public static double CalculateWaterSaturationPressure(double temperature)
{
double pSaturation = 1.0;
//if (temperature >= 253.15 && temperature <= 283.15) {
// pSaturation = 8.8365E-10 * Math.Pow((temperature -193.03), 6.2145);
//}
//else if (temperature <= 453.15) {
// pSaturation = Math.Exp(23.197 - 3816.44/(temperature - 46.13));
//}
if (temperature <= 273.33) //temperature belown which steam table can not deal
//double t = temperature - 273.15;
//pSaturation = 100.0 * 6.1121 * Math.Exp(17.502 * t/(240.97 + t));
//To Do: When system is not air-water, need to change!!!
{
pSaturation = ThermalPropCalculator.CalculateWaterSaturationPressureBelowFreezingPoint(temperature);
}
else
{
//formulation coming from Perry's Chemical Engineer's Handbook
//pSaturation = Math.Exp(73.649 - 7258.2/temperature - 7.3037 * Math.Log(temperature)
// + 4.1653e-6 * temperature * temperature);
//pSaturation = ThermalPropCalculator.CalculateVaporPressure(temperature, vapPressureCoeffs);
SteamTable steamTable = SteamTable.GetInstance();
pSaturation = steamTable.GetSaturationPressure(temperature);
}
return(pSaturation);
}
//cp unit is J/kg.k
private static double CalculateCp(ArrayList materialComponents, double temperature, SubstanceState state)
{
double heatCapacity = 0.0;
double cp = 0;
double molarWeight;
double massFrac;
foreach (MaterialComponent mc in materialComponents)
{
Substance s = mc.Substance;
molarWeight = s.MolarWeight;
ThermalPropsAndCoeffs tpc = s.ThermalPropsAndCoeffs;
massFrac = mc.GetMassFractionValue();
if (state == SubstanceState.Gas)
{
cp = ThermalPropCalculator.CalculateGasHeatCapacity1(temperature, tpc.GasCpCoeffs) / molarWeight;
}
else if (state == SubstanceState.Liquid)
{
cp = ThermalPropCalculator.CalculateLiquidHeatCapacity1(temperature, tpc.LiqCpCoeffs) / molarWeight;
}
heatCapacity += cp * massFrac;
}
return(heatCapacity);
}
public double GetSpecificHeatOfVapor(double temperature)
{
//return 1880.0;
double cp = ThermalPropCalculator.CalculateGasHeatCapacity1(temperature, gasCpCoeffs);
return(cp / molarWeight);
}
public double GetMeanSpecificHeatOfLiquid(double t1, double t2)
{
//this correlation comes from Perry's Chemical Engineers Handbook
//double cp = 2.7637e5 - 2.0901e3 * temperature + 8.125 * temperature * temperature
// -1.4116e-2 * Math.Pow(temperature, 3) + 9.3701e-6 * Math.Pow(temperature, 4);
double cp = ThermalPropCalculator.CalculateMeanLiquidHeatCapacity1(t1, t2, liqCpCoeffs);
return(cp / molarWeight);
}
public double GetEnthalpy(double p, double t)
{
double h = 0.0;
if (moisture.Name.Equals("Water"))
{
h = ThermalPropCalculator.CalculateWaterEnthalpy(p, t);
}
return(h);
}
private static double CalculateViscosity(ArrayList materialComponents, double temperature, SubstanceState state)
{
double viscosity = 0.0;
double visc;
double molarWt;
double moleFrac;
double massFrac;
double numerator = 0.0;
double denominator = 0.0;
foreach (MaterialComponent mc in materialComponents)
{
Substance s = mc.Substance;
ThermalPropsAndCoeffs tpc = s.ThermalPropsAndCoeffs;
molarWt = s.MolarWeight;
moleFrac = mc.GetMoleFractionValue();
massFrac = mc.GetMassFractionValue();
if (moleFrac == Constants.NO_VALUE)
{
moleFrac = massFrac;
}
