/// <summary>
/// Converts board to neurel net training example. Returns example corresopnding to normalized board (current player's checker color is blue, last player is green)
/// </summary>
/// <param name="lastPlayerToGo">Current Player which corresponds to last checker placed on board.</param>
public static Example ToNormalizedExample(Board board, Checker lastPlayerToGo)
{
Debug.Assert(lastPlayerToGo != Checker.Empty);
List<double> boardState = board.Cells.Cast<Checker>().Select(c=>Transform.ToNormalizedValue(c, lastPlayerToGo)).ToList();
List<int> features = new List<int>();
// 42 Input Units - Board State Only
// return new Example(boardState);
foreach (Checker checker in new List<Checker> { lastPlayerToGo, Board.Toggle(lastPlayerToGo) })
{
features.AddRange(board.LineOfX(checker));
features.AddRange(board.LineOfX(checker, potential: true));
features.AddRange(board.NumbersInColumns(checker));
features.AddRange(board.NumbersInRows(checker));
features.Add(board.NumberOnBoard(checker));
}
boardState.AddRange(features.Select(e => (double)e));
// 40 Input Units - Features Only
//return new Example(features.Select(e => (double)e).ToList());
// 82 Input Units - Board State and Features
return new Example(boardState);
}
public override void AddCells(Board board, Cell cell, connectedCells c)
{
switch(c)
{
case connectedCells.north:
for (int i = 1; i < connectR; i++)
{
cells.Add(board.getCell(cell.getRow() - i, cell.getColumn()));
}
cell.AddConnectedCells((int)connectedCells.north, cells);
break;
case connectedCells.south:
for (int i = 1; i < connectR; i++)
{
cells.Add(board.getCell(cell.getRow() + i, cell.getColumn()));
}
cell.AddConnectedCells((int)connectedCells.south, cells);
break;
}
}
public override void Move(Board b)
{
{
//Create a new game state for the root of the state space
GameState gameState = new GameState(GameState.State.initial, b, this, null, cell, true);
//Set the state as the root
MiniMaxTree m = new MiniMaxTree(gameState);
//Find children states if they exist
m.GenerateStates(gameState, 4, true);
//The value returned by the recursive minimax function
int value = m.MiniMax(gameState, 4, true);
cell = null;
foreach(GameState child in gameState.GetChildren())
{
if (child.GetHeuristicValue() == value)
{
cell = child.GetCell();
}
}
//Set the cell on the playing board
b.getCell(cell.getRow(), cell.getColumn()).setState((int)cell.getState());
//if a row exists above this cell, make it playable
if (cell.getRow() != 0)
{
b.getCell(cell.getRow() - 1, cell.getColumn()).isPlayable(true);
}
//Test if the game is over
if(MiniMaxTree.TerminalTest(cell))
{
b.printBoard();
Console.WriteLine("GameOver: " + this.getColorToString() + " wins");
b.isGameOver(true);
}
moveCount++;
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Parses the validation set from connect-4 8-ply database.
/// </summary>
/// <returns>Validation set</returns>
public static List<Example> Parse()
{
ValidationSet.Clear();
using (StringReader reader = new StringReader(Properties.Resources.connect_4))
{
string line;
while ((line = reader.ReadLine()) != null)
{
string[] values = line.Split(',');
Board board = new Board();
for (int i = 0; i < values.Length - 1; ++i)
{
string x = values[i].ToLower().Trim();
Checker checker = Checker.Empty;
switch (x)
{
case "x": checker = Checker.Blue; break;
case "o": checker = Checker.Green; break;
case "b": checker = Checker.Empty; break;
}
// Format of linear board data in connect-4.txt is bottom to top, left to right
board.AddChecker(checker, i/6);
}
// In connect-4.txt, it is X's turn to go next, which means
// player O has just went. Player O == Green, therefore
// we use Checker.Green in the following line.
Example example = Transform.ToNormalizedExample(board, Checker.Green);
string result = values[values.Length - 1].ToLower().Trim();
// Current values denote next player that goes will be guaranteed to win/lose/draw given he/she plays optimally...
// We need to normalize this for our network... Ie, the label should instead denote if last player that went for given board position win/loses/ties if he/she plays optimally.
