public override void Run()
{
#region Create renderers
// Note: the renderers take care of creating their own
// device resources and listen for DeviceManager.OnInitialize
// Create a axis-grid renderer
var axisGrid = ToDispose(new AxisGridRenderer());
axisGrid.Initialize(this);
// Create and initialize the mesh renderer
var loadedMesh = Common.Mesh.LoadFromFile("Character.cmo");
List<MeshRenderer> meshes = new List<MeshRenderer>();
meshes.AddRange((from mesh in loadedMesh
select ToDispose(new MeshRenderer(mesh))));
foreach (var m in meshes) {
m.Initialize(this);
m.World = Matrix.Identity;
}
// Set the first animation as the current animation and start clock
foreach (var m in meshes)
{
if (m.Mesh.Animations != null && m.Mesh.Animations.Any())
m.CurrentAnimation = m.Mesh.Animations.First().Value;
m.Clock.Start();
}
// Create and initialize a Direct2D FPS text renderer
var fps = ToDispose(new Common.FpsRenderer("Calibri", Color.CornflowerBlue, new Point(8, 8), 16));
fps.Initialize(this);
// Create and initialize a general purpose Direct2D text renderer
// This will display some instructions and the current view and rotation offsets
var textRenderer = ToDispose(new Common.TextRenderer("Calibri", Color.CornflowerBlue, new Point(8, 40), 12));
textRenderer.Initialize(this);
#endregion
// Initialize the world matrix
var worldMatrix = Matrix.Identity;
// Set the camera position
var cameraPosition = new Vector3(1, 1, 2);
var cameraTarget = Vector3.Zero; // Looking at the origin 0,0,0
var cameraUp = Vector3.UnitY; // Y+ is Up
// Prepare matrices
// Create the view matrix from our camera position, look target and up direction
var viewMatrix = Matrix.LookAtRH(cameraPosition, cameraTarget, cameraUp);
viewMatrix.TranslationVector += new Vector3(0, -0.98f, 0);
// Create the projection matrix
/* FoV 60degrees = Pi/3 radians */
// Aspect ratio (based on window size), Near clip, Far clip
var projectionMatrix = Matrix.PerspectiveFovRH((float)Math.PI / 3f, Width / (float)Height, 0.5f, 100f);
// Maintain the correct aspect ratio on resize
Window.Resize += (s, e) =>
{
projectionMatrix = Matrix.PerspectiveFovRH((float)Math.PI / 3f, Width / (float)Height, 0.5f, 100f);
};
#region Rotation and window event handlers
// Create a rotation vector to keep track of the rotation
// around each of the axes
var rotation = new Vector3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
// We will call this action to update text
// for the text renderer
Action updateText = () =>
{
textRenderer.Text =
String.Format("Rotation ({0}) (Up/Down Left/Right Wheel+-)\nView ({1}) (A/D, W/S, Shift+Wheel+-)"
+ "\nPress X to reinitialize the device and resources (device ptr: {2})"
+ "\nPress Z to show/hide depth buffer - Press F to toggle wireframe"
+ "\nPress 1,2,3,4 to switch shaders",
rotation,
viewMatrix.TranslationVector,
DeviceManager.Direct3DDevice.NativePointer);
};
Dictionary<Keys, bool> keyToggles = new Dictionary<Keys, bool>();
keyToggles[Keys.Z] = false;
keyToggles[Keys.F] = false;
// Support keyboard/mouse input to rotate or move camera view
var moveFactor = 0.02f; // how much to change on each keypress
var shiftKey = false;
var ctrlKey = false;
var background = Color.White;
Window.KeyDown += (s, e) =>
{
var context = DeviceManager.Direct3DContext;
shiftKey = e.Shift;
ctrlKey = e.Control;
switch (e.KeyCode)
{
// WASD -> pans view
case Keys.A:
viewMatrix.TranslationVector += new Vector3(moveFactor * 2, 0f, 0f);
break;
case Keys.D:
viewMatrix.TranslationVector -= new Vector3(moveFactor * 2, 0f, 0f);
break;
case Keys.S:
if (shiftKey)
viewMatrix.TranslationVector += new Vector3(0f, moveFactor * 2, 0f);
else
viewMatrix.TranslationVector -= new Vector3(0f, 0f, 1) * moveFactor * 2;
break;
case Keys.W:
if (shiftKey)
viewMatrix.TranslationVector -= new Vector3(0f, moveFactor * 2, 0f);
else
viewMatrix.TranslationVector += new Vector3(0f, 0f, 1) * moveFactor * 2;
break;
// Up/Down and Left/Right - rotates around X / Y respectively
// (Mouse wheel rotates around Z)
case Keys.Down:
worldMatrix *= Matrix.RotationX(moveFactor);
rotation += new Vector3(moveFactor, 0f, 0f);
break;
case Keys.Up:
worldMatrix *= Matrix.RotationX(-moveFactor);
rotation -= new Vector3(moveFactor, 0f, 0f);
break;
case Keys.Left:
worldMatrix *= Matrix.RotationY(moveFactor);
rotation += new Vector3(0f, moveFactor, 0f);
break;
case Keys.Right:
worldMatrix *= Matrix.RotationY(-moveFactor);
rotation -= new Vector3(0f, moveFactor, 0f);
break;
case Keys.T:
fps.Show = !fps.Show;
textRenderer.Show = !textRenderer.Show;
break;
case Keys.B:
if (background == Color.White)
{
background = new Color(30, 30, 34);
}
else
{
background = Color.White;
}
break;
case Keys.G:
axisGrid.Show = !axisGrid.Show;
break;
case Keys.P:
// Pause or resume mesh animation
meshes.ForEach(m => {
if (m.Clock.IsRunning)
m.Clock.Stop();
else
m.Clock.Start();
});
break;
case Keys.X:
// To test for correct resource recreation
// Simulate device reset or lost.
System.Diagnostics.Debug.WriteLine(SharpDX.Diagnostics.ObjectTracker.ReportActiveObjects());
DeviceManager.Initialize(DeviceManager.Dpi);
System.Diagnostics.Debug.WriteLine(SharpDX.Diagnostics.ObjectTracker.ReportActiveObjects());
break;
case Keys.Z:
keyToggles[Keys.Z] = !keyToggles[Keys.Z];
if (keyToggles[Keys.Z])
{
context.PixelShader.Set(depthPixelShader);
}
else
{
context.PixelShader.Set(pixelShader);
}
break;
case Keys.F:
keyToggles[Keys.F] = !keyToggles[Keys.F];
RasterizerStateDescription rasterDesc;
if (context.Rasterizer.State != null)
rasterDesc = context.Rasterizer.State.Description;
else
rasterDesc = new RasterizerStateDescription()
{
CullMode = CullMode.Back,
FillMode = FillMode.Solid
};
if (keyToggles[Keys.F])
{
rasterDesc.FillMode = FillMode.Wireframe;
context.Rasterizer.State = ToDispose(new RasterizerState(context.Device, rasterDesc));
}
else
{
rasterDesc.FillMode = FillMode.Solid;
context.Rasterizer.State = ToDispose(new RasterizerState(context.Device, rasterDesc));
}
break;
case Keys.D1:
context.PixelShader.Set(pixelShader);
break;
case Keys.D2:
context.PixelShader.Set(lambertShader);
break;
case Keys.D3:
context.PixelShader.Set(phongShader);
break;
case Keys.D4:
context.PixelShader.Set(blinnPhongShader);
break;
}
updateText();
};
Window.KeyUp += (s, e) =>
{
// Clear the shift/ctrl keys so they aren't sticky
if (e.KeyCode == Keys.ShiftKey)
shiftKey = false;
if (e.KeyCode == Keys.ControlKey)
ctrlKey = false;
};
Window.MouseWheel += (s, e) =>
{
if (shiftKey)
{
// Zoom in/out
viewMatrix.TranslationVector += new Vector3(0f, 0f, (e.Delta / 120f) * moveFactor * 2);
}
else
{
// rotate around Z-axis
viewMatrix *= Matrix.RotationZ((e.Delta / 120f) * moveFactor);
rotation += new Vector3(0f, 0f, (e.Delta / 120f) * moveFactor);
}
updateText();
};
var lastX = 0;
var lastY = 0;
Window.MouseDown += (s, e) =>
{
if (e.Button == MouseButtons.Left)
{
lastX = e.X;
lastY = e.Y;
}
};
Window.MouseMove += (s, e) =>
{
if (e.Button == MouseButtons.Left)
{
var yRotate = lastX - e.X;
var xRotate = lastY - e.Y;