if (state == SubstanceState.Gas)
{
if (s.Name == "Air")
{
visc = ThermalPropCalculator.CalculateAirGasViscosity(temperature);
}
else
{
visc = ThermalPropCalculator.CalculateGasViscosity(temperature, tpc.GasViscCoeffs);
}
numerator += visc * moleFrac * Math.Sqrt(molarWt);
denominator += moleFrac * Math.Sqrt(molarWt);
}
else if (state == SubstanceState.Liquid)
{
visc = ThermalPropCalculator.CalculateLiquidViscosity(temperature, tpc.LiqViscCoeffs);
numerator += moleFrac * Math.Log10(visc);
}
}
if (state == SubstanceState.Gas)
{
if (denominator > 1.0e-8)
{
viscosity = numerator / denominator;
}
}
else if (state == SubstanceState.Liquid)
{
viscosity = Math.Pow(10, numerator);
}
return(viscosity);
}
public double GetSaturationTemperature(double pressure)
{
double temperature = 1.0e-10;
if (moisture.Name.Equals("Water"))
{
temperature = ThermalPropCalculator.CalculateWaterSaturationTemperature(pressure);
}
else
{
temperature = ThermalPropCalculator.CalculateSaturationTemperature(pressure, vapPressureCoeffs);
}
return(temperature);
}
public double GetMeanSpecificHeatOfDryGas(double t1, double t2)
{
double cp;
if (Math.Abs(t1 - t2) > 1.0e-4)
{
cp = ThermalPropCalculator.CalculateMeanGasHeatCapacity1(t1, t2, gasCpCoeffs);
}
else
{
cp = ThermalPropCalculator.CalculateGasHeatCapacity1(t1, gasCpCoeffs);
}
return(cp / molarWeight);
}
public static double GetLiquidDensity(ArrayList materialComponents, double temperature)
{
double density = 0.0;
double den = 0;
double massFrac;
foreach (MaterialComponent mc in materialComponents)
{
Substance s = mc.Substance;
ThermalPropsAndCoeffs tpc = s.ThermalPropsAndCoeffs;
massFrac = mc.GetMassFractionValue();
den = ThermalPropCalculator.CalculateLiquidDensity(temperature, tpc.LiqDensityCoeffs);
density += den * massFrac;
}
return(density);
}
public double GetSaturationPressure(double temperature)
{
if (temperature < minimumTemperature || temperature > criticalTemperature)
{
throw new IllegalVarValueException("Temperature out of range");
}
double pSaturation = 1.0;
if (moisture.Name.Equals("Water"))
{
pSaturation = ThermalPropCalculator.CalculateWaterSaturationPressure(temperature);
}
else
{
pSaturation = ThermalPropCalculator.CalculateSaturationPressure(temperature, vapPressureCoeffs);
}
return(pSaturation);
}
public double GetEvaporationHeat(double temperature)
{
if (temperature < minimumTemperature || temperature > criticalTemperature)
{
throw new IllegalVarValueException("Temperature out of range.");
}
//double n = n1;
//if (temperature > 563.15 && temperature <= tc) {
// n = n2;
//}
//double c = Math.Pow((tc-temperature)/(tc-t0), n);
//return r0 * Math.Pow((tc-temperature)/(tc-t0), n);
//this correlation comes from Perry's Chemical Engineers Handbook, 6th edition
//double tr = temperature/PropConstants.Tc;
//double tempValue = 0.3199 - 0.212 * tr + 0.25795 * tr * tr;
//double r = 5.2053e7/18.015 * Math.Pow((1-tr), tempValue);
//return r;
double r = ThermalPropCalculator.CalculateEvaporationHeat(temperature, criticalTemperature, evapHeatCoeffs);
return(r / molarWeight);
}
public double GetMeanSpecificHeatOfVapor(double p, double t1, double t2)
{
double cp;
if (moisture.Name.Equals("Water"))
{
if (Math.Abs(t1 - t2) > 1.0e-4)
