/// <summary>
/// перебор дерева по веткам
/// </summary>
/// <param name="D_Node"></param>
/// <param name="D_B_N_C"></param>
/// <param name="l"></param>
public void recursion(DecisionNode D_Node, DecisionBranchNodeCollection D_B_N_C, int l)
{
int j;
if (D_B_N_C != null)
{
for (j = 0; j < D_B_N_C.Count; j++)
{
dinosaurs.Add(D_B_N_C[j].ToString());
str.AppendLine(D_B_N_C[j].ToString());
recursion(D_B_N_C[j].Parent, D_B_N_C[j].Branches, j);
}
dinosaurs.Add("E");
dinosaurs.Add(D_Node.ToString());
str.AppendLine("E");
str.AppendLine(D_Node.ToString());
}
str.AppendLine(D_Node.Branches[l].Output.ToString());
dinosaurs.Add(D_Node.Branches[l].Output.ToString());
dinosaurs.Add("WER");
str.AppendLine("WER");
dinosaurs.Add(D_Node.ToString());
str.AppendLine(D_Node.ToString());
}
/// <summary>
/// Computes the decision for a given input.
/// </summary>
///
/// <param name="input">The input data.</param>
///
/// <returns>A predicted class for the given input.</returns>
///
public int Compute(double[] input)
{
if (Root == null)
{
throw new InvalidOperationException();
}
DecisionNode current = Root;
// Start reasoning
while (current != null)
{
// Check if this is a leaf
if (current.IsLeaf)
{
// This is a leaf node. The decision
// proccess thus should stop here.
return(current.Output.Value);
}
// This node is not a leaf. Continue the
// decisioning proccess following the childs
// Get the next attribute to guide reasoning
int attribute = current.Branches.AttributeIndex;
// Check which child is responsible for dealing
// which the particular value of the attribute
DecisionNode nextNode = null;
foreach (DecisionNode branch in current.Branches)
{
if (branch.Compute(input[attribute]))
{
// This is the child node responsible for dealing
// which this particular attribute value. Choose it
// to continue reasoning.
nextNode = branch; break;
}
}
current = nextNode;
}
// Normal execution should not reach here.
throw new InvalidOperationException("The tree is degenerated.");
}
private TreeNode convert(DecisionNode node)
{
TreeNode treeNode = new TreeNode(node.ToString());
if (node.IsLeaf)
{
treeNode.Nodes.Add(new TreeNode(node.Output.ToString()));
}
else
{
foreach (var child in node.Branches)
treeNode.Nodes.Add(convert(child));
}
return treeNode;
}
/// <summary>
/// Post-order tree traversal method.
/// </summary>
///
/// <remarks>
/// Adapted from John Cowan (1998) recommendation.
/// </remarks>
///
public static IEnumerator <DecisionNode> PostOrder(DecisionNode tree)
{
var cursor = new Dictionary <DecisionNode, int>();
DecisionNode currentNode = tree;
while (currentNode != null)
{
// Move down to first child
DecisionNode nextNode = null;
if (currentNode.Branches != null)
{
nextNode = currentNode.Branches.FirstOrDefault();
}
if (nextNode != null)
{
currentNode = nextNode;
continue;
}
// No child nodes, so walk tree
while (currentNode != null)
{
yield return(currentNode); // post order
// Move to sibling if possible.
