolHelper.ComputeXi(ip, 1, A[1]), "x2");
                            Assert.AreEqual(Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["x3"])), ProtocolHelper.ComputeXi(ip, 2, A[2]), "x3");
                            Assert.AreEqual(Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["x4"])), ProtocolHelper.ComputeXi(ip, 3, A[3]), "x4");
                            Assert.AreEqual(Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["x5"])), ProtocolHelper.ComputeXi(ip, 4, A[4]), "x5");

                            byte[] TI = HexToBytes(vectors["TI"]);
                            Assert.IsTrue(HexToBytes(vectors["P"]).SequenceEqual(ip.Digest(supportDevice)), "P");
                            Assert.AreEqual(Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["xt"])), ProtocolHelper.ComputeXt(ip, TI, supportDevice), "xt");

                            IDevice      device = null;
                            GroupElement hd     = null;
                            if (supportDevice)
                            {
                                device = new VirtualDevice(ip, Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["xd"])), Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["wdPrime"])));
                                IDevicePresentationContext context = device.GetPresentationContext();
                                // Test device responses
                                Assert.AreEqual(CreateGroupElement(ip.Gq, vectors["hd"]), device.GetDevicePublicKey(), "hd");
                                Assert.AreEqual(CreateGroupElement(ip.Gq, vectors["ad"]), context.GetInitialWitness(), "ad");
                                Assert.AreEqual(Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["rdPrime"])), context.GetDeviceResponse(HexToBytes(vectors["md"]), HexToBytes(vectors["cp"]), ip.HashFunctionOID), "rdPrime");
                                hd = CreateGroupElement(ip.Gq, vectors["hd"]);
                            }

                            IssuerProtocolParameters ipp = new IssuerProtocolParameters(ikap);
                            ipp.Attributes       = A;
                            ipp.NumberOfTokens   = 1;
                            ipp.TokenInformation = TI;
                            ipp.DevicePublicKey  = hd;
                            ipp.PreGeneratedW    = new FieldZqElement[] { Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["w"])) };
                            Issuer issuer = ipp.CreateIssuer();
                            byte[] PI     = HexToBytes(vectors["PI"]);

                            ProverProtocolParameters ppp = new ProverProtocolParameters(ip);
                            ppp.Attributes        = A;
                            ppp.NumberOfTokens    = 1;
                            ppp.TokenInformation  = TI;
                            ppp.ProverInformation = PI;
                            ppp.DevicePublicKey   = hd;
                            ppp.ProverRandomData  = new ProverRandomData(
                                new FieldZqElement[] { Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["alpha"])) },
                                new FieldZqElement[] { Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["beta1"])) },
                                new FieldZqElement[] { Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["beta2"])) });
                            Prover prover = ppp.CreateProver();

                            FirstIssuanceMessage msg1 = issuer.GenerateFirstMessage();
                            Assert.AreEqual(msg1.sigmaZ, CreateGroupElement(ip.Gq, vectors["sigmaZ"]), "sigmaZ");
                            Assert.AreEqual(msg1.sigmaA[0], CreateGroupElement(ip.Gq, vectors["sigmaA"]), "sigmaA");
                            Assert.AreEqual(msg1.sigmaB[0], CreateGroupElement(ip.Gq, vectors["sigmaB"]), "sigmaB");

                            SecondIssuanceMessage msg2 = prover.GenerateSecondMessage(msg1);
                            Assert.AreEqual(msg2.sigmaC[0], Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["sigmaC"])), "sigmaC");

                            ThirdIssuanceMessage msg3 = issuer.GenerateThirdMessage(msg2);
                            Assert.AreEqual(msg3.sigmaR[0], Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["sigmaR"])), "sigmaR");

                            UProveKeyAndToken[] upkt = prover.GenerateTokens(msg3);
                            Assert.AreEqual(upkt[0].PrivateKey, Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["alphaInverse"])), "alphaInverse");
                            UProveToken token = upkt[0].Token;
                            Assert.AreEqual(token.H, CreateGroupElement(ip.Gq, vectors["h"]), "h");
                            Assert.AreEqual(token.SigmaZPrime, CreateGroupElement(ip.Gq, vectors["sigmaZPrime"]), "sigmaZPrime");
                            Assert.AreEqual(token.SigmaCPrime, Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["sigmaCPrime"])), "sigmaCPrime");
                            Assert.AreEqual(token.SigmaRPrime, Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["sigmaRPrime"])), "sigmaRPrime");
                            Assert.IsTrue(HexToBytes(vectors["UIDt"]).SequenceEqual(ProtocolHelper.ComputeTokenID(ip, token)), "UIDt");
                            Assert.IsTrue(supportDevice == token.IsDeviceProtected);