GameResult gr =
result == "win" ? GameResult.Loss :
result == "loss" ? GameResult.Win :
GameResult.Draw;
example.Labels.Add(Transform.ToValue(gr));
ValidationSet.Add(example);
}
}
return ValidationSet;
}
//Copy constructor
public Board(Board b)
{
length = b.GetLength();
width = b.GetWidth();
connectR = Board.GetConnectR();
board = new Cell[length, width];
for (int i = 0; i < length; i++)
{
for (int j = 0; j < width; j++)
{
Cell cell = new Cell(b.getCell(i, j));
board[i, j] = cell;
}
}
}
public void BatchAddCheckers(Checker start, List<int> columnHistory, bool updateBoard = true, bool delay = true, Board completedBoard = null)
{
Storyboard story = new Storyboard();
Checker checker = start;
int i = 0;
foreach (int column in columnHistory)
{
Image image = new Image();
image.Stretch = Stretch.Uniform;
image.Source = (checker == Checker.Blue ? new BitmapImage(new Uri("/Icons/orbz_water.ico", UriKind.Relative)) : new BitmapImage(new Uri("/Icons/orbz_spirit.ico", UriKind.Relative)));
image.SetValue(Grid.ColumnProperty, column);
int? minRow = gridBoard.Children.OfType<Image>().Where(e => (int)e.GetValue(Grid.ColumnProperty) == column).Select(e => (int?)e.GetValue(Grid.RowProperty)).Min();
if (minRow.HasValue && minRow == 0)
throw new Exception("Cannot add checker to full column");
int row = (int)(minRow.HasValue ? minRow - 1 : 5);
image.SetValue(Grid.ZIndexProperty, -1);
image.SetValue(Grid.RowProperty, row);
image.Opacity = 0;
image.Height = gridBoard.RowDefinitions[0].ActualHeight;
gridBoard.Children.Add(image);
if (updateBoard)
CurrentBoard.AddChecker(checker, column);
ThicknessAnimation animation = new ThicknessAnimation(new Thickness(0, -gridBoard.ActualHeight * 2 * Settings.Default.DropHeightRatio, 0, 0), new Thickness(0, 0, 0, 0), TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(Settings.Default.DropSpeed));
animation.EasingFunction = new BounceEase() { Bounces = 3, Bounciness = 5, EasingMode = System.Windows.Media.Animation.EasingMode.EaseOut };
animation.BeginTime = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(i * Settings.Default.MoveDelay);
Storyboard.SetTarget(animation, image);
Storyboard.SetTargetProperty(animation, new PropertyPath(Image.MarginProperty));
story.Children.Add(animation);
DoubleAnimation fade = (completedBoard != null && !completedBoard.WinningSequence.Any(t => t.Item1 == row && t.Item2 == column) ? Fade(image, 1, Settings.Default.FadeTo, i * Settings.Default.MoveDelay, Settings.Default.FadeSpeed) : Fade(image, 0, 1, i * Settings.Default.MoveDelay, 0));
story.Children.Add(fade);
story.Completed += new EventHandler(story_Completed);
checker = Board.Toggle(checker);
++i;
}
story.Begin();
}
public GameState(State s, Board b, Player p, GameState parent, Cell c, Boolean mp)
{
maxPlayer = mp;
state = s;
cell = c;
board = b;
player = p;
this.parent = parent;
children = new List<GameState>();
Region.findConnectedCells(b);
b.UpdateCellObservers();
if(MiniMaxTree.TerminalTest(cell) && state != GameState.State.initial)
{
state = GameState.State.terminal;
if (maxPlayer)
{
heuristicValue = MiniMaxTree.MIN_VALUE;
}
else
heuristicValue = MiniMaxTree.MAX_VALUE;
}
}
public void recSelectMove(Board board, int depth, bool max, out int column, out double score, out List<double> columnEvaluations)
{
int bestX = 0;
columnEvaluations = Enumerable.Repeat(double.NegativeInfinity, board.Columns).ToList();
double bestV = max ? Double.NegativeInfinity : Double.PositiveInfinity; ;
for (int x = 0; x < board.Columns; x++)
{
if (!board.IsColumnFull(x))
{
board.AddChecker(MyColor, x);
int col;
double v;
if (depth <= 1 || board.IsGameOver)
{
col = x;
v = EvaluateBoard(board);
}
else
{
List<double> ignore = (new double[board.Columns]).ToList();
recSelectMove(board, depth - 1, !max, out col, out v, out ignore);
}
board.RemoveChecker(x);
columnEvaluations[x] = v;
if (v > bestV && max || v < bestV && !max)
{
bestV = v;
bestX = col;
}
}
}
column = bestX;
score = bestV;
}
public void SelectMove(Board board, out int column, out double score, int depth = 1)
{
// Lambda percent of the time, select a random move.
if (LambdaType == LambdaType.Threshold && RANDOM.NextDouble() <= Lambda)
{
int[] cols = Enumerable.Range(0, board.Columns).Where(x => !board.IsColumnFull(x)).ToArray();
column = cols[RANDOM.Next(cols.Count())];
board.AddChecker(MyColor, column);
score = EvaluateBoard(board);
board.RemoveChecker(column);
return;
}
List<double> columnEvaluations;
recSelectMove(board, depth, true, out column, out score, out columnEvaluations);
//we pick a move randomly, using a probability distribution such that the moves with the "best" board positions have a
// higher probability of being selected higher values of Lambda mean choices will have more equal probability, even if they had different
// low values of Lambda will have the opposite effect Lambda should be positive number. Otherwise, no exploration will take place.
