// constructors
        public FloatingRateCoupon(Date paymentDate,
                                  double nominal,
                                  Date startDate,
                                  Date endDate,
                                  int fixingDays,
                                  InterestRateIndex index,
                                  double gearing        = 1.0,
                                  double spread         = 0.0,
                                  Date refPeriodStart   = null,
                                  Date refPeriodEnd     = null,
                                  DayCounter dayCounter = null,
                                  bool isInArrears      = false)
            : base(paymentDate, nominal, startDate, endDate, refPeriodStart, refPeriodEnd)
        {
            index_       = index;
            dayCounter_  = dayCounter ?? new DayCounter();
            fixingDays_  = fixingDays == default(int) ? index.fixingDays() : fixingDays;
            gearing_     = gearing;
            spread_      = spread;
            isInArrears_ = isInArrears;

            if (gearing_.IsEqual(0))
            {
                throw new ArgumentException("Null gearing not allowed");
            }

            if (dayCounter_.empty())
            {
                dayCounter_ = index_.dayCounter();
            }

            // add as observer
            index_.registerWith(update);
            Settings.Instance.registerWith(update);
        }
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        // creator
        public override List <CashFlow> value()
        {
            if (couponRates_.Count == 0)
            {
                throw new ArgumentException("no coupon rates given");
            }
            if (notionals_.Count == 0)
            {
                throw new ArgumentException("no nominals given");
            }

            List <CashFlow> leg = new List <CashFlow>();

            Calendar schCalendar = schedule_.calendar();

            // first period might be short or long
            Date         start = schedule_[0], end = schedule_[1];
            Date         paymentDate  = calendar_.adjust(end, paymentAdjustment_);
            Date         exCouponDate = null;
            InterestRate rate         = couponRates_[0];
            double       nominal      = notionals_[0];

            if (exCouponPeriod_ != null)
            {
                exCouponDate = exCouponCalendar_.advance(paymentDate,
                                                         -exCouponPeriod_,
                                                         exCouponAdjustment_,
                                                         exCouponEndOfMonth_);
            }
            if (schedule_.isRegular(1))
            {
                if (!(firstPeriodDC_ == null || firstPeriodDC_ == rate.dayCounter()))
                {
                    throw new ArgumentException("regular first coupon does not allow a first-period day count");
                }
                leg.Add(new FixedRateCoupon(paymentDate, nominal, rate, start, end, start, end, exCouponDate));
            }
            else
            {
                Date refer = end - schedule_.tenor();
                refer = schCalendar.adjust(refer, schedule_.businessDayConvention());
                InterestRate r = new InterestRate(rate.rate(),
                                                  (firstPeriodDC_ == null || firstPeriodDC_.empty()) ? rate.dayCounter() : firstPeriodDC_,
                                                  rate.compounding(), rate.frequency());
                leg.Add(new FixedRateCoupon(paymentDate, nominal, r, start, end, refer, end, exCouponDate));
            }

            // regular periods
            for (int i = 2; i < schedule_.Count - 1; ++i)
            {
                start       = end; end = schedule_[i];
                paymentDate = calendar_.adjust(end, paymentAdjustment_);
                if (exCouponPeriod_ != null)
                {
                    exCouponDate = exCouponCalendar_.advance(paymentDate,
                                                             -exCouponPeriod_,
                                                             exCouponAdjustment_,
                                                             exCouponEndOfMonth_);
                }
                if ((i - 1) < couponRates_.Count)
                {
                    rate = couponRates_[i - 1];
                }
                else
                {
                    rate = couponRates_.Last();
                }
                if ((i - 1) < notionals_.Count)
                {
                    nominal = notionals_[i - 1];
                }
                else
                {
                    nominal = notionals_.Last();
                }

                leg.Add(new FixedRateCoupon(paymentDate, nominal, rate, start, end, start, end, exCouponDate));
            }

            if (schedule_.Count > 2)
            {
                // last period might be short or long
                int N = schedule_.Count;
                start       = end; end = schedule_[N - 1];
                paymentDate = calendar_.adjust(end, paymentAdjustment_);
                if (exCouponPeriod_ != null)
                {
                    exCouponDate = exCouponCalendar_.advance(paymentDate,
                                                             -exCouponPeriod_,
                                                             exCouponAdjustment_,
                                                             exCouponEndOfMonth_);
                }

                if ((N - 2) < couponRates_.Count)
                {
                    rate = couponRates_[N - 2];
                }
                else
                {
                    rate = couponRates_.Last();
                }
                if ((N - 2) < notionals_.Count)
                {
                    nominal = notionals_[N - 2];
                }
                else
                {
                    nominal = notionals_.Last();
                }

                InterestRate r = new InterestRate(rate.rate(),
                                                  lastPeriodDC_ == null ? rate.dayCounter() : lastPeriodDC_, rate.compounding(), rate.frequency());
                if (schedule_.isRegular(N - 1))
                {
                    leg.Add(new FixedRateCoupon(paymentDate, nominal, r, start, end, start, end, exCouponDate));
                }
                else
                {
                    Date refer = start + schedule_.tenor();
                    refer = schCalendar.adjust(refer, schedule_.businessDayConvention());
                    leg.Add(new FixedRateCoupon(paymentDate, nominal, r, start, end, start, refer, exCouponDate));
                }
            }
            return(leg);
        }