                            /*
                             * presentation
                             */


                            int[] disclosed = new int[] { };
                            if (vectors.ContainsKey("D") && vectors["D"].Length > 0)
                            {
                                disclosed = Array.ConvertAll <string, int>(vectors["D"].Split(','), new Converter <string, int>(stringToInt));
                            }
                            int[] undisclosed = new int[5 - disclosed.Length];
                            int   dIndex = 0, uIndex = 0;
                            for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++)
                            {
                                if (disclosed.Length > 0 && disclosed[dIndex] == i)
                                {
                                    dIndex++;
                                }
                                else
                                {
                                    undisclosed[uIndex++] = i;
                                }
                            }
                            int[] committed = new int[] { };
                            if (vectors.ContainsKey("C") && vectors["C"].Length > 0)
                            {
                                committed = Array.ConvertAll <string, int>(vectors["C"].Split(','), new Converter <string, int>(stringToInt));
                            }
                            byte[] m  = HexToBytes(vectors["m"]);
                            byte[] md = HexToBytes(vectors["md"]);
                            IDevicePresentationContext deviceContext = null;
                            if (supportDevice)
                            {
                                deviceContext = device.GetPresentationContext();
                            }
                            int p = 0;
                            if (vectors.ContainsKey("p") && !int.TryParse(vectors["p"], out p))
                            {
                                p = PresentationProof.DeviceAttributeIndex;
                            }
                            byte[] s = vectors.ContainsKey("s") ? HexToBytes(vectors["s"]) : null;
                            int    commitmentIndex = committed.Length > 0 ? committed[0] : 0;
                            ProverPresentationProtocolParameters pppp = new ProverPresentationProtocolParameters(ip, disclosed, m, upkt[0], A);
                            pppp.Committed = committed;
                            pppp.PseudonymAttributeIndex = p;
                            pppp.PseudonymScope          = s;
                            pppp.DeviceMessage           = md;
                            pppp.DeviceContext           = deviceContext;
                            FieldZqElement[] w = new FieldZqElement[undisclosed.Length];
                            for (int i = 0; i < undisclosed.Length; i++)
                            {
                                w[i] = Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["w" + undisclosed[i]]));
                            }
                            FieldZqElement[] tildeO = new FieldZqElement[committed.Length];
                            FieldZqElement[] tildeW = new FieldZqElement[committed.Length];
                            for (int i = 0; i < committed.Length; i++)
                            {
                                tildeO[i] = Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["tildeO" + committed[i]]));
                                tildeW[i] = Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["tildeW" + committed[i]]));
                            }
                            pppp.RandomData = new ProofGenerationRandomData(
                                Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["w0"])),
                                w,
                                supportDevice ? Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["wd"])) : null,
                                tildeO,
                                tildeW);
                            CommitmentPrivateValues cpv;
                            PresentationProof       proof = PresentationProof.Generate(pppp, out cpv);
                            Assert.IsTrue(HexToBytes(vectors["a"]).SequenceEqual(proof.A), "a");
                            if (vectors.ContainsKey("gs"))
                            {
                                Assert.AreEqual(ProtocolHelper.GenerateScopeElement(ip.Gq, s), CreateGroupElement(ip.Gq, vectors["gs"]));
                                Assert.IsTrue(HexToBytes(vectors["ap"]).SequenceEqual(proof.Ap), "ap");
                                Assert.AreEqual(proof.Ps, CreateGroupElement(ip.Gq, vectors["Ps"]), "Ps");
                            }
                            for (int i = 0; i < disclosed.Length; i++)
                            {
                                Assert.IsTrue(HexToBytes(vectors["A" + disclosed[i]]).SequenceEqual(proof.DisclosedAttributes[i]), "A" + disclosed[i]);
                            }
                            Assert.AreEqual(proof.R[0], Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["r0"])), "r0");
                            for (int i = 0; i < undisclosed.Length; i++)
                            {
                                Assert.AreEqual(proof.R[i + 1], Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["r" + undisclosed[i]])), "r" + undisclosed[i]);
                            }
                            if (supportDevice)
                            {
                                Assert.AreEqual(proof.R[proof.R.Length - 1], Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["rd"])), "rd");
                            }
                            for (int i = 0; i < committed.Length; i++)
                            {
                                Assert.AreEqual(proof.Commitments[i].TildeR, Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["tildeR" + committed[i]])), "tildeR" + committed[i]);
                                Assert.IsTrue(cpv.TildeO.Length == committed.Length);
                                Assert.AreEqual(cpv.TildeO[i], Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["tildeO" + committed[i]])), "tildeO" + committed[i]);
                            }
                            VerifierPresentationProtocolParameters vppp = new VerifierPresentationProtocolParameters(ip, disclosed, m, upkt[0].Token);
                            vppp.Committed = committed;
                            vppp.PseudonymAttributeIndex = p;
                            vppp.PseudonymScope          = s;
                            vppp.DeviceMessage           = md;
                            proof.Verify(vppp);
#if TEST_ID_ESCROW
                            if (committed.Length > 0)
                            {
                                IDEscrowParams     escrowParams     = new IDEscrowParams(ip);
                                IDEscrowPrivateKey escrowPrivateKey = new IDEscrowPrivateKey(Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["ie_x"])));
                                IDEscrowPublicKey  escrowPublicKey  = new IDEscrowPublicKey(escrowParams, escrowPrivateKey);
                                Assert.AreEqual(escrowPublicKey.H, CreateGroupElement(ip.Gq, vectors["ie_H"]), "ie_H");
                                byte[] additionalInfo = HexToBytes(vectors["ie_additionalInfo"]);
                                int    ie_bIndex      = int.Parse(vectors["ie_b"]);

