protected override void Parse()
{
var numHeaders = base.ReadVarInt();
if (numHeaders > MaxHeaders)
{
throw new ProtocolException("Too many headers: got " + numHeaders + " which is larger than " + MaxHeaders);
}
BlockHeaders = new List<Block>();
for (var i = 0UL; i < numHeaders; ++i)
{
// Read 80 bytes of the header and one more byte for the transaction list, which is always a 00 because the
// transaction list is empty.
var blockHeaderBytes = base.ReadBytes(81);
if (blockHeaderBytes[80] != 0)
{
throw new ProtocolException("Block header does not end with a null byte");
}
var newBlockHeader = new Block(this.NetworkParameters, blockHeaderBytes);
BlockHeaders.Add(newBlockHeader);
}
if (!Log.IsDebugEnabled) return;
foreach (var blockHeader in BlockHeaders)
{
Log.Debug(blockHeader);
}
}
public override void OnBlocksDownloaded(Peer peer, Block block, int blocksLeft)
{
if (blocksLeft == 0)
{
DoneDownload();
_done.Release();
}
if (blocksLeft < 0 || _originalBlocksLeft <= 0)
return;
var pct = 100.0 - (100.0 * (blocksLeft / (double)_originalBlocksLeft));
if ((int)pct != _lastPercent)
{
Progress(pct, UnixTime.FromUnixTime(block.TimeSeconds * 1000));
_lastPercent = (int)pct;
}
}
public void TestBadTransactions()
{
var block = new Block(_params, _blockBytes);
// Re-arrange so the coinbase transaction is not first.
var tx1 = block.Transactions[0];
var tx2 = block.Transactions[1];
block.Transactions[0] = tx2;
block.Transactions[1] = tx1;
try
{
block.Verify();
Assert.Fail();
}
catch (VerificationException)
{
// We should get here.
}
}
public void TestJavaSerialiazation()
{
var block = new Block(_params, _blockBytes);
var tx = block.Transactions[1];
// Serialize using Java.
byte[] javaBits;
using (var bos = new MemoryStream())
{
var oos = new BinaryFormatter();
oos.Serialize(bos, tx);
javaBits = bos.ToArray();
}
// Deserialize again.
Transaction tx2;
using (var bos = new MemoryStream(javaBits))
{
var ois = new BinaryFormatter();
tx2 = (Transaction) ois.Deserialize(bos);
}
// Note that this will actually check the transactions are equal by doing BitCoin serialization and checking
// the byte streams are the same! A true "deep equals" is not implemented for Transaction. The primary purpose
// of this test is to ensure no errors occur during the Java serialization/deserialization process.
Assert.AreEqual(tx, tx2);
}
private static Block CreateGenesis(NetworkParameters networkParameters)
{
var genesisBlock = new Block(networkParameters);
var transaction = new Transaction(networkParameters);
// A script containing the difficulty bits and the following message:
// "The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks"
var bytes = Hex.Decode("04ffff001d0104455468652054696d65732030332f4a616e2f32303039204368616e63656c6c6f72206f6e206272696e6b206f66207365636f6e64206261696c6f757420666f722062616e6b73");
transaction.AddInput(new TransactionInput(networkParameters, transaction, bytes));
using (var scriptPubKeyBytes = new MemoryStream())
{
Script.WriteBytes(scriptPubKeyBytes,Hex.Decode("04678afdb0fe5548271967f1a67130b7105cd6a828e03909a67962e0ea1f61deb649f6bc3f4cef38c4f35504e51ec112de5c384df7ba0b8d578a4c702b6bf11d5f"));
scriptPubKeyBytes.Write(Script.OpCheckSig);
transaction.AddOutput(new TransactionOutput(networkParameters, transaction, scriptPubKeyBytes.ToArray()));
}
genesisBlock.AddTransaction(transaction);
return genesisBlock;
}
public HeadersMessage(NetworkParameters @params, Block headers)
: base(@params)
{
BlockHeaders = new List<Block>() { headers };
}
private static Block GetBlock1()
{
var b1 = new Block(_testNet);
b1.MerkleRoot = new Sha256Hash(Hex.Decode("0e8e58ecdacaa7b3c6304a35ae4ffff964816d2b80b62b58558866ce4e648c10"));
b1.Nonce = 236038445;
b1.TimeSeconds = 1296734340;
b1.PreviousBlockHash = new Sha256Hash(Hex.Decode("00000007199508e34a9ff81e6ec0c477a4cccff2a4767a8eee39c11db367b008"));
Assert.AreEqual("000000033cc282bc1fa9dcae7a533263fd7fe66490f550d80076433340831604", b1.HashAsString);
b1.VerifyHeader();
return b1;
}
public void TestHeaderParse()
{
var block = new Block(_params, _blockBytes);
var header = block.CloneAsHeader();
var reparsed = new Block(_params, header.BitcoinSerialize());
Assert.AreEqual(reparsed, header);
}
public void TestBitCoinSerialization()
{
// We have to be able to re-serialize everything exactly as we found it for hashing to work. This test also
// proves that transaction serialization works, along with all its sub-objects like scripts and in/outpoints.