{
cp = ThermalPropCalculator.CalculateWaterMeanHeatCapacity(p, t1, t2);
}
else
{
cp = ThermalPropCalculator.CalculateWaterMeanHeatCapacity(p, t1, t1 + 1);
}
}
else
{
cp = ThermalPropCalculator.CalculateMeanGasHeatCapacity1(t1, t2, gasCpCoeffs);
cp = cp / molarWeight;
}
return(cp);
}
public static double GetSpecificHeatRatio(ArrayList materialComponents, double temperature)
{
double heatCapacity = 0.0;
double cp = 0;
//double molarWeight = 0.0;
double w;
double molarFrac;
double totalMole = 0.0;
foreach (MaterialComponent mc in materialComponents)
{
Substance s = mc.Substance;
if (s.Name == "Generic Dry Material" || s is CompositeSubstance)
{
continue;
}
w = s.MolarWeight;
molarFrac = mc.GetMassFractionValue() / w;
totalMole += molarFrac;
}
foreach (MaterialComponent mc in materialComponents)
{
Substance s = mc.Substance;
if (s.Name == "Generic Dry Material" || s is CompositeSubstance)
{
continue;
}
w = s.MolarWeight;
ThermalPropsAndCoeffs tpc = s.ThermalPropsAndCoeffs;
molarFrac = mc.GetMassFractionValue() / w / totalMole;
//since heat capacity from ThermalPropCalculator is in J/kmol.K, it is necessary to
//convert into kJ/kmol.K to be aligned with the unit of universal gas constant R
heatCapacity = ThermalPropCalculator.CalculateGasHeatCapacity1(temperature, tpc.GasCpCoeffs) / 1000;
cp += heatCapacity * molarFrac;
}
return(cp / (cp - Constants.R));
}
private static double CalculateThermalConductivity(ArrayList materialComponents, double temperature, SubstanceState state)
{
double thermalCond = 0.0;
double k = 0;
double massFrac;
foreach (MaterialComponent mc in materialComponents)
{
Substance s = mc.Substance;
ThermalPropsAndCoeffs tpc = s.ThermalPropsAndCoeffs;
massFrac = mc.GetMassFractionValue();
if (state == SubstanceState.Gas)
{
if (s.Name == "Air")
{
k = ThermalPropCalculator.CalculateAirGasThermalConductivity(temperature);
}
else
{
k = ThermalPropCalculator.CalculateGasThermalConductivity(temperature, tpc.GasKCoeffs);
}
}
else if (state == SubstanceState.Liquid)
{
if (s.SubstanceType == SubstanceType.Inorganic)
{
k = ThermalPropCalculator.CalculateLiquidInorganicThermalConductivity(temperature, tpc.LiqKCoeffs);
}
else if (s.SubstanceType == SubstanceType.Organic)
{
k = ThermalPropCalculator.CalculateLiquidOrganicThermalConductivity(temperature, tpc.LiqKCoeffs);
}
}
thermalCond += k * massFrac;
}
return(thermalCond);
}
/// <summary>
/// THE PROPERTIES OF GASES AND LIQUIDS, Section 10.6
/// </summary>
/// <param name="temperature"></param>
/// <param name="humidity"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
private double CalculateHumidGasConductivity(double temperature, double humidity)
{
ThermalPropCalculator propCalculator = ThermalPropCalculator.Instance;
double gasK = propCalculator.CalculateGasThermalConductivity(temperature, gas);
double moistureK = propCalculator.CalculateGasThermalConductivity(temperature, moisture);
double gasMole = 1 / gasMolarMass;
double moistureMole = humidity / moistureMolarMass;
double totalMole = gasMole + moistureMole;
double gasMoleFraction = gasMole / totalMole;
double moistureMoleFraction = moistureMole / totalMole;
double gasPc = gas.CriticalPropsAndAcentricFactor.CriticalPressure / 1.0e5;
