private async Task <RpcCallResult <T> > CallCore <T>(
            Func <TrackedConnection, BondCallTracker, Task <T> > callAsync,
            CancellationToken cancellationToken,
            string functionName,
            BondCallTracker callTracker,
            bool allowInactive         = false,
            Func <T, bool> shouldRetry = null,
            uint maxTryCount           = 0)
        {
            Contract.Requires(functionName != null);
            callTracker = callTracker ?? CreateLoggingCallTracker(functionName);

            TimeSpan waitForConnectionDuration = default(TimeSpan);
            Failure  lastFailure = null;

            m_outstandingCalls.AddOrUpdate(functionName, 1, (k, i) => i + 1);

            // For heartbeat only try once
            if (maxTryCount == 0)
            {
                maxTryCount = DefaultMaxRetryCount;
            }

            for (uint retryCount = 0; retryCount < maxTryCount; retryCount++)
            {
                callTracker.TryCount = retryCount;

                if (retryCount != 0)
                {
                    // For retries, log a call start with the call tracker's updated retry count
                    callTracker.OnStateChanged(BondCallState.Started);
                    // Yield after first iteration to ensure
                    // we don't overflow the stack with async continuations
                    await Task.Yield();
                }

                TrackedConnection connection = null;
                try
                {
                    var startWaitForConnection = m_stopwatch.Elapsed;
                    callTracker.OnStateChanged(BondCallState.WaitingForConnection);

                    // Wait for a connection to become active via the a successful heartbeat
                    using (var connectionScope = await WaitForConnectionAsync(callTracker, allowInactive, cancellationToken))
                    {
                        // Log wait for connection success
                        var iterationWaitForConnectionDuration = GetElapsed(startWaitForConnection);
                        waitForConnectionDuration += iterationWaitForConnectionDuration;
                        callTracker.OnStateChanged(BondCallState.CompletedWaitForConnection);

                        // connection is not returned in the case that the proxy is shutting down or timed out
                        // other case is that this is a failed heartbeat call. In which case, just continue.
                        if (connectionScope.Connection == null)
                        {
                            if (m_isShuttingDown || m_exceededInactivityTimeout)
                            {
                                // Log the failure
                                lastFailure = new RecoverableExceptionFailure(new BuildXLException(m_isShuttingDown ?
                                                                                                   "Bond RPC Call failure: Proxy is shutting down" :
                                                                                                   "Bond RPC Call failure: Proxy timed out"));

                                callTracker.LogMessage("Could not retrieve connection. Failure={0}", lastFailure.DescribeIncludingInnerFailures());
                                callTracker.OnStateChanged(BondCallState.Failed);
                                return(new RpcCallResult <T>(RpcCallResultState.Failed, retryCount + 1, callTracker.TotalDuration, waitForConnectionDuration, lastFailure));
                            }

                            continue;
                        }

                        connection = connectionScope.Connection;

                        // Make the actual call
                        var result = await callAsync(connection, callTracker);

                        // Check if call should be retried
                        if (shouldRetry != null && shouldRetry(result))
                        {
                            continue;
                        }

                        // Log the call completion
                        callTracker.OnStateChanged(BondCallState.Succeeded);
                        m_proxyLogger.LogSuccessfulCall(m_loggingContext, functionName, retryCount);
                        connectionScope.MarkSucceeded();
                        m_services.Counters.AddToCounter(DistributionCounter.SendPipBuildRequestCallDurationMs, (long)callTracker.TotalDuration.TotalMilliseconds);
                        return(new RpcCallResult <T>(result, retryCount + 1, callTracker.TotalDuration, waitForConnectionDuration));
                    }
                }
                catch (OperationCanceledException)
                {
                    callTracker.OnStateChanged(BondCallState.Canceled);
                    return(new RpcCallResult <T>(RpcCallResultState.Cancelled, retryCount + 1, callTracker.TotalDuration, waitForConnectionDuration));
                }
                catch (Exception ex)
                {
                    // If shutting down just return the failed result
                    if (ex is ObjectDisposedException && m_isShuttingDown)
                    {
                        lastFailure = new RecoverableExceptionFailure(new BuildXLException("Bond RPC Call failure: Proxy is shutting down", ex));
                        callTracker.LogMessage("{0}", lastFailure.DescribeIncludingInnerFailures());
                        callTracker.OnStateChanged(BondCallState.Failed);
                        return(new RpcCallResult <T>(RpcCallResultState.Failed, retryCount + 1, callTracker.TotalDuration, waitForConnectionDuration));
                    }

                    if (DistributionServices.IsBuildIdMismatchException(ex))
                    {
                        m_proxyLogger.LogCallException(m_loggingContext, functionName, retryCount, ex);