lastY = e.Y;
lastX = e.X;
// Mouse move changes
viewMatrix *= Matrix.RotationX(-xRotate * moveFactor);
viewMatrix *= Matrix.RotationY(-yRotate * moveFactor);
updateText();
}
};
// Display instructions with initial values
updateText();
#endregion
var clock = new System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch();
clock.Start();
#region Render loop
// Create and run the render loop
RenderLoop.Run(Window, () =>
{
// Start of frame:
// Retrieve immediate context
var context = DeviceManager.Direct3DContext;
// Clear depth stencil view
context.ClearDepthStencilView(DepthStencilView, DepthStencilClearFlags.Depth | DepthStencilClearFlags.Stencil, 1.0f, 0);
// Clear render target view
context.ClearRenderTargetView(RenderTargetView, background);
// Create viewProjection matrix
var viewProjection = Matrix.Multiply(viewMatrix, projectionMatrix);
// Extract camera position from view
var camPosition = Matrix.Transpose(Matrix.Invert(viewMatrix)).Column4;
cameraPosition = new Vector3(camPosition.X, camPosition.Y, camPosition.Z);
// If Keys.CtrlKey is down, auto rotate viewProjection based on time
var time = clock.ElapsedMilliseconds / 1000.0f;
if (ctrlKey)
{
viewProjection = Matrix.RotationY(time * 1.8f) * Matrix.RotationX(time * 1f) * Matrix.RotationZ(time * 0.6f) * viewProjection;
}
var worldRotation = Matrix.RotationAxis(Vector3.UnitY, time);
var perFrame = new ConstantBuffers.PerFrame();
perFrame.Light.Color = new Color(0.8f, 0.8f, 0.8f, 1.0f);
var lightDir = Vector3.Transform(new Vector3(1f, -1f, -1f), worldMatrix);
perFrame.Light.Direction = new Vector3(lightDir.X, lightDir.Y, lightDir.Z);// new Vector3(Vector3.Transform(new Vector3(1f, -1f, 1f), worldMatrix * worldRotation).ToArray().Take(3).ToArray());
perFrame.CameraPosition = cameraPosition;
context.UpdateSubresource(ref perFrame, perFrameBuffer);
// Render each object
var perMaterial = new ConstantBuffers.PerMaterial();
perMaterial.Ambient = new Color4(0.2f);
perMaterial.Diffuse = Color.White;
perMaterial.Emissive = new Color4(0);
perMaterial.Specular = Color.White;
perMaterial.SpecularPower = 20f;
perMaterial.HasTexture = 0;
perMaterial.UVTransform = Matrix.Identity;
context.UpdateSubresource(ref perMaterial, perMaterialBuffer);
var perObject = new ConstantBuffers.PerObject();
foreach (var m in meshes)
{
// MESH
perObject.World = m.World * worldMatrix;
perObject.WorldInverseTranspose = Matrix.Transpose(Matrix.Invert(perObject.World));
perObject.WorldViewProjection = perObject.World * viewProjection;
perObject.Transpose();
context.UpdateSubresource(ref perObject, perObjectBuffer);
// Provide the material constant buffer to the mesh renderer
m.PerMaterialBuffer = perMaterialBuffer;
m.PerArmatureBuffer = perArmatureBuffer;
m.Render();
}
// AXIS GRID
using (var prevPixelShader = context.PixelShader.Get())
{
perMaterial.HasTexture = 0;
perMaterial.UVTransform = Matrix.Identity;
context.UpdateSubresource(ref perMaterial, perMaterialBuffer);
context.PixelShader.Set(pixelShader);
perObject.World = worldMatrix;
perObject.WorldInverseTranspose = Matrix.Transpose(Matrix.Invert(perObject.World));
perObject.WorldViewProjection = perObject.World * viewProjection;
perObject.Transpose();
context.UpdateSubresource(ref perObject, perObjectBuffer);
axisGrid.Render();
context.PixelShader.Set(prevPixelShader);
}
// Render FPS
fps.Render();
// Render instructions + position changes
textRenderer.Render();
// Present the frame
Present();
});
#endregion
}
public override void Run()