nextNode = GetNextSibling(cursor, currentNode);
if (nextNode != null)
{
currentNode = nextNode;
break;
}
// Move up
if (currentNode == nextNode)
{
currentNode = null;
}
else
{
currentNode = currentNode.Parent;
}
}
}
}
private void create(DecisionNode node, int depth)
{
string indent = new string(' ', depth * 4);
if (!node.IsLeaf)
{
int attributeIndex = node.Branches.AttributeIndex;
// Create all comparison expressions
for (int i = 0; i < node.Branches.Count; i++)
{
DecisionNode child = node.Branches[i];
string cmp = ComparisonExtensions.ToString(child.Comparison);
if (i == 0)
{
writer.Write(indent + "if ");
}
else
{
writer.Write(indent + "else if ");
}
string value = child.Value.Value.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
writer.Write("(input[{0}] {1} {2}) {{", attributeIndex, cmp, value);
writer.WriteLine();
create(child, depth + 1);
writer.WriteLine(indent + "}");
}
writer.WriteLine(indent + "else throw new ArgumentException(\"input\", \"Unexpected value at position " + attributeIndex + ".\");");
}
else // node is a leaf
{
if (node.Output.HasValue)
{
string value = node.Output.Value.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
writer.WriteLine(indent + "return " + value + ";");
}
else
{
writer.WriteLine(indent + "return -1;");
}
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Depth-first traversal method.
/// </summary>
///
public static IEnumerator<DecisionNode> DepthFirst(DecisionNode tree)
{
if (tree == null)
yield break;
var stack = new Stack<DecisionNode>(new[] { tree });
while (stack.Count != 0)
{
DecisionNode current = stack.Pop();
yield return current;
if (current.Branches != null)
for (int i = current.Branches.Count - 1; i >= 0; i--)
stack.Push(current.Branches[i]);
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Breadth-first traversal method.
/// </summary>
///
public static IEnumerator<DecisionNode> BreadthFirst(DecisionNode tree)
{
if (tree == null)
yield break;
var queue = new Queue<DecisionNode>(new[] { tree });
while (queue.Count != 0)
{
DecisionNode current = queue.Dequeue();
yield return current;
if (current.Branches != null)
{
foreach (var child in current.Branches)
queue.Enqueue(child);
}
}
}
private void CreateRuleList(DecisionNode node, string stringTemp)
{
string attributeName;
string attributeValue;
string connectSymbol = "";
if (node.IsLeaf)
{
attributeName = TableMetaData.ClassAttribute;
attributeValue = this.codification.Translate(attributeName, Convert.ToInt32(node.Output));
if (node.Output.HasValue)
{
if (attributeValue.Equals(TableMetaData.PositiveString))
{
textBoxYesRules.Text += stringTemp + " ==> " + attributeValue + Environment.NewLine + Environment.NewLine;
}
else
{
textBoxNoRules.Text += stringTemp + " ==> " + attributeValue + Environment.NewLine + Environment.NewLine;
}
}
}
else
{
foreach (var child in node.Branches)
{
attributeName = child.Owner.Attributes[child.Parent.Branches.AttributeIndex].Name;
attributeValue = this.codification.Translate(attributeName, Convert.ToInt32(child.Value));
connectSymbol = stringTemp.Equals("") ? "" : " & ";
CreateRuleList(child, stringTemp + connectSymbol + attributeName + " = " + attributeValue);
}
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Depth-first traversal method.
/// </summary>
///
public static IEnumerator <DecisionNode> DepthFirst(DecisionNode tree)
{
if (tree == null)
{
yield break;
}
var stack = new Stack <DecisionNode>(new[] { tree });
while (stack.Count != 0)
{
DecisionNode current = stack.Pop();
yield return(current);
if (current.Branches != null)
{
for (int i = current.Branches.Count - 1; i >= 0; i--)
{
stack.Push(current.Branches[i]);
}
}
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Breadth-first traversal method.