// If non-positive, just return the "best" move now, to avoid divide-by-zero type issues.
if (LambdaType == LambdaType.ProbabilityDistribution && Lambda > 0)
{
double sum = 0.0;
double[] weights = new double[columnEvaluations.Count];
for (int i = 0; i < columnEvaluations.Count; i++)
{
// the closer this column's evaluation to the "best", the
// greater weight it will have
double w = 1 / (Lambda + (score - columnEvaluations[i]));
weights[i] = w;
sum += w;
}
double r = RANDOM.NextDouble() * sum;
int c;
for (c = 0; c + 1 < weights.Length; c++)
{
r -= weights[c];
if (r <= 0)
break;
}
column = c;
score = columnEvaluations[c];
}
}
public override void Move(Board b)
{
if(moveCount == b.GetLength() * b.GetWidth())
{
Console.WriteLine("Game Over, you both lose");
}
Boolean moveMade = false;
b.printBoard();
if(this.getOpponent() != null)
{
Console.WriteLine(" ");
}
Console.WriteLine(this.getColorToString() + " player's turn");
while(!moveMade)
{
Console.Write("Select a Move: " + "0 - " + (b.GetWidth() - 1) + ": ");
int choice = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());
for (int i = b.GetLength() - 1; i >= 0; i--)
{
if(choice < 0 || choice > b.GetWidth() - 1)
{
break;
}
cell = b.getCell(i, choice);
if (cell.isPlayable())
{
cell.setState((int)color);
cell.isPlayable(false);
if (i != 0)
{
b.getCell(i - 1, choice).isPlayable(true);
}
moveMade = true;
moveCount++;
if (MiniMaxTree.TerminalTest(cell))
{
b.printBoard();
Console.WriteLine("GameOver: " + this.getColorToString() + " wins");
b.isGameOver(true);
}
break;
}
}
}
}
public abstract void Move(Board board);
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Console.Write("Board Width? ");
colNum = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());
Console.WriteLine();
Console.Write("Board Height? ");
rowNum = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());
Console.WriteLine();
Console.Write("Connect? ");
r = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());
Console.WriteLine();
Console.WriteLine("1: Human vs Human");
Console.WriteLine("2: Human vs AI");
Console.WriteLine("3: AI vs AI");
Console.Write("Select Players: ");
int choice = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());
Console.WriteLine();
Board board = new Board(rowNum, colNum, r);
Region.findConnectedCells(board);
board.UpdateCellObservers();
Player p1 = null;
Player p2 = null;
switch (choice)
{
case 1:
p1 = new HumanPlayer();
p1.setAsRed();
p2 = new HumanPlayer();
p2.setAsBlack();
break;
case 2:
Console.WriteLine("1: Human 2: AI");
Console.Write("Who will go first? ");
choice = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());
if(choice == 1)
{
p1 = new HumanPlayer();
p1.setAsRed();
p2 = new AIPlayer();
p2.setAsBlack();
}
else
{
p1 = new AIPlayer();
p1.setAsRed();
p2 = new HumanPlayer();
p2.setAsBlack();
}
p1.setOpponent(p2);
p2.setOpponent(p1);
break;
case 3:
break;
}
int turn = RED;
while(!board.isGameOver())
{
switch (turn)
{
case RED:
p1.Move(board);
turn = BLACK;
break;
case BLACK:
p2.Move(board);
turn = RED;
break;
}
}
Console.Read();
}
public static void findConnectedCells(Board board)
{
for(int i = length - 1; i >= 0; i--)
{
for(int j = 0; j < width; j++)
{
Cell cell = board.getCell(i, j);
//has r north cells
if(i >= connectR - 1)
{
region = new Vertical();
region.AddCells(board, cell, connectedCells.north);
//has r northeast cells
if(j + connectR - 1 < width)
{
region = new Diagonal();
region.AddCells(board, cell, connectedCells.northEast);
}
//has r northwest cells
if(j >= connectR - 1)
{
region = new Diagonal();
region.AddCells(board, cell, connectedCells.northWest);
}
}
//has r south cells
if(i + connectR - 1 < length)
{
region = new Vertical();
region.AddCells(board, cell, connectedCells.south);
//has r southwest cells
if(j - connectR + 1 >= 0)
{
region = new Diagonal();
region.AddCells(board, cell, connectedCells.southWest);
}
//has r southeast cells
if(j <= connectR - 1)
{
region = new Diagonal();
region.AddCells(board, cell, connectedCells.southEast);
}
}
//has r east cells
if(j <= connectR - 1)
{
region = new Horizontal();
region.AddCells(board, cell, connectedCells.east);
}
//has r west cells
if(j - connectR + 1 >= 0)
{
region = new Horizontal();
region.AddCells(board, cell, connectedCells.west);
}
}
}
}
public abstract void AddCells(Board board, Cell cell, connectedCells c);
protected override double EvaluateBoard(Board board)
{
Example example = MakeExample(board, MyColor);
Network.PropogateInput(example);
return example.Predictions[0];
}
public override Example MakeExample(Board board, Checker color)
{
return Transform.ToNormalizedExample(board, color);
}
public void Restart(GameMode mode, bool startup = false)
{
gridBoard.Children.RemoveRange(7, gridBoard.Children.Count - 7); // Don't remove the 7 borders.
