/// <summary>
        /// Apply changes sent by a client to the server.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="serverBlob">Blob sent in the incoming request</param>
        /// <param name="entities">Changes from the client</param>
        /// <returns>Response containing the new knowledge and conflict/error information.</returns>
        public ApplyChangesResponse ApplyChanges(byte[] serverBlob, List<IOfflineEntity> entities)
        {
            WebUtil.CheckArgumentNull(serverBlob, "serverBlob");
            WebUtil.CheckArgumentNull(entities, "entities");
            
            if (0 == serverBlob.Length)
            {
                throw new InvalidOperationException("serverBlob is empty");
            }

            var syncBlob = new SyncBlob();

            SyncBlob incomingBlob = SyncBlob.DeSerialize(serverBlob);

            PopulateClientScopeNameAndSyncId(incomingBlob);
            
            // Set the scope name in the response blob.
            syncBlob.ClientScopeName = incomingBlob.ClientScopeName;
            
            // If the requested scope does not exists, then throw an error since we 
            // don't initialize scopes on upload requests.
            if (!CheckIfScopeExists())
            {
                throw SyncServiceException.CreateResourceNotFound("Scope does not exist");
            }

            byte[] clientKnowledgeBlob = incomingBlob.ClientKnowledge;

            // Initialize a SqlSyncProvider object.
            _sqlSyncProvider = CreateSqlSyncProviderInstance(_clientScopeName, _serverConnectionString, _configuration.SyncObjectSchema);

            var response = new ApplyChangesResponse();

            // Deserialize the knowledge or create new empty knowledge.
            SyncKnowledge clientKnowledge = GetSyncKnowledgeFromBlob(clientKnowledgeBlob);

            // If there are no entities to upload, then return the client knowledge as is.
            if (entities.Count == 0)
            {
                response.Conflicts = new List<SyncConflict>();
                response.Errors = new List<SyncError>();
                
                syncBlob.ClientKnowledge = clientKnowledge.Serialize();

                response.ServerBlob = syncBlob.Serialize();

                return response;
            }

            // Client never has any forgotten knowledge. So create a new one.
            var forgottenKnowledge = new ForgottenKnowledge(_sqlSyncProvider.IdFormats, clientKnowledge);

            // Convert the entities to dataset using the custom converter.
            DataSet changesDS = _converter.ConvertEntitiesToDataSet(entities);

            var stats = new SyncSessionStatistics();
            var sessionContext = new SyncSessionContext(_sqlSyncProvider.IdFormats, new SyncCallbacks());

            _sqlSyncProvider.BeginSession(SyncProviderPosition.Remote, sessionContext);

            ulong tickCount = 0;
            SyncKnowledge updatedClientKnowldege;

            try
            {
                uint batchSize;
                SyncKnowledge serverKnowledge;

                // This gives us the server knowledge.
                _sqlSyncProvider.GetSyncBatchParameters(out batchSize, out serverKnowledge);

                var changeBatch = new ChangeBatch(_sqlSyncProvider.IdFormats, clientKnowledge, forgottenKnowledge);
                changeBatch.SetLastBatch();

                //Note: There is a possiblity of (-ve) item exceptions , between two uploads from the 
                // same client (for example: in case of RI failures). This would result in an incorrect value if the function
                // FindMinTickCountForReplica is used to get the last tickcount. So, we need to ignore the -ve item exceptions 
                // when finding the tickcount for the client replica from the server knowledge.

                /* Logic:
                 * SyncKnowledge.GetKnowledgeForItemId could be used for itemid Zero and then we can find the mintickcount for client replica id.
                 * This does not however seem to work, so we use the KnowledgeInspector and enumerate over each ClockVector
                 * and find the client clockvector and get its tickcount.
                 * 
                 * Assumption: The above approach assumes that we don't have any positive exceptions in the knowledge.
                 */
                try
                {
                    // Check if the client replica key exists.
                    uint clientReplicaKey = serverKnowledge.ReplicaKeyMap.LookupReplicaKey(_clientSyncId);

                    var ki = new KnowledgeInspector(1, serverKnowledge);
                    var clockVector = (ClockVector)ki.ScopeClockVector;
                    int noOfReplicaKeys = clockVector.Count;

                    for (int i = noOfReplicaKeys - 1; i >= 0; i--)
                    {
                        if (clockVector[i].ReplicaKey == clientReplicaKey)
                        {
                            tickCount = clockVector[i].TickCount;
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                }
                catch (ReplicaNotFoundException exception)
                {
                    SyncTracer.Info("ReplicaNotFoundException. NEW CLIENT. Exception details: {0}",
                                    WebUtil.GetExceptionMessage(exception));
                    // If the knowedge does not contain the client replica (first apply), initialize tickcount to zero.
                    tickCount = 0;
                }

                // Increment the tickcount
                tickCount++;

                // update the made with knowledge to include the new tickcount.
                updatedClientKnowldege = new SyncKnowledge(_sqlSyncProvider.IdFormats, _clientSyncId, tickCount);
                updatedClientKnowldege.Combine(clientKnowledge);