//
// NB: This tests the BITCOIN proprietary serialization protocol. A different test checks Java serialization
// of transactions.
var block = new Block(_params, _blockBytes);
Assert.IsTrue(_blockBytes.SequenceEqual(block.BitcoinSerialize()));
}
/// <summary>
/// Creates a new StoredBlock, calculating the additional fields by adding to the values in this block.
/// </summary>
/// <exception cref="VerificationException"/>
public StoredBlock Build(Block block)
{
// Stored blocks track total work done in this chain, because the canonical chain is the one that represents
// the largest amount of work done not the tallest.
var chainWork = _chainWork.Add(block.GetWork());
var height = _height + 1;
return new StoredBlock(block.CloneAsHeader(), chainWork, height);
}
public StoredBlock(Block blockHeader, BigInteger chainWork, uint height)
{
_blockHeader = blockHeader;
_chainWork = chainWork;
_height = height;
}
/// <summary>
/// For the transactions in the given block, update the txToWalletMap such that each wallet maps to a list of
/// transactions for which it is relevant.
/// </summary>
/// <exception cref="VerificationException" />
private void ScanTransactions(Block block, IDictionary<IDefaultWallet, List<Transaction>> walletToTransactionMap)
{
foreach (var transaction in block.Transactions)
{
try
{
foreach (var wallet in _wallets)
{
var shouldReceive =
transaction.TransactionOutputs.Where(output => !output.ScriptPublicKey.IsSentToIp)
.Any(output => output.IsMine(wallet));
// Coinbase transactions don't have anything useful in their inputs (as they create coins out of thin air).
if (!shouldReceive && !transaction.IsCoinBase)
{
foreach (var transactionInput in transaction.TransactionInputs)
{
var publicKey = transactionInput.ScriptSig.PublicKey;
// This is not thread safe as a key could be removed between the call to isPubKeyMine and receive.
if (wallet.IsPublicKeyMine(publicKey))
{
shouldReceive = true;
}
}
}
if (!shouldReceive) continue;
List<Transaction> transactions;
if (!walletToTransactionMap.TryGetValue(wallet, out transactions))
{
transactions = new List<Transaction>();
walletToTransactionMap[wallet] = transactions;
}
transactions.Add(transaction);
}
}
catch (ScriptException e)
{
// We don't want scripts we don't understand to break the block chain so just note that this tx was
// not scanned here and continue.
Log.Warn("Failed to parse a script: " + e);
}
}
}
/// <exception cref="BitcoinSharp.Blockchain.Store.BlockStoreException" />
/// <exception cref="VerificationException" />
/// <exception cref="ScriptException" />
private bool Add(Block block, bool tryConnecting)
{
lock (this)
{
if (Environment.TickCount - _statsLastTime > 1000)
{
// More than a second passed since last stats logging.
Log.InfoFormat("{0} blocks per second", _statsBlocksAdded);
_statsLastTime = Environment.TickCount;
_statsBlocksAdded = 0;
}
// We check only the chain head for double adds here to avoid potentially expensive block chain misses.
if (block.Equals(_chainHead.BlockHeader))
{
// Duplicate add of the block at the top of the chain, can be a natural artifact of the download process.
return true;
}
// Does this block contain any transactions we might care about? Check this up front before verifying the
// blocks validity so we can skip the merkle root verification if the contents aren't interesting. This saves
// a lot of time for big blocks.
var contentsImportant = false;
var walletToTransactionMap = new Dictionary<IDefaultWallet, List<Transaction>>();
if (block.Transactions != null)
{
ScanTransactions(block, walletToTransactionMap);
contentsImportant = walletToTransactionMap.Count > 0;
}
// Prove the block is internally valid: hash is lower than target, etc. This only checks the block contents
// if there is a tx sending or receiving coins using an address in one of our wallets. And those transactions
// are only lightly verified: presence in a valid connecting block is taken as proof of validity. See the
// article here for more details: http://code.google.com/p/bitcoinj/wiki/SecurityModel
try
{
block.VerifyHeader();
if (contentsImportant)
block.VerifyTransactions();
}
catch (VerificationException e)
{
Log.Error("Failed to verify block:", e);
Log.Error(block.HashAsString);
throw;
}
// Try linking it to a place in the currently known blocks.
var previousStoredBlock = _blockStore.Get(block.PreviousBlockHash);
if (previousStoredBlock == null)
{
// We can't find the previous block. Probably we are still in the process of downloading the chain and a
// block was solved whilst we were doing it. We put it to one side and try to connect it later when we
// have more blocks.