{
#region Create renderers
// Note: the renderers take care of creating their own
// device resources and listen for DeviceManager.OnInitialize
// Create a axis-grid renderer
var axisGrid = ToDispose(new AxisGridRenderer());
axisGrid.Initialize(this);
// Create and initialize the mesh renderer
var loadedMesh = Common.Mesh.LoadFromFile("Character.cmo");
List <MeshRenderer> meshes = new List <MeshRenderer>();
meshes.AddRange((from mesh in loadedMesh
select ToDispose(new MeshRenderer(mesh))));
foreach (var m in meshes)
{
m.Initialize(this);
m.World = Matrix.Identity;
}
// Set the first animation as the current animation and start clock
foreach (var m in meshes)
{
if (m.Mesh.Animations != null && m.Mesh.Animations.Any())
{
m.CurrentAnimation = m.Mesh.Animations.First().Value;
}
m.Clock.Start();
}
// Create and initialize a Direct2D FPS text renderer
var fps = ToDispose(new Common.FpsRenderer("Calibri", Color.CornflowerBlue, new Point(8, 8), 16));
fps.Initialize(this);
// Create and initialize a general purpose Direct2D text renderer
// This will display some instructions and the current view and rotation offsets
var textRenderer = ToDispose(new Common.TextRenderer("Calibri", Color.CornflowerBlue, new Point(8, 40), 12));
textRenderer.Initialize(this);
#endregion
// Initialize the world matrix
var worldMatrix = Matrix.Identity;
// Set the camera position
var cameraPosition = new Vector3(1, 1, 2);
var cameraTarget = Vector3.Zero; // Looking at the origin 0,0,0
var cameraUp = Vector3.UnitY; // Y+ is Up
// Prepare matrices
// Create the view matrix from our camera position, look target and up direction
var viewMatrix = Matrix.LookAtRH(cameraPosition, cameraTarget, cameraUp);
viewMatrix.TranslationVector += new Vector3(0, -0.98f, 0);
// Create the projection matrix
/* FoV 60degrees = Pi/3 radians */
// Aspect ratio (based on window size), Near clip, Far clip
var projectionMatrix = Matrix.PerspectiveFovRH((float)Math.PI / 3f, Width / (float)Height, 0.5f, 100f);
// Maintain the correct aspect ratio on resize
Window.Resize += (s, e) =>
{
projectionMatrix = Matrix.PerspectiveFovRH((float)Math.PI / 3f, Width / (float)Height, 0.5f, 100f);
};
#region Rotation and window event handlers
// Create a rotation vector to keep track of the rotation
// around each of the axes
var rotation = new Vector3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
// We will call this action to update text
// for the text renderer
Action updateText = () =>
{
textRenderer.Text =
String.Format("Rotation ({0}) (Up/Down Left/Right Wheel+-)\nView ({1}) (A/D, W/S, Shift+Wheel+-)"
+ "\nPress X to reinitialize the device and resources (device ptr: {2})"
+ "\nPress Z to show/hide depth buffer - Press F to toggle wireframe"
+ "\nPress 1,2,3,4 to switch shaders",
rotation,
viewMatrix.TranslationVector,
DeviceManager.Direct3DDevice.NativePointer);
};
Dictionary <Keys, bool> keyToggles = new Dictionary <Keys, bool>();
keyToggles[Keys.Z] = false;
keyToggles[Keys.F] = false;
// Support keyboard/mouse input to rotate or move camera view
var moveFactor = 0.02f; // how much to change on each keypress
var shiftKey = false;
var ctrlKey = false;
var background = Color.White;
Window.KeyDown += (s, e) =>
{
var context = DeviceManager.Direct3DContext;
shiftKey = e.Shift;
ctrlKey = e.Control;
switch (e.KeyCode)
{
// WASD -> pans view
case Keys.A:
viewMatrix.TranslationVector += new Vector3(moveFactor * 2, 0f, 0f);
break;
case Keys.D:
viewMatrix.TranslationVector -= new Vector3(moveFactor * 2, 0f, 0f);