                // The incoming data does not have metadata for each item, so we need to create it at this point.
                AddSyncColumnsToDataSet(changesDS, tickCount);

                // Make DbSyncContext
                var dbSyncContext = new DbSyncContext
                {
                    IsDataBatched = false,
                    IsLastBatch = true,
                    DataSet = changesDS,
                    MadeWithKnowledge = updatedClientKnowldege,
                    MadeWithForgottenKnowledge = forgottenKnowledge,
                    ScopeProgress = new DbSyncScopeProgress()
                };

                _conflicts = new List<SyncConflict>();
                _syncErrors = new List<SyncError>();

                // Subscribe to the ApplyChangeFailed event to handle conflicts.
                _sqlSyncProvider.ApplyChangeFailed += SqlSyncProviderApplyChangeFailed;

                // Subscribe to the ChangesApplied event to read the server tickcount incase there are any conflicts.
                _sqlSyncProvider.ChangesApplied += SqlSyncProviderChangesApplied;

                //NOTE: The ConflictResolutionPolicy pass into the method is IGNORED.
                // Conflicts can be logged by subscribing to the failed events
                _sqlSyncProvider.ProcessChangeBatch(Microsoft.Synchronization.ConflictResolutionPolicy.DestinationWins,
                                                   changeBatch,
                                                   dbSyncContext, new SyncCallbacks(), stats);

                if (0 != _conflicts.Count)
                {
                    _sqlSyncProvider.GetSyncBatchParameters(out batchSize, out serverKnowledge);

                    // The way the current P2P provider works, versions are bumped up when conflicts are resolved on the server.
                    // This would result in us sending the changes to the client on the next download request. We want
                    // to not enumerate that change again on the next request from the same client. 
                    // The solution is to get the server knowledge after all changes are applied and then
                    // project the knowledge of each conflictign item and add it as a positive exception to the updated client knowledge.

                    AddConflictItemsKnowledgeToClientKnowledge(updatedClientKnowldege, serverKnowledge);
                }
            }
            finally
            {
                _sqlSyncProvider.EndSession(sessionContext);
            }

            // Don't send any updates to the server knowledge since the client has not got any updates yet.
            // This updated knowledge will only include an update to the client tickcount.
            // The client would obtain the server knowledge when it does a get changes.
            // If we include the serverknowlege, the client would never get any items that are
            // between the current server knowledge and the client known server knowledge.

            syncBlob.ClientKnowledge = updatedClientKnowldege.Serialize();
            response.ServerBlob = syncBlob.Serialize();

            response.Conflicts = _conflicts;
            response.Errors = _syncErrors;

            return response;
        }
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        /// <summary>
        /// When overridden in a derived class, gets a change batch that contains item metadata for items that are not contained in the specified knowledge from the destination provider.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="batchSize">The number of changes to include in the change batch.</param>
        /// <param name="destinationKnowledge">The knowledge from the destination provider. This knowledge must be mapped by calling <see cref="M:Microsoft.Synchronization.SyncKnowledge.MapRemoteKnowledgeToLocal(Microsoft.Synchronization.SyncKnowledge)"/> on the source knowledge before it can be used for change enumeration.</param>
        /// <param name="changeDataRetriever">Returns an object that can be used to retrieve change data. It can be an <see cref="T:Microsoft.Synchronization.IChangeDataRetriever"/> object or a provider-specific object.</param>
        /// <returns>
        /// A change batch that contains item metadata for items that are not contained in the specified knowledge from the destination provider. Cannot be a null.
        /// </returns>
        public override ChangeBatch GetChangeBatch(uint batchSize, SyncKnowledge destinationKnowledge, out object changeDataRetriever)
        {
            byte[] rawDestinationKnowledge = destinationKnowledge.Serialize();
            byte[] rawChangeDataRetriever;
            byte[] rawChangeBatch = _syncService.GetChangeBatch(batchSize, rawDestinationKnowledge,
                                                                out rawChangeDataRetriever);
            CachedChangeDataRetriever cachedRetriever =
                SerializerHelper.BinaryDeserialize <CachedChangeDataRetriever>(rawChangeDataRetriever);

            changeDataRetriever = cachedRetriever;