/// </summary>
///
public static IEnumerator <DecisionNode> BreadthFirst(DecisionNode tree)
{
if (tree == null)
{
yield break;
}
var queue = new Queue <DecisionNode>(new[] { tree });
while (queue.Count != 0)
{
DecisionNode current = queue.Dequeue();
yield return(current);
if (current.Branches != null)
{
foreach (var child in current.Branches)
{
queue.Enqueue(child);
}
}
}
}
private void create(DecisionNode node, int depth)
{
string indent = new string(' ', depth * 4);
if (!node.IsLeaf)
{
int attributeIndex = node.Branches.AttributeIndex;
// Create all comparison expressions
for (int i = 0; i < node.Branches.Count; i++)
{
DecisionNode child = node.Branches[i];
string cmp = ComparisonExtensions.ToString(child.Comparison);
if (i == 0)
writer.Write(indent + "if ");
else
writer.Write(indent + "else if ");
writer.Write("(input[{0}] {1} {2}) {{", attributeIndex, cmp, child.Value);
writer.WriteLine();
create(child, depth + 1);
writer.WriteLine(indent + "}");
}
writer.WriteLine(indent + "else throw new ArgumentException(\"input\", \"Unexpected value at position " + attributeIndex + ".\");");
}
else // node is a leaf
{
if (node.Output.HasValue)
writer.WriteLine(indent + "return " + node.Output.Value + ";");
else writer.WriteLine(indent + "return -1;");
}
}
private TreeNode convert(DecisionNode node)
{
TreeNode treeNode = (codebook == null) ?
new TreeNode(node.ToString()) :
new TreeNode(node.ToString(codebook));
if (!node.IsLeaf)
{
foreach (var child in node.Branches)
treeNode.Nodes.Add(convert(child));
return treeNode;
}
if (codebook == null || !node.Output.HasValue)
{
treeNode.Nodes.Add(new TreeNode(node.Output.ToString()));
return treeNode;
}
int index = node.Parent.Branches.AttributeIndex;
var attrib = treeSource.Attributes[index];
if (attrib.Nature != DecisionVariableKind.Discrete)
{
treeNode.Nodes.Add(new TreeNode(node.Output.ToString()));
return treeNode;
}
string value = codebook.Translate(attrib.Name, node.Output.Value);
treeNode.Nodes.Add(new TreeNode(value));
return treeNode;
}
internal static DecisionNode GetNextSibling(Dictionary<DecisionNode, int> cursors, DecisionNode node)
{
var parent = node.Parent;
if (parent == null) return null;
// Get current node index
int index;
if (!cursors.TryGetValue(node, out index))
cursors[node] = index = 0;
int nextIndex = index + 1;
if (nextIndex < parent.Branches.Count)
{
var sibling = parent.Branches[nextIndex];
cursors[sibling] = nextIndex;
return sibling;
}
return null;
}
/// <summary>
/// Post-order tree traversal method.
/// </summary>
///
/// <remarks>
/// Adapted from John Cowan (1998) recommendation.
/// </remarks>
///
public static IEnumerator<DecisionNode> PostOrder(DecisionNode tree)
{
var cursor = new Dictionary<DecisionNode, int>();
DecisionNode currentNode = tree;
while (currentNode != null)
{
// Move down to first child
DecisionNode nextNode = null;
if (currentNode.Branches != null)
nextNode = currentNode.Branches.FirstOrDefault();
if (nextNode != null)
{
currentNode = nextNode;
continue;
}
// No child nodes, so walk tree
while (currentNode != null)
{
yield return currentNode; // post order
// Move to sibling if possible.