Log.WarnFormat("Block does not connect: {0}", block.HashAsString);
_unconnectedBlocks.Add(block);
return false;
}
// It connects to somewhere on the chain. Not necessarily the top of the best known chain.
//
// Create a new StoredBlock from this block. It will throw away the transaction data so when block goes
// out of scope we will reclaim the used memory.
var newStoredBlock = previousStoredBlock.Build(block);
CheckDifficultyTransitions(previousStoredBlock, newStoredBlock);
_blockStore.Put(newStoredBlock);
ConnectBlock(newStoredBlock, previousStoredBlock, walletToTransactionMap);
if (tryConnecting)
TryConnectingUnconnected();
_statsBlocksAdded++;
return true;
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Processes a received block and tries to add it to the chain. If there's something wrong with the block an
/// exception is thrown. If the block is OK but cannot be connected to the chain at this time, returns false.
/// If the block can be connected to the chain, returns true.
/// </summary>
/// <exception cref="VerificationException" />
/// <exception cref="ScriptException" />
public bool Add(Block block)
{
lock (this)
{
return Add(block, true);
}
}
public void TestProofOfWork()
{
// This params accepts any difficulty target.
var @params = NetworkParameters.UnitTests();
var block = new Block(@params, _blockBytes);
block.Nonce = 12346;
try
{
block.Verify();
Assert.Fail();
}
catch (VerificationException)
{
// Expected.
}
// Blocks contain their own difficulty target. The BlockChain verification mechanism is what stops real blocks
// from containing artificially weak difficulties.
block.TargetDifficulty = Block.EasiestDifficultyTarget;
// Now it should pass.
block.Verify();
// Break the nonce again at the lower difficulty level so we can try solving for it.
block.Nonce = 1;
try
{
block.Verify();
Assert.Fail();
}
catch (VerificationException)
{
// Expected to fail as the nonce is no longer correct.
}
// Should find an acceptable nonce.
block.Solve();
block.Verify();
Assert.AreEqual(block.Nonce, 2U);
}
public virtual void OnBlocksDownloaded(Peer peer, Block block, int blocksLeft)
{
}
/// <exception cref="System.IO.IOException"/>
/// <exception cref="BlockStoreException"/>
private void Load(FileInfo file)
{
_log.InfoFormat("Reading block store from {0}", file);
using (var input = file.OpenRead())
{
// Read a version byte.
var version = input.Read();
if (version == -1)
{
// No such file or the file was empty.
throw new FileNotFoundException(file.Name + " does not exist or is empty");
}
if (version != 1)
{
throw new BlockStoreException("Bad version number: " + version);
}
// Chain head pointer is the first thing in the file.
var chainHeadHash = new byte[32];
if (StreamExtensions.Read(input, chainHeadHash) < chainHeadHash.Length)
throw new BlockStoreException("Truncated block store: cannot read chain head hash");
_chainHead = new Sha256Hash(chainHeadHash);
_log.InfoFormat("Read chain head from disk: {0}", _chainHead);
var now = Environment.TickCount;
// Rest of file is raw block headers.
var headerBytes = new byte[Block.HeaderSize];
try
{
while (true)
{
// Read a block from disk.
if (StreamExtensions.Read(input, headerBytes) < 80)
{
// End of file.
break;
}
// Parse it.
var b = new Block(_params, headerBytes);
// Look up the previous block it connects to.
var prev = Get(b.PreviousBlockHash);
StoredBlock s;
if (prev == null)
{
// First block in the stored chain has to be treated specially.
if (b.Equals(_params.GenesisBlock))
{
s = new StoredBlock(_params.GenesisBlock.CloneAsHeader(), _params.GenesisBlock.GetWork(), 0);
}
else
{
throw new BlockStoreException("Could not connect " + b.Hash + " to " + b.PreviousBlockHash);
}
}
else
{
// Don't try to verify the genesis block to avoid upsetting the unit tests.
b.VerifyHeader();
// Calculate its height and total chain work.
s = prev.Build(b);
}
// Save in memory.
_blockMap[b.Hash] = s;
}
}
catch (ProtocolException e)
{
// Corrupted file.
throw new BlockStoreException(e);
}
catch (VerificationException e)
{
// Should not be able to happen unless the file contains bad blocks.
throw new BlockStoreException(e);
}
var elapsed = Environment.TickCount - now;
_log.InfoFormat("Block chain read complete in {0}ms", elapsed);
}
}
public void TestBlockVerification()
{
var block = new Block(_params, _blockBytes);
block.Verify();
Assert.AreEqual("00000000a6e5eb79dcec11897af55e90cd571a4335383a3ccfbc12ec81085935", block.HashAsString);
}
/// <summary>
/// Returns a copy of the block, but without any transactions.