            return(ChangeBatch.Deserialize(IdFormats, rawChangeBatch));
        }
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        /// <summary>
        /// When overridden in a derived class, gets a change batch that contains item metadata for items that have IDs greater than the specified lower bound, as part of a full enumeration.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="batchSize">The number of changes to include in the change batch.</param>
        /// <param name="lowerEnumerationBound">The lower bound for item IDs. This method returns changes that have IDs greater than or equal to this ID value.</param>
        /// <param name="knowledgeForDataRetrieval">If an item change is contained in this knowledge object, data for that item already exists on the destination replica.</param>
        /// <param name="changeDataRetriever">Returns an object that can be used to retrieve change data. It can be an <see cref="T:Microsoft.Synchronization.IChangeDataRetriever"/> object or a be provider-specific object.</param>
        /// <returns>
        /// A change batch that contains item metadata for items that have IDs greater than the specified lower bound, as part of a full enumeration.
        /// </returns>
        public override FullEnumerationChangeBatch GetFullEnumerationChangeBatch(uint batchSize, SyncId lowerEnumerationBound, SyncKnowledge knowledgeForDataRetrieval, out object changeDataRetriever)
        {
            byte[] rawLowerEnumBound            = lowerEnumerationBound.RawId;
            byte[] rawKnowledgeForDataRetrieval = knowledgeForDataRetrieval.Serialize();
            byte[] rawChangeDataRetriever;
            byte[] rawFullEnumerationChangeBatch =
                _syncService.GetFullEnumerationChangeBatch(batchSize,
                                                           rawLowerEnumBound,
                                                           rawKnowledgeForDataRetrieval,
                                                           out rawChangeDataRetriever);
            CachedChangeDataRetriever cachedRetriever =
                SerializerHelper.BinaryDeserialize <CachedChangeDataRetriever>(rawChangeDataRetriever);

            changeDataRetriever = cachedRetriever;
            return(FullEnumerationChangeBatch.Deserialize(IdFormats, rawFullEnumerationChangeBatch));
        }
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 /// <summary>
 /// When overridden in a derived class, gets a change batch that contains item metadata for items that have IDs greater than the specified lower bound, as part of a full enumeration.
 /// </summary>
 /// <param name="batchSize">The number of changes to include in the change batch.</param>
 /// <param name="lowerEnumerationBound">The lower bound for item IDs. This method returns changes that have IDs greater than or equal to this ID value.</param>
 /// <param name="knowledgeForDataRetrieval">If an item change is contained in this knowledge object, data for that item already exists on the destination replica.</param>
 /// <param name="changeDataRetriever">Returns an object that can be used to retrieve change data. It can be an <see cref="T:Microsoft.Synchronization.IChangeDataRetriever"/> object or a be provider-specific object.</param>
 /// <returns>
 /// A change batch that contains item metadata for items that have IDs greater than the specified lower bound, as part of a full enumeration.
 /// </returns>
 public override FullEnumerationChangeBatch GetFullEnumerationChangeBatch(uint batchSize, SyncId lowerEnumerationBound, SyncKnowledge knowledgeForDataRetrieval, out object changeDataRetriever)
 {
     byte[] rawLowerEnumBound = lowerEnumerationBound.RawId;
     byte[] rawKnowledgeForDataRetrieval = knowledgeForDataRetrieval.Serialize();
     byte[] rawChangeDataRetriever;
     byte[] rawFullEnumerationChangeBatch =
                             _syncService.GetFullEnumerationChangeBatch(batchSize,
                                                                        rawLowerEnumBound,
                                                                        rawKnowledgeForDataRetrieval,
                                                                        out rawChangeDataRetriever);
     CachedChangeDataRetriever cachedRetriever =
                 SerializerHelper.BinaryDeserialize<CachedChangeDataRetriever>(rawChangeDataRetriever);
     changeDataRetriever = cachedRetriever;
     return FullEnumerationChangeBatch.Deserialize(IdFormats, rawFullEnumerationChangeBatch);
 }
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        /// <summary>
        /// When overridden in a derived class, gets a change batch that contains item metadata for items that are not contained in the specified knowledge from the destination provider.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="batchSize">The number of changes to include in the change batch.</param>
        /// <param name="destinationKnowledge">The knowledge from the destination provider. This knowledge must be mapped by calling <see cref="M:Microsoft.Synchronization.SyncKnowledge.MapRemoteKnowledgeToLocal(Microsoft.Synchronization.SyncKnowledge)"/> on the source knowledge before it can be used for change enumeration.</param>
        /// <param name="changeDataRetriever">Returns an object that can be used to retrieve change data. It can be an <see cref="T:Microsoft.Synchronization.IChangeDataRetriever"/> object or a provider-specific object.</param>
        /// <returns>
        /// A change batch that contains item metadata for items that are not contained in the specified knowledge from the destination provider. Cannot be a null.
        /// </returns>
        public override ChangeBatch GetChangeBatch(uint batchSize, SyncKnowledge destinationKnowledge, out object changeDataRetriever)
        {
            byte[] rawDestinationKnowledge = destinationKnowledge.Serialize();
            byte[] rawChangeDataRetriever;
            byte[] rawChangeBatch = _syncService.GetChangeBatch(batchSize, rawDestinationKnowledge,
                                                                out rawChangeDataRetriever);
            CachedChangeDataRetriever cachedRetriever =
                            SerializerHelper.BinaryDeserialize<CachedChangeDataRetriever>(rawChangeDataRetriever);
            changeDataRetriever = cachedRetriever;

            return ChangeBatch.Deserialize(IdFormats, rawChangeBatch);
        }