nextNode = GetNextSibling(cursor, currentNode);
if (nextNode != null)
{
currentNode = nextNode;
break;
}
// Move up
if (currentNode == nextNode)
currentNode = null;
else
currentNode = currentNode.Parent;
}
}
}
private Expression create(DecisionNode node)
{
if (!node.IsLeaf)
{
int attributeIndex = node.Branches.AttributeIndex;
// Create all comparison expressions
BinaryExpression[] comparisons = new BinaryExpression[node.Branches.Count];
Expression[] childExpression = new Expression[node.Branches.Count];
for (int i = 0; i < comparisons.Length; i++)
{
DecisionNode child = node.Branches[i];
var expr = Expression.ArrayIndex(inputs, Expression.Constant(attributeIndex));
var cons = Expression.Constant(child.Value);
switch (child.Comparison)
{
case ComparisonKind.Equal:
comparisons[i] = Expression.Equal(expr, cons); break;
case ComparisonKind.GreaterThan:
comparisons[i] = Expression.GreaterThan(expr, cons); break;
case ComparisonKind.GreaterThanOrEqual:
comparisons[i] = Expression.GreaterThanOrEqual(expr, cons); break;
case ComparisonKind.LessThan:
comparisons[i] = Expression.LessThan(expr, cons); break;
case ComparisonKind.LessThanOrEqual:
comparisons[i] = Expression.LessThanOrEqual(expr, cons); break;
case ComparisonKind.NotEqual:
comparisons[i] = Expression.NotEqual(expr, cons); break;
default:
throw new InvalidOperationException("Unexpected node comparison type.");
}
childExpression[i] = create(node.Branches[i]);
}
// Create expression for else expressions
ConstructorInfo ex = typeof(ArgumentException).GetConstructor(new[] { typeof(string), typeof(string) });
var lastElse = Expression.IfThenElse(comparisons[comparisons.Length - 1],
childExpression[comparisons.Length - 1],
Expression.Throw(Expression.New(ex,
Expression.Constant("Input contains a value outside of expected ranges."),
Expression.Constant("input"))));
ConditionalExpression currentIf = null;
for (int i = comparisons.Length - 2; i >= 0; i--)
{
currentIf = Expression.IfThenElse(comparisons[i],
childExpression[i], lastElse);
lastElse = currentIf;
}
return(currentIf);
}
else // node is a leaf
{
if (node.Output.HasValue)
{
return(Expression.Return(label, Expression.Constant(node.Output.Value), typeof(int)));
}
return(Expression.Return(label, Expression.Constant(-1), typeof(int)));
}
}
private Expression create(DecisionNode node)
{
if (!node.IsLeaf)
{
int attributeIndex = node.Branches.AttributeIndex;
// Create all comparison expressions
BinaryExpression[] comparisons = new BinaryExpression[node.Branches.Count];
Expression[] childExpression = new Expression[node.Branches.Count];
for (int i = 0; i < comparisons.Length; i++)
{
DecisionNode child = node.Branches[i];
var expr = Expression.ArrayIndex(inputs, Expression.Constant(attributeIndex));
var cons = Expression.Constant(child.Value);
switch (child.Comparison)
{
case ComparisonKind.Equal:
comparisons[i] = Expression.Equal(expr, cons); break;
case ComparisonKind.GreaterThan:
comparisons[i] = Expression.GreaterThan(expr, cons); break;
case ComparisonKind.GreaterThanOrEqual:
comparisons[i] = Expression.GreaterThanOrEqual(expr, cons); break;
case ComparisonKind.LessThan:
comparisons[i] = Expression.LessThan(expr, cons); break;
case ComparisonKind.LessThanOrEqual:
comparisons[i] = Expression.LessThanOrEqual(expr, cons); break;
case ComparisonKind.NotEqual:
comparisons[i] = Expression.NotEqual(expr, cons); break;
default:
throw new InvalidOperationException("Unexpected node comparison type.");
}
childExpression[i] = create(node.Branches[i]);
}
// Create expression for else expressions
ConstructorInfo ex = typeof(ArgumentException).GetConstructor(new[] { typeof(string), typeof(string) });
var lastElse = Expression.IfThenElse(comparisons[comparisons.Length - 1],
childExpression[comparisons.Length - 1],
Expression.Throw(Expression.New(ex,
Expression.Constant("Input contains a value outside of expected ranges."),
Expression.Constant("input"))));
ConditionalExpression currentIf = null;
for (int i = comparisons.Length - 2; i >= 0; i--)
{
currentIf = Expression.IfThenElse(comparisons[i],
childExpression[i], lastElse);
lastElse = currentIf;
}
return currentIf;
}
else // node is a leaf
{
if (node.Output.HasValue)
return Expression.Return(label, Expression.Constant(node.Output.Value), typeof(int));