/// </summary>
public Block CloneAsHeader()
{
var block = new Block(NetworkParameters)
{
_nonce = _nonce,
_previousBlockHash = _previousBlockHash.Duplicate(),
_merkleRoot = MerkleRoot.Duplicate(),
_version = _version,
_time = _time,
_targetDifficulty = _targetDifficulty,
Transactions = null,
_hash = Hash.Duplicate()
};
return block;
}
public void TestBadDifficulty()
{
Assert.IsTrue(_testNetChain.Add(GetBlock1()));
var b2 = GetBlock2();
Assert.IsTrue(_testNetChain.Add(b2));
var params2 = NetworkParameters.TestNet();
var bad = new Block(params2);
// Merkle root can be anything here, doesn't matter.
bad.MerkleRoot = new Sha256Hash(Hex.Decode("aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"));
// Nonce was just some number that made the hash < difficulty limit set below, it can be anything.
bad.Nonce = 140548933;
bad.TimeSeconds = 1279242649;
bad.PreviousBlockHash = b2.Hash;
// We're going to make this block so easy 50% of solutions will pass, and check it gets rejected for having a
// bad difficulty target. Unfortunately the encoding mechanism means we cannot make one that accepts all
// solutions.
bad.TargetDifficulty = Block.EasiestDifficultyTarget;
try
{
_testNetChain.Add(bad);
// The difficulty target above should be rejected on the grounds of being easier than the networks
// allowable difficulty.
Assert.Fail();
}
catch (VerificationException e)
{
Assert.IsTrue(e.Message.IndexOf("Target difficulty is bad") >= 0, e.Message);
}
// Accept any level of difficulty now.
params2.ProofOfWorkLimit = new BigInteger("00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff", 16);
try
{
_testNetChain.Add(bad);
// We should not get here as the difficulty target should not be changing at this point.
Assert.Fail();
}
catch (VerificationException e)
{
Assert.IsTrue(e.Message.IndexOf("Unexpected change in difficulty") >= 0, e.Message);
}
// TODO: Test difficulty change is not out of range when a transition period becomes valid.
}
/// <summary>
/// Returns a solved block that builds on top of this one. This exists for unit tests.
/// </summary>
internal Block CreateNextBlock(Address toAddress, uint time)
{
var block = new Block(NetworkParameters) {TargetDifficulty = _targetDifficulty};
block.AddCoinbaseTransaction(EmptyBytes);
// Add a transaction paying 50 coins to the "to" address.
var transaction = new Transaction(NetworkParameters);
transaction.AddOutput(new TransactionOutput(NetworkParameters, transaction, Utils.ToNanoCoins(50, 0),
toAddress));
// The input does not really need to be a valid signature, as long as it has the right general form.
var input = new TransactionInput(NetworkParameters, transaction,
Script.CreateInputScript(EmptyBytes, EmptyBytes));
// Importantly the outpoint hash cannot be zero as that's how we detect a coinbase transaction in isolation
// but it must be unique to avoid 'different' transactions looking the same.
var counter = new byte[32];
counter[0] = (byte) _transactionCounter++;
input.Outpoint.Hash = new Sha256Hash(counter);
transaction.AddInput(input);
block.AddTransaction(transaction);
block.PreviousBlockHash = Hash;
block.TimeSeconds = time;
block.Solve();
block.VerifyHeader();
return block;
}
// Some blocks from the test net.
private static Block GetBlock2()
{
var b2 = new Block(_testNet);
b2.MerkleRoot = new Sha256Hash(Hex.Decode("addc858a17e21e68350f968ccd384d6439b64aafa6c193c8b9dd66320470838b"));
b2.Nonce = 2642058077;
b2.TimeSeconds = 1296734343;
b2.PreviousBlockHash = new Sha256Hash(Hex.Decode("000000033cc282bc1fa9dcae7a533263fd7fe66490f550d80076433340831604"));
Assert.AreEqual("000000037b21cac5d30fc6fda2581cf7b2612908aed2abbcc429c45b0557a15f", b2.HashAsString);
b2.VerifyHeader();
return b2;
}
/// <exception cref="BitcoinSharp.Blockchain.Store.BlockStoreException"/>
public static Block MakeSolvedTestBlock(NetworkParameters @params, Block prev)
{
var b = prev.CreateNextBlock(new EcKey().ToAddress(@params));
b.Solve();
return b;
}