Mode = mode;
Checker = Checker.Blue;
CurrentBoard = new Board();
if (!startup)
GetValidNetwork(); // Assert valid current network be means of a messagebox.
}
/// <summary>
/// Simulate a game until completion.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="board">Starting board that the bots will play on. This need not be empty!</param>
/// <param name="network">Neural network that provides the AI for gameplay.</param>
/// <returns>Trace of game sequence, each board state stored as a Neural Net Example</returns>
public List<Example> Play(Board board, Network network)
{
Bot allen = new NeuralNetBot(Checker.Blue, network); // <-- you know he will win :)
Bot jason = new NeuralNetBot(Checker.Green, network);
List<Example> trace = new List<Example>();
Turns = 0;
Bot current = allen.MyColor == board.NextPlayer ? allen : jason;
while (!board.IsGameOver)
{
int column;
double score;
current.SelectMove(board, out column, out score);
Log(String.Format("{0} picks column {1} (Score: {2:f2})", (current == allen ? "Allen" : "Jason"), column, score));
board.AddChecker(current.MyColor, column);
Example example = Transform.ToNormalizedExample(board, current.MyColor);
example.Predictions.Add(score);
trace.Add(example);
current = (current == allen ? jason : allen);
++Turns;
}
if (Viewer != null)
Viewer.BatchAddCheckers(Checker.Blue, board.MoveHistory,completedBoard:board);
TotalTurns += Turns;
Checker winner;
if (board.TryGetWinner(out winner))
{
//The game is over, there was a winner.
//This means the last element of "trace" represents a won
//board state (i.e. there is a four-in-a-row with color
//'winner').
if (trace.Count > 0) trace[trace.Count - 1].Predictions[0] = Transform.ToValue(GameResult.Win);
if (trace.Count > 1) trace[trace.Count - 2].Predictions[0] = Transform.ToValue(GameResult.Loss);
if (winner == allen.MyColor)
{
Log("WINNER: Allen");
++AllenWon;
}
else
{
Log("WINNER: Jason");
++JasonWon;
}
}
else
{
if (trace.Count > 0) trace[trace.Count - 1].Predictions[0] = Transform.ToValue(GameResult.Draw);
if (trace.Count > 1) trace[trace.Count - 2].Predictions[0] = Transform.ToValue(GameResult.Draw);
Log("TIE");
++Ties;
}
++TotalGames;
Log(string.Format("Turns: {0} ({1:f2})", Turns, (double)TotalTurns / TotalGames));
Log(string.Format("Allen: {0}({1:f2}) Jason: {2}({3:f2}) Ties {4}({5:f2}) TOTAL: {6}", AllenWon, (double)AllenWon / TotalGames, JasonWon, (double)JasonWon / TotalGames, Ties, (double)Ties / TotalGames, TotalGames));
Log("");
List<Example> trace1 = new List<Example>(), trace2 = new List<Example>();
for (int i = 0; i < trace.Count; ++i)
{
if (i % 2 == 0) trace1.Add(trace[i]);
else trace2.Add(trace[i]);
}
double lambda = .7;
double alpha = .1;
double gamma = .5;
UpdateTraceLabels(trace1, lambda, alpha, gamma);
UpdateTraceLabels(trace2, lambda, alpha, gamma);
return trace1.Union(trace2).ToList();
}
public void FindChildrenStates(Boolean maxPlayer)
{
GameState gs;
for(int i = 0; i < board.GetWidth(); i++)
{
for(int j = 0; j < board.GetLength(); j++)
{
if(board.getCell(j,i).getState().Equals(Cell.CellState.empty))
{
if (board.getCell(j, i).isPlayable())
{
Board b = new Board(board);
Cell cell = b.getCell(j, i);
if (maxPlayer)
{
cell.setState(player.getColor());
}
else
{
cell.setState(player.getOpponent().getColor());
}
if (j != 0)
{
b.getCell(j - 1, i).isPlayable(true);
}
gs = new GameState(GameState.State.transition, b, player, this, cell, !maxPlayer);
children.Add(gs);
}
}
else
break;
}
}
}
public abstract Example MakeExample(Board board, Checker color);
protected abstract double EvaluateBoard(Board board);