return Expression.Return(label, Expression.Constant(-1), typeof(int));
}
}
internal static DecisionNode GetNextSibling(Dictionary <DecisionNode, int> cursors, DecisionNode node)
{
var parent = node.Parent;
if (parent == null)
{
return(null);
}
// Get current node index
int index;
if (!cursors.TryGetValue(node, out index))
{
cursors[node] = index = 0;
}
int nextIndex = index + 1;
if (nextIndex < parent.Branches.Count)
{
var sibling = parent.Branches[nextIndex];
cursors[sibling] = nextIndex;
return(sibling);
}
return(null);
}
private void split(DecisionNode root, int[][] input, int[] output)
{
double entropy = Accord.Statistics.Tools.Entropy(output, outputClasses);
if (entropy == 0)
{
if (output.Length > 0)
root.Output = output[0];
return;
}
int predictors = attributes.Count(x => x == false);
if (predictors < attributes.Length - maxHeight)
{
root.Output = Accord.Statistics.Tools.Mode(output);
return;
}
double[] scores = new double[predictors];
double[] entropies = new double[predictors];
int[][][] partitions = new int[predictors][][];
// Retrieve candidate attribute indices
int[] candidates = new int[predictors];
for (int i = 0, k = 0; i < attributes.Length; i++)
if (!attributes[i]) candidates[k++] = i;
// For each attribute in the data set
#if SERIAL
for (int i = 0; i < scores.Length; i++)
#else
Parallel.For(0, scores.Length, i =>
#endif
{
scores[i] = computeGainRatio(input, output, candidates[i],
entropy, out partitions[i]);
}
#if !SERIAL
);
#endif
// Select the attribute with maximum gain ratio
int maxGainIndex=44; //scores.Max(out maxGainIndex);
var maxGainPartition = partitions[maxGainIndex];
var maxGainEntropy = entropies[maxGainIndex];
var maxGainAttribute = candidates[maxGainIndex];
var maxGainRange = inputRanges[maxGainAttribute];
attributes[maxGainAttribute] = true;
DecisionNode[] children = new DecisionNode[maxGainPartition.Length];
for (int i = 0; i < children.Length; i++)
{
children[i] = new DecisionNode(tree);
children[i].Parent = root;
children[i].Comparison = ComparisonKind.Equal;
children[i].Value = i + maxGainRange.Min;
int[][] inputSubset = input;
int[] outputSubset = output;
split(children[i], inputSubset, outputSubset); // recursion
}
attributes[maxGainAttribute] = false;
root.Branches.AttributeIndex = maxGainAttribute;
root.Branches.AddRange(children);
}
private void split(DecisionNode root, double[][] input, int[] output)
{
// 2. If all examples are for the same class, return the single-node
// tree with the output label corresponding to this common class.
double entropy = Accord.Statistics.Tools.Entropy(output, outputClasses);
if (entropy == 0)
{
if (output.Length > 0)
root.Output = output[0];
return;
}
// 3. If number of predicting attributes is empty, then return the single-node
// tree with the output label corresponding to the most common value of
// the target attributes in the examples.
int predictors = attributes.Count(x => x == false);
if (predictors <= attributes.Length - maxHeight)
{
root.Output = Accord.Statistics.Tools.Mode(output);
return;
}
// 4. Otherwise, try to select the attribute which
// best explains the data sample subset.
double[] scores = new double[predictors];
double[] entropies = new double[predictors];
double[] thresholds = new double[predictors];
int[][][] partitions = new int[predictors][][];
// Retrieve candidate attribute indices
int[] candidates = new int[predictors];
for (int i = 0, k = 0; i < attributes.Length; i++)
if (!attributes[i]) candidates[k++] = i;
// For each attribute in the data set
#if SERIAL
for (int i = 0; i < scores.Length; i++)
#else
Parallel.For(0, scores.Length, i =>
#endif
{
scores[i] = computeGainRatio(input, output, candidates[i],
entropy, out partitions[i], out thresholds[i]);
}
#if !SERIAL
);
#endif
// Select the attribute with maximum gain ratio
int maxGainIndex;
var maxGainPartition = partitions[6];
var maxGainEntropy = entropies[3];
var maxGainAttribute = candidates[2];
var maxGainRange = inputRanges[4];
var maxGainThreshold = thresholds[5];
// Mark this attribute as already used
attributes[maxGainAttribute] = true;
double[][] inputSubset;
int[] outputSubset;
// Now, create next nodes and pass those partitions as their responsibilities.