double gasTc = gas.CriticalPropsAndAcentricFactor.CriticalTemperature;
double gasTr = temperature / gasTc;
double gasReducedInverseK = 210 * Math.Pow(gasTc * Math.Pow(gasMolarMass, 3) / Math.Pow(gasPc, 4), 1.0 / 6.0);
double monatomicValueOfGasK = gasReducedInverseK * (Math.Exp(0.0464 * gasTr) - Math.Exp(-0.2412 * gasTr));
double moisturePc = moisture.CriticalPropsAndAcentricFactor.CriticalPressure / 1.0e5;
double moistureTc = moisture.CriticalPropsAndAcentricFactor.CriticalTemperature;
double moistureTr = temperature / moistureTc;
double moistureReducedInverseK = 210 * Math.Pow(moistureTc * Math.Pow(moistureMolarMass, 3) / Math.Pow(moisturePc, 4), 1.0 / 6.0);
double monatomicValueOfMoistureK = moistureReducedInverseK * (Math.Exp(0.0464 * moistureTr) - Math.Exp(-0.2412 * moistureTr));
double gasMoistureMolarMassRatio = 1 / moistureGasMolarMassRatio;
double temp = 1 + Math.Sqrt(monatomicValueOfGasK / monatomicValueOfMoistureK) * Math.Pow(gasMoistureMolarMassRatio, 0.25);
double aGasMoisture = temp * temp / Math.Sqrt(8.0 * (1.0 + gasMoistureMolarMassRatio));
temp = 1 + Math.Sqrt(monatomicValueOfMoistureK / monatomicValueOfGasK) * Math.Pow(moistureGasMolarMassRatio, 0.25);
double aMoistureGas = temp * temp / Math.Sqrt(8.0 * (1.0 + moistureGasMolarMassRatio));
double mixtureK = gasMoleFraction * gasK / (gasMoleFraction + aGasMoisture * moistureMoleFraction) +
moistureMoleFraction * moistureK / (aMoistureGas * gasMoleFraction + moistureMoleFraction);
return(mixtureK);
}
public double GetDensity(double pressure, double temperature)
{
double density = 1;
if (moisture.Name.Equals("Water"))
{
density = ThermalPropCalculator.CalculateWaterDensity(pressure, temperature);
}
else
{
double satTemperature = GetSaturationTemperature(pressure);
if (temperature < satTemperature)
{
density = ThermalPropCalculator.CalculateLiquidDensity(temperature, liqDensityCoeffs);
}
else if (temperature > satTemperature)
{
//density = ThermalPropCalculator.CalculateLiquidDensity(temperature);
//need to use state equation to calculate state
}
}
return(density);
}
public static double GetSpecificHeatRatio(ArrayList materialComponents, double temperature)
{
double heatCapacity = 0.0;
double cp = 0;
//double molarWeight = 0.0;
double w;
double molarFrac;
double totalMole = 1.0;
foreach (MaterialComponent mc in materialComponents)
{
Substance s = mc.Substance;
if (s.Name == "Generic Dry Material" || s is CompositeSubstance)
{
continue;
}
w = s.MolarWeight;
molarFrac = mc.GetMassFractionValue() / w;
totalMole += molarFrac;
}
foreach (MaterialComponent mc in materialComponents)
{
Substance s = mc.Substance;
if (s.Name == "Generic Dry Material" || s is CompositeSubstance)
{
continue;
}
w = s.MolarWeight;
ThermalPropsAndCoeffs tpc = s.ThermalPropsAndCoeffs;
molarFrac = mc.GetMassFractionValue() / w / totalMole;
heatCapacity = ThermalPropCalculator.CalculateGasHeatCapacity1(temperature, tpc.GasCpCoeffs);
cp += heatCapacity * molarFrac;
}
return(cp / (cp - Constants.R));
}
public static double CalculateBoilingPointElevation(DryingMaterial dryingMaterial, double concentrationValue, double pressureValue)
{
SolutionType solutionType = dryingMaterial.SolutionType;