                                IDEscrowCiphertext ctext = IDEscrowFunctions.VerifiableEncrypt(
                                    escrowParams,
                                    escrowPublicKey,
                                    HexToBytes(vectors["UIDt"]),
                                    proof.Commitments[0].TildeC,
                                    ProtocolHelper.ComputeXi(ip, ie_bIndex - 1, A[ie_bIndex - 1]),
                                    cpv.TildeO[0],
                                    additionalInfo,
                                    new IDEscrowFunctions.IDEscrowProofGenerationRandomData(
                                        Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["ie_r"])),
                                        Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["ie_xbPrime"])),
                                        Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["ie_rPrime"])),
                                        Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["ie_obPrime"]))));
                                Assert.IsTrue(IDEscrowFunctions.UProveVerify(escrowParams, ctext, proof, upkt[0].Token, escrowPublicKey));
                                Assert.AreEqual(ctext.E1, CreateGroupElement(ip.Gq, vectors["ie_E1"]), "ie_E1");
                                Assert.AreEqual(ctext.E2, CreateGroupElement(ip.Gq, vectors["ie_E2"]), "ie_E2");
                                Assert.AreEqual(ctext.proof.c, Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["ie_c"])), "ie_c");
                                Assert.AreEqual(ctext.proof.rR, Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["ie_rr"])), "ie_rr");
                                Assert.AreEqual(ctext.proof.rXb, Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["ie_rxb"])), "ie_rxb");
                                Assert.AreEqual(ctext.proof.rOb, Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["ie_rob"])), "ie_rob");
                                GroupElement PE = IDEscrowFunctions.Decrypt(escrowParams, ctext, escrowPrivateKey);
                            }
#endif

#if TEST_DVA_REVOCATION
                            if (committed.Length > 0)
                            {
                                RAParameters             raParams = new RAParameters(ip.Gq.GroupName, CreateGroupElement(ip.Gq, vectors["r_K"]), ip.UidH);
                                FieldZqElement           delta    = Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["r_delta"]));
                                RevocationAuthority      RA       = new RevocationAuthority(raParams, delta);
                                HashSet <FieldZqElement> revoked  = new HashSet <FieldZqElement>();
                                for (int i = 1; i <= 4; i++)
                                {
                                    revoked.Add(Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["r_R" + i])));
                                }
                                RA.UpdateAccumulator(revoked, null);
                                Assert.AreEqual(RA.Accumulator, CreateGroupElement(ip.Gq, vectors["r_V"]), "r_V");
                                int r_id = 0;
                                int.TryParse(vectors["r_id"], out r_id);
                                RevocationWitness witness = RA.ComputeRevocationWitness(revoked, Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["x" + r_id])));
                                Assert.AreEqual(witness.d, Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["r_d"])), "r_d");
                                Assert.AreEqual(witness.W, CreateGroupElement(ip.Gq, vectors["r_W"]), "r_W");
                                Assert.AreEqual(witness.Q, CreateGroupElement(ip.Gq, vectors["r_Q"]), "r_Q");