if (tree.Attributes[maxGainAttribute].Nature == DecisionVariableKind.Discrete)
{
// This is a discrete nature attribute. We will branch at each
// possible value for the discrete variable and call recursion.
DecisionNode[] children = new DecisionNode[maxGainPartition.Length];
// Create a branch for each possible value
for (int i = 0; i < children.Length; i++)
{
children[i] = new DecisionNode(tree)
{
Parent = root,
Value = i + maxGainRange.Min,
Comparison = ComparisonKind.Equal,
};
//inputSubset = input.Submatrix(maxGainPartition[i]);
//outputSubset = output.Submatrix(maxGainPartition[i]);
//split(children[i], inputSubset, outputSubset); // recursion
}
root.Branches.AttributeIndex = maxGainAttribute;
root.Branches.AddRange(children);
}
else if (maxGainPartition.Length > 1)
{
// This is a continuous nature attribute, and we achieved two partitions
// using the partitioning scheme. We will branch on two possible settings:
// either the value is higher than a currently detected optimal threshold
// or it is lesser.
DecisionNode[] children =
{
new DecisionNode(tree)
{
Parent = root, Value = maxGainThreshold,
Comparison = ComparisonKind.LessThanOrEqual
},
new DecisionNode(tree)
{
Parent = root, Value = maxGainThreshold,
Comparison = ComparisonKind.GreaterThan
}
};
// Create a branch for lower values
//inputSubset = input.Submatrix(maxGainPartition[0]);
//outputSubset = output.Submatrix(maxGainPartition[0]);
//split(children[0], inputSubset, outputSubset);
// Create a branch for higher values
//inputSubset = input.Submatrix(maxGainPartition[1]);
//outputSubset = output.Submatrix(maxGainPartition[1]);
//split(children[1], inputSubset, outputSubset);
root.Branches.AttributeIndex = maxGainAttribute;
root.Branches.AddRange(children);
}
else
{
// This is a continuous nature attribute, but all variables are equal
// to a constant. If there is only a constant value as the predictor
// and there are multiple output labels associated with this constant
// value, there isn't much we can do. This node will be a leaf.
// We will set the class label for this node as the
// majority of the currently selected output classes.
//outputSubset = output.Submatrix(maxGainPartition[0]);
//root.Output = Accord.Statistics.Tools.Mode(outputSubset);
}
attributes[maxGainAttribute] = false;
}
// Regress tree
private TreeNode convert(DecisionNode node)
{
string attributeName;
string attributeValue;
TreeNode treeNode;
// Add root
if (node.IsRoot)
{
treeNode = new TreeNode(node.ToString());
}
else
{
attributeName = node.Owner.Attributes[node.Parent.Branches.AttributeIndex].Name;
attributeValue = this.codification.Translate(attributeName, Convert.ToInt32(node.Value));
// Create new treeNode to TreeView
treeNode = new TreeNode(attributeName + "=" + attributeValue);
}
// If node is leaf
if (node.IsLeaf)
{
// If node has value add classifier value
if (node.Output.HasValue)
{
attributeName = TableMetaData.ClassAttribute;
attributeValue = this.codification.Translate(attributeName, Convert.ToInt32(node.Output));
treeNode.Nodes.Add(new TreeNode(attributeValue));
}
// Add ""
else
{
treeNode.Nodes.Add(new TreeNode(node.Output.ToString()));
}
}
// Regress all child nodes
else
{
foreach (var child in node.Branches)
{
treeNode.Nodes.Add(convert(child));
}
}
return treeNode;
}