                        // If a message with different build is received, it means that the sender has participated in a different distributed build.
                        // Then, we need to lose the connection with the sender.
                        OnConnectionTimeOut?.Invoke(this, EventArgs.Empty);
                        return(new RpcCallResult <T>(RpcCallResultState.Failed, retryCount + 1, callTracker.TotalDuration, waitForConnectionDuration));
                    }

                    // If not a transient exception, log and throw
                    if (!DistributionHelpers.IsTransientBondException(ex, m_services.Counters) && !m_services.IsChecksumMismatchException(ex))
                    {
                        m_proxyLogger.LogCallException(m_loggingContext, functionName, retryCount, ex);
                        throw;
                    }

                    // Otherwise, the exception is transient, so log exception and try again
                    lastFailure = new RecoverableExceptionFailure(new BuildXLException("Failed Bond RPC call", ex));
                    callTracker.LogMessage("{0}", lastFailure.DescribeIncludingInnerFailures());

                    // Deactivate connection so subsequent calls on the proxy will wait for heartbeat before trying to make call.
                    DeactivateConnection(connection);

                    m_services.Counters.AddToCounter(DistributionCounter.FailedSendPipBuildRequestCallDurationMs, (long)callTracker.TotalDuration.TotalMilliseconds);
                    m_services.Counters.IncrementCounter(DistributionCounter.FailedSendPipBuildRequestCount);
                    m_proxyLogger.LogFailedCall(m_loggingContext, functionName, retryCount, lastFailure);
                }
                finally
                {
                    m_outstandingCalls.AddOrUpdate(functionName, 0, (k, i) => i - 1);
                }
            }

            // Exceeded retry count.
            callTracker.LogMessage("Call failed and exhausted allowed retries. LastFailure={0}", lastFailure?.DescribeIncludingInnerFailures() ?? string.Empty);
            callTracker.OnStateChanged(BondCallState.Failed);
            return(new RpcCallResult <T>(RpcCallResultState.Failed, DefaultMaxRetryCount, callTracker.TotalDuration, waitForConnectionDuration, lastFailure));
        }
        /// <summary>
        /// Heartbeat timer callback which initiates heartbeat calls to check that bond service is alive.
        /// </summary>
        private async void HeartbeatTimerCallback(object state)
        {
            var heartbeatCallTracker = CreateLoggingCallTracker("Heartbeat");

            if (m_isShuttingDown)
            {
                heartbeatCallTracker.OnStateChanged(BondCallState.HeartbeatTimerShutdown);
                return;
            }

            heartbeatCallTracker.OnStateChanged(BondCallState.HeartbeatBeforeCall);
            var heartbeatResult = await HeartbeatAsync(heartbeatCallTracker);

            heartbeatCallTracker.OnStateChanged(BondCallState.HeartbeatAfterCall);

            if (heartbeatResult.State == RpcCallResultState.Succeeded)
            {
                heartbeatCallTracker.OnStateChanged(BondCallState.HeartbeatSuccess);

                // TODO: Should any successful call reactivate the connection?
                // Successful heartbeat
                // Activate the connection if necessary
                m_lastSuccessfulHeartbeat = DateTime.UtcNow;
                OnActivateConnection?.Invoke(this, EventArgs.Empty);

                lock (m_syncLock)
                {
                    if (!m_isActiveCompletionSource.Task.IsCompleted)
                    {
                        m_isActiveCompletionSource.TrySetResult(true);
                    }
                }

                heartbeatCallTracker.OnStateChanged(BondCallState.HeartbeatAfterActivateConnection);
            }
            else
            {
                TimeSpan timeSinceLastSuccessfulHeartbeat = DateTime.UtcNow - m_lastSuccessfulHeartbeat;

                // Check if proxy has timed out
                if (timeSinceLastSuccessfulHeartbeat > InactivityTimeout)
                {
                    heartbeatCallTracker.OnStateChanged(BondCallState.HeartbeatTimerInactive);

                    m_exceededInactivityTimeout = true;
                    DeactivateConnection(null);
                    Logger.Log.DistributionDisableServiceProxyInactive(
                        m_loggingContext,
                        Server,
                        Port,
                        timeSinceLastSuccessfulHeartbeat.ToString());

                    OnConnectionTimeOut?.Invoke(this, EventArgs.Empty);

                    // Return without setting new timer due time to stop the timer
                    // since the proxy has timed out
                    return;
                }
            }

            lock (m_syncLock)
            {
                if (!m_isShuttingDown)
                {
                    heartbeatCallTracker.OnStateChanged(BondCallState.HeartbeatQueueTimer);
                    m_heartbeatTimer.Change(dueTime: m_heartbeatInterval, period: Timeout.InfiniteTimeSpan);
                }
                else
                {
                    heartbeatCallTracker.OnStateChanged(BondCallState.HeartbeatDeactivateTimer);
                }
            }
        }