                                NonRevocationProof nrProof = RevocationUser.GenerateNonRevocationProof(
                                    raParams,
                                    witness,
                                    proof.Commitments[0].TildeC, ProtocolHelper.ComputeXi(ip, r_id - 1, A[r_id - 1]),
                                    cpv.TildeO[0],
                                    new NonRevocationProofGenerationRandomData(new FieldZqElement[] {
                                    Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["r_t1"])),
                                    Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["r_t2"])),
                                    Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["r_k1"])),
                                    Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["r_k2"])),
                                    Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["r_k3"])),
                                    Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["r_k4"])),
                                    Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["r_k5"])),
                                    Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["r_k6"]))
                                }));
                                Assert.AreEqual(nrProof.X, CreateGroupElement(ip.Gq, vectors["r_X"]), "r_X");
                                Assert.AreEqual(nrProof.Y, CreateGroupElement(ip.Gq, vectors["r_Y"]), "r_Y");
                                Assert.AreEqual(nrProof.Cd, CreateGroupElement(ip.Gq, vectors["r_Cd"]), "r_Cd");
                                Assert.AreEqual(nrProof.cPrime, Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["r_cPrime"])), "r_cPrime");
                                Assert.AreEqual(nrProof.s[0], Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["r_s1"])), "r_s1");
                                Assert.AreEqual(nrProof.s[1], Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["r_s2"])), "r_s2");
                                Assert.AreEqual(nrProof.s[2], Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["r_s3"])), "r_s3");
                                Assert.AreEqual(nrProof.s[3], Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["r_s4"])), "r_s4");
                                Assert.AreEqual(nrProof.s[4], Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["r_s5"])), "r_s5");
                                Assert.AreEqual(nrProof.s[5], Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["r_s6"])), "r_s6");

                                // validate proof
                                RA.VerifyNonRevocationProof(ip, 0, proof, nrProof);
                            }
#endif

#if TEST_SET_MEMBERSHIP
                            if (committed.Length > 0)
                            {
                                int sm_x_index = 0;
                                int.TryParse(vectors["sm_x_index"], out sm_x_index);
                                int sm_n = 0;
                                int.TryParse(vectors["sm_n"], out sm_n);
                                int sm_i = 0;
                                int.TryParse(vectors["sm_i"], out sm_i);
                                byte[][]         setValues = new byte[sm_n][];
                                FieldZqElement[] sm_c      = new FieldZqElement[sm_n - 1];
                                FieldZqElement[] sm_r      = new FieldZqElement[sm_n - 1];
                                int randomIndex            = 0;
                                for (int i = 1; i <= sm_n; i++)
                                {
                                    if (i == sm_i)
                                    {
                                        setValues[i - 1] = HexToBytes(vectors["A" + sm_x_index]);
                                    }
                                    else
                                    {
                                        setValues[i - 1]  = HexToBytes(vectors["sm_s" + i]);
                                        sm_c[randomIndex] = Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["sm_c" + i]));
                                        sm_r[randomIndex] = Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["sm_r" + i]));
                                        randomIndex++;
                                    }
                                }
                                SetMembershipProofGenerationRandomData smRandom = new SetMembershipProofGenerationRandomData(sm_c, sm_r, Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["sm_w"])));
                                SetMembershipProof setMembershipProof           = SetMembershipProof.Generate(pppp, proof, cpv, sm_x_index, setValues, smRandom);
                                for (int i = 1; i <= sm_n; i++)
                                {
                                    Assert.AreEqual(setMembershipProof.a[i - 1], CreateGroupElement(ip.Gq, vectors["sm_a" + i]), "sm_a" + i);
                                    if (i < sm_n) // no c_n in the proof
                                    {
                                        Assert.AreEqual(setMembershipProof.c[i - 1], Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["sm_c" + i])), "sm_c" + i);
                                    }
                                    Assert.AreEqual(setMembershipProof.r[i - 1], Zq.GetElement(HexToBytes(vectors["sm_r" + i])), "sm_r" + i);
                                }

                                if (!SetMembershipProof.Verify(vppp, proof, setMembershipProof, sm_x_index, setValues))
                                {
                                    throw new InvalidUProveArtifactException("Invalid set membership proof");
                                }
                            }
#endif
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            sw.Stop();
            Debug.WriteLine("Protocol Test Elapsed Time: " + sw.ElapsedMilliseconds + "ms");
        }
        public void TestIEWithRealToken()
        {
            /********** begin: this section of code taken from EndToEndTest.cs, TestMethod PseudonymAndCommitmentsTest *****/
            System.Text.UTF8Encoding encoding = new System.Text.UTF8Encoding();