double deltaT = 0;
Substance s = dryingMaterial.Moisture;
double solventMolarWeight = s.MolarWeight;
s = dryingMaterial.AbsoluteDryMaterial;
double soluteMolarWeight = s.MolarWeight;
double tEvap = 0.0;
/*if (solutionType == SolutionType.Raoult) {
* //Unit Operations in Food Engieering Eq. 18.13
* double soluteMassRatio = 1.0/owner.MoistureContentDryBase.Value;
* double boilingConstant = 1.0;
* deltaT = 1000 * boilingConstant * soluteMassRatio/soluteMolarWeight;
* }
* else if (solutionType == SolutionType.Aqueous) {
* //Unit Operations in Food Engieering Eq. 18.14
* double molarConcentration = concentrationValue/soluteMolarWeight/(concentrationValue/soluteMolarWeight+(1-concentrationValue)/solventMolarWeight);
* deltaT = 0.52 * molarConcentration;
* }
* else if (solutionType == SolutionType.InorganicSalts) {
* //Unit Operations in Food Engieering Eq. 18.17
* double molarConcentration = concentrationValue/soluteMolarWeight/(concentrationValue/soluteMolarWeight+(1-concentrationValue)/solventMolarWeight);
* deltaT = 104.9 * Math.Pow(molarConcentration, 1.14);
* }
* else if (solutionType == SolutionType.Ideal) {
* //Unit Operations in Food Engieering Eq. 18.15
* double tEvap = ThermalPropCalculator.CalculateTemperatureFromWaterVaporPressure(pressureValue);
* double evapHeat = owner.GetEvaporationHeat(tEvap);
* double solventMassFraction = 1.0/owner.MoistureContentWetBase.Value;
* deltaT = -tEvap/(1.0 + (evapHeat/(8.314*tEvap*Math.Log(solventMassFraction))));
* }*/
if (solutionType == SolutionType.Sucrose)
{
//Unit Operations in Food Engieering Eq. 18.17
pressureValue = pressureValue / 100; //note: pressure unit is mbar
deltaT = 3.061 * Math.Pow(concentrationValue, 0.094) * Math.Pow(pressureValue, 0.136) * Math.Exp(5.328 * concentrationValue);
}
else if (solutionType == SolutionType.ReducingSugars)
{
//Unit Operations in Food Engieering Eq. 18.17
pressureValue = pressureValue / 100; //note: pressure unit is mbar
deltaT = 2.227 * Math.Pow(concentrationValue, 0.588) * Math.Pow(pressureValue, 0.119) * Math.Exp(3.593 * concentrationValue);
}
else if (solutionType == SolutionType.Juices)
{
//Unit Operations in Food Engieering Eq. 18.17
pressureValue = pressureValue / 100; //note: pressure unit is mbar
//deltaT = 0.04904 * Math.Pow(concentration, 0.029)*Math.Pow(pressureValue, 0.113)*Math.Exp(-0.03899*concentration + 6.52e-4*concentration*concentration);
deltaT = 1.36 * Math.Pow(concentrationValue, 0.749) * Math.Pow(pressureValue, 0.106) * Math.Exp(3.39 * concentrationValue);
}
else if (solutionType == SolutionType.Unknown)
{
//Duhring rules
tEvap = ThermalPropCalculator.CalculateWaterSaturationTemperature(pressureValue);
CurveF[] duhringLines = dryingMaterial.DuhringLines;
if (duhringLines != null)
{
double tEvapReal = ChartUtil.GetInterpolatedValue(duhringLines, concentrationValue, tEvap);
deltaT = tEvapReal - tEvap;
}
/*double correctionCoeff = 1.0;
* if (duhringLines.VarValue == Constants.NO_VALUE && Math.Abs(pressureValue-1.0132685e5) < 1.0e-3) {
* double evapHeat = GetEvaporationHeat(tEvap);
* correctionCoeff = 0.0162*tEvap*tEvap/evapHeat; //Chemical Engineering Eq. 7-15 at p.310
* deltaT *= correctionCoeff;
* }*/
}
return(deltaT);
}