break;
case Keys.S:
if (shiftKey)
{
viewMatrix.TranslationVector += new Vector3(0f, moveFactor * 2, 0f);
}
else
{
viewMatrix.TranslationVector -= new Vector3(0f, 0f, 1) * moveFactor * 2;
}
break;
case Keys.W:
if (shiftKey)
{
viewMatrix.TranslationVector -= new Vector3(0f, moveFactor * 2, 0f);
}
else
{
viewMatrix.TranslationVector += new Vector3(0f, 0f, 1) * moveFactor * 2;
}
break;
// Up/Down and Left/Right - rotates around X / Y respectively
// (Mouse wheel rotates around Z)
case Keys.Down:
worldMatrix *= Matrix.RotationX(moveFactor);
rotation += new Vector3(moveFactor, 0f, 0f);
break;
case Keys.Up:
worldMatrix *= Matrix.RotationX(-moveFactor);
rotation -= new Vector3(moveFactor, 0f, 0f);
break;
case Keys.Left:
worldMatrix *= Matrix.RotationY(moveFactor);
rotation += new Vector3(0f, moveFactor, 0f);
break;
case Keys.Right:
worldMatrix *= Matrix.RotationY(-moveFactor);
rotation -= new Vector3(0f, moveFactor, 0f);
break;
case Keys.T:
fps.Show = !fps.Show;
textRenderer.Show = !textRenderer.Show;
break;
case Keys.B:
if (background == Color.White)
{
background = new Color(30, 30, 34);
}
else
{
background = Color.White;
}
break;
case Keys.G:
axisGrid.Show = !axisGrid.Show;
break;
case Keys.P:
// Pause or resume mesh animation
meshes.ForEach(m => {
if (m.Clock.IsRunning)
{
m.Clock.Stop();
}
else
{
m.Clock.Start();
}
});
break;
case Keys.X:
// To test for correct resource recreation
// Simulate device reset or lost.
System.Diagnostics.Debug.WriteLine(SharpDX.Diagnostics.ObjectTracker.ReportActiveObjects());
DeviceManager.Initialize(DeviceManager.Dpi);
System.Diagnostics.Debug.WriteLine(SharpDX.Diagnostics.ObjectTracker.ReportActiveObjects());
break;
case Keys.Z:
keyToggles[Keys.Z] = !keyToggles[Keys.Z];
if (keyToggles[Keys.Z])
{
context.PixelShader.Set(depthPixelShader);
}
else
{
context.PixelShader.Set(pixelShader);
}
break;
case Keys.F:
keyToggles[Keys.F] = !keyToggles[Keys.F];
RasterizerStateDescription rasterDesc;
if (context.Rasterizer.State != null)
{
rasterDesc = context.Rasterizer.State.Description;
}
else
{
rasterDesc = new RasterizerStateDescription()
{
CullMode = CullMode.Back,
FillMode = FillMode.Solid
}
};
if (keyToggles[Keys.F])
{
rasterDesc.FillMode = FillMode.Wireframe;
context.Rasterizer.State = ToDispose(new RasterizerState(context.Device, rasterDesc));
}
else
{
rasterDesc.FillMode = FillMode.Solid;
context.Rasterizer.State = ToDispose(new RasterizerState(context.Device, rasterDesc));
}
break;
case Keys.D1:
context.PixelShader.Set(pixelShader);
break;
case Keys.D2:
context.PixelShader.Set(lambertShader);
break;
case Keys.D3:
context.PixelShader.Set(phongShader);
break;
case Keys.D4:
context.PixelShader.Set(blinnPhongShader);
break;
}
updateText();
};
Window.KeyUp += (s, e) =>
{
// Clear the shift/ctrl keys so they aren't sticky
if (e.KeyCode == Keys.ShiftKey)
{
shiftKey = false;
}
if (e.KeyCode == Keys.ControlKey)
{
ctrlKey = false;
}
};
Window.MouseWheel += (s, e) =>
{
if (shiftKey)
{
// Zoom in/out
viewMatrix.TranslationVector += new Vector3(0f, 0f, (e.Delta / 120f) * moveFactor * 2);
}
else
{
// rotate around Z-axis
viewMatrix *= Matrix.RotationZ((e.Delta / 120f) * moveFactor);
rotation += new Vector3(0f, 0f, (e.Delta / 120f) * moveFactor);
}
updateText();
};
var lastX = 0;
var lastY = 0;
Window.MouseDown += (s, e) =>
{
if (e.Button == MouseButtons.Left)
{
lastX = e.X;
lastY = e.Y;
}
};
Window.MouseMove += (s, e) =>
{
if (e.Button == MouseButtons.Left)
{
var yRotate = lastX - e.X;