            // Issuer setup
            IssuerSetupParameters isp = new IssuerSetupParameters(maxNumberOfAttributes);

            isp.UidP = new byte[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 };
            isp.E    = new byte[] { (byte)1, (byte)1, (byte)1, (byte)1 };
            isp.UseRecommendedParameterSet = true;
            isp.S = new byte[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 };
            IssuerKeyAndParameters ikap = isp.Generate();
            IssuerParameters       ip2  = ikap.IssuerParameters;

            // Issuance
            byte[][] attributes        = new byte[][] { encoding.GetBytes("Attribute 1"), encoding.GetBytes("Attribute 2"), encoding.GetBytes("Attribute 3"), encoding.GetBytes("Attribute 4") };
            byte[]   tokenInformation  = new byte[] { };
            byte[]   proverInformation = new byte[] { };
            int      numberOfTokens    = 1;

            IssuerProtocolParameters ipp = new IssuerProtocolParameters(ikap);

            ipp.Attributes       = attributes;
            ipp.NumberOfTokens   = numberOfTokens;
            ipp.TokenInformation = tokenInformation;
            Issuer issuer = ipp.CreateIssuer();
            FirstIssuanceMessage     msg1 = issuer.GenerateFirstMessage();
            ProverProtocolParameters ppp  = new ProverProtocolParameters(ip2);

            ppp.Attributes        = attributes;
            ppp.NumberOfTokens    = numberOfTokens;
            ppp.TokenInformation  = tokenInformation;
            ppp.ProverInformation = proverInformation;
            Prover prover = ppp.CreateProver();
            SecondIssuanceMessage msg2 = prover.GenerateSecondMessage(msg1);
            ThirdIssuanceMessage  msg3 = issuer.GenerateThirdMessage(msg2);

            UProveKeyAndToken[] upkt = prover.GenerateTokens(msg3);

            // Pseudonym
            int[]             disclosed = new int[0];
            int[]             committed = new int[] { 2, 4 };
            byte[]            message   = encoding.GetBytes("this is the presentation message, this can be a very long message");
            byte[]            scope     = encoding.GetBytes("scope");
            PresentationProof proof;

            FieldZqElement[] tildeO;

            // Valid presentation
            proof = PresentationProof.Generate(ip2, disclosed, committed, 1, scope, message, null, null, upkt[0], attributes, out tildeO);
            try { proof.Verify(ip2, disclosed, committed, 1, scope, message, null, upkt[0].Token); }
            catch { Assert.Fail("Proof failed to verify"); }
            /******** end code from EndToEndTest.cs ***********/

            // Use the commitment to attribute x_2 for ID escrow
            GroupElement   Cx2     = proof.Commitments[0].TildeC;                     // x2 is the first committed attribute
            FieldZqElement x2      = ProtocolHelper.ComputeXi(ip2, 1, attributes[1]); // attributes[] is zero indexed.
            FieldZqElement tildeO2 = tildeO[0];

            // double check that Cx2 is computed as we expect.
            GroupElement Cx2Prime = ip2.Gq.G.Exponentiate(x2);

            Cx2Prime = Cx2Prime.Multiply(ip2.G[1].Exponentiate(tildeO2));
            Assert.IsTrue(Cx2Prime.Equals(Cx2));

            // Setup
            IDEscrowParams     ieParam3 = new IDEscrowParams(ip2);
            IDEscrowPrivateKey priv     = new IDEscrowPrivateKey(ieParam3);                  // we can't re-use the keypair above, it was created with different issuer params
            IDEscrowPublicKey  pub      = new IDEscrowPublicKey(ieParam3, priv);

            byte[] tokenID = ProtocolHelper.ComputeTokenID(ip2, upkt[0].Token);
            // additionalInfo is defined above.

            // Encrypt
            IDEscrowCiphertext ctext = IDEscrowFunctions.VerifiableEncrypt(ieParam3, pub, tokenID, Cx2, x2, tildeO2, additionalInfo);

            // Verify
            Assert.IsTrue(IDEscrowFunctions.Verify(ieParam3, ctext, tokenID, pub, Cx2));
            // Decrypt
            GroupElement PE = IDEscrowFunctions.Decrypt(ieParam3, ctext, priv);

            Assert.IsTrue(PE.Equals(ieParam3.Ge.Exponentiate(x2)));   // Ensure PE == (ge)^x2
        }