var xRotate = lastY - e.Y;
lastY = e.Y;
lastX = e.X;
// Mouse move changes
viewMatrix *= Matrix.RotationX(-xRotate * moveFactor);
viewMatrix *= Matrix.RotationY(-yRotate * moveFactor);
updateText();
}
};
// Display instructions with initial values
updateText();
#endregion
var clock = new System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch();
clock.Start();
#region Render loop
// Create and run the render loop
RenderLoop.Run(Window, () =>
{
// Start of frame:
// Retrieve immediate context
var context = DeviceManager.Direct3DContext;
// Clear depth stencil view
context.ClearDepthStencilView(DepthStencilView, DepthStencilClearFlags.Depth | DepthStencilClearFlags.Stencil, 1.0f, 0);
// Clear render target view
context.ClearRenderTargetView(RenderTargetView, background);
// Create viewProjection matrix
var viewProjection = Matrix.Multiply(viewMatrix, projectionMatrix);
// Extract camera position from view
var camPosition = Matrix.Transpose(Matrix.Invert(viewMatrix)).Column4;
cameraPosition = new Vector3(camPosition.X, camPosition.Y, camPosition.Z);
// If Keys.CtrlKey is down, auto rotate viewProjection based on time
var time = clock.ElapsedMilliseconds / 1000.0f;
if (ctrlKey)
{
viewProjection = Matrix.RotationY(time * 1.8f) * Matrix.RotationX(time * 1f) * Matrix.RotationZ(time * 0.6f) * viewProjection;
}
var worldRotation = Matrix.RotationAxis(Vector3.UnitY, time);
var perFrame = new ConstantBuffers.PerFrame();
perFrame.Light.Color = new Color(0.8f, 0.8f, 0.8f, 1.0f);
var lightDir = Vector3.Transform(new Vector3(1f, -1f, -1f), worldMatrix);
perFrame.Light.Direction = new Vector3(lightDir.X, lightDir.Y, lightDir.Z);// new Vector3(Vector3.Transform(new Vector3(1f, -1f, 1f), worldMatrix * worldRotation).ToArray().Take(3).ToArray());
perFrame.CameraPosition = cameraPosition;
context.UpdateSubresource(ref perFrame, perFrameBuffer);
// Render each object
var perMaterial = new ConstantBuffers.PerMaterial();
perMaterial.Ambient = new Color4(0.2f);
perMaterial.Diffuse = Color.White;
perMaterial.Emissive = new Color4(0);
perMaterial.Specular = Color.White;
perMaterial.SpecularPower = 20f;
perMaterial.HasTexture = 0;
perMaterial.UVTransform = Matrix.Identity;
context.UpdateSubresource(ref perMaterial, perMaterialBuffer);
var perObject = new ConstantBuffers.PerObject();
foreach (var m in meshes)
{
// MESH
perObject.World = m.World * worldMatrix;
perObject.WorldInverseTranspose = Matrix.Transpose(Matrix.Invert(perObject.World));
perObject.WorldViewProjection = perObject.World * viewProjection;
perObject.Transpose();
context.UpdateSubresource(ref perObject, perObjectBuffer);
// Provide the material constant buffer to the mesh renderer
m.PerMaterialBuffer = perMaterialBuffer;
m.PerArmatureBuffer = perArmatureBuffer;
m.Render();
}
// AXIS GRID
using (var prevPixelShader = context.PixelShader.Get())
{
perMaterial.HasTexture = 0;
perMaterial.UVTransform = Matrix.Identity;
context.UpdateSubresource(ref perMaterial, perMaterialBuffer);
context.PixelShader.Set(pixelShader);
perObject.World = worldMatrix;
perObject.WorldInverseTranspose = Matrix.Transpose(Matrix.Invert(perObject.World));
perObject.WorldViewProjection = perObject.World * viewProjection;
perObject.Transpose();
context.UpdateSubresource(ref perObject, perObjectBuffer);
axisGrid.Render();
context.PixelShader.Set(prevPixelShader);
}
// Render FPS
fps.Render();
// Render instructions + position changes
textRenderer.Render();
// Present the frame
Present();
});
#endregion
}