/// <summary>
/// Checks that the stake kernel hash satisfies the target difficulty.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="context">Staking context.</param>
/// <param name="prevChainedBlock">Previous chained block.</param>
/// <param name="headerBits">Chained block's header bits, which define the difficulty target.</param>
/// <param name="prevBlockTime">The previous block time.</param>
/// <param name="prevBlockStake">Information about previous staked block.</param>
/// <param name="stakingCoins">Coins that participate in staking.</param>
/// <param name="prevout">Information about transaction id and index.</param>
/// <param name="transactionTime">Transaction time.</param>
/// <remarks>
/// Coinstake must meet hash target according to the protocol:
/// kernel (input 0) must meet the formula
/// <c>hash(stakeModifierV2 + stakingCoins.Time + prevout.Hash + prevout.N + transactionTime) < target * weight</c>.
/// This ensures that the chance of getting a coinstake is proportional to the amount of coins one owns.
/// <para>
/// The reason this hash is chosen is the following:
/// <list type="number">
/// <item><paramref name="prevBlockStake.StakeModifierV2"/>: Scrambles computation to make it very difficult to precompute future proof-of-stake.</item>
/// <item><paramref name="stakingCoins.Time"/>: Time of the coinstake UTXO. Slightly scrambles computation.</item>
/// <item><paramref name="prevout.Hash"/> Hash of stakingCoins UTXO, to reduce the chance of nodes generating coinstake at the same time.</item>
/// <item><paramref name="prevout.N"/>: Output number of stakingCoins UTXO, to reduce the chance of nodes generating coinstake at the same time.</item>
/// <item><paramref name="transactionTime"/>: Timestamp of the coinstake transaction.</item>
/// </list>
/// Block or transaction tx hash should not be used here as they can be generated in vast
/// quantities so as to generate blocks faster, degrading the system back into a proof-of-work situation.
/// </para>
/// </remarks>
/// <exception cref="ConsensusErrors.StakeTimeViolation">Thrown in case transaction time is lower than it's own UTXO timestamp.</exception>
/// <exception cref="ConsensusErrors.StakeHashInvalidTarget">Thrown in case PoS hash doesn't meet target protocol.</exception>
private void CheckStakeKernelHash(ContextStakeInformation context, ChainedBlock prevChainedBlock, uint headerBits, uint prevBlockTime,
BlockStake prevBlockStake, UnspentOutputs stakingCoins, OutPoint prevout, uint transactionTime)
{
this.logger.LogTrace("({0}:'{1}/{2}',{3}:{4:X},{5}:{6},{7}.{8}:'{9}',{10}:'{11}/{12}',{13}:'{14}',{15}:{16})",
nameof(prevChainedBlock), prevChainedBlock.HashBlock, prevChainedBlock.Height, nameof(headerBits), headerBits, nameof(prevBlockTime), prevBlockTime,
nameof(prevBlockStake), nameof(prevBlockStake.HashProof), prevBlockStake.HashProof, nameof(stakingCoins), stakingCoins.TransactionId, stakingCoins.Height,
nameof(prevout), prevout, nameof(transactionTime), transactionTime);
if (transactionTime < stakingCoins.Time)
{
this.logger.LogTrace("Coinstake transaction timestamp {0} is lower than it's own UTXO timestamp {1}.", transactionTime, stakingCoins.Time);
this.logger.LogTrace("(-)[BAD_STAKE_TIME]");
ConsensusErrors.StakeTimeViolation.Throw();
}
// Base target.
BigInteger target = new Target(headerBits).ToBigInteger();
// TODO: Investigate:
// The POS protocol should probably put a limit on the max amount that can be staked
// not a hard limit but a limit that allow any amount to be staked with a max weight value.
// the max weight should not exceed the max uint256 array size (array size = 32).
// Weighted target.
long valueIn = stakingCoins.Outputs[prevout.N].Value.Satoshi;
BigInteger weight = BigInteger.ValueOf(valueIn);
BigInteger weightedTarget = target.Multiply(weight);
context.TargetProofOfStake = ToUInt256(weightedTarget);
this.logger.LogTrace("POS target is '{0}', weighted target for {1} coins is '{2}'.", ToUInt256(target), valueIn, context.TargetProofOfStake);
uint256 stakeModifierV2 = prevBlockStake.StakeModifierV2;
// Calculate hash.
using (var ms = new MemoryStream())
{
var serializer = new BitcoinStream(ms, true);
serializer.ReadWrite(stakeModifierV2);
serializer.ReadWrite(stakingCoins.Time);
serializer.ReadWrite(prevout.Hash);
serializer.ReadWrite(prevout.N);
serializer.ReadWrite(transactionTime);
context.HashProofOfStake = Hashes.Hash256(ms.ToArray());
}
this.logger.LogTrace("Stake modifier V2 is '{0}', hash POS is '{1}'.", stakeModifierV2, context.HashProofOfStake);
// Now check if proof-of-stake hash meets target protocol.
var hashProofOfStakeTarget = new BigInteger(1, context.HashProofOfStake.ToBytes(false));
if (hashProofOfStakeTarget.CompareTo(weightedTarget) > 0)
{
this.logger.LogTrace("(-)[TARGET_MISSED]");
ConsensusErrors.StakeHashInvalidTarget.Throw();
}
this.logger.LogTrace("(-)[OK]");
}
/// <summary>
/// Checks if provided transaction is a valid coinstake transaction.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="context">Staking context.</param>
/// <param name="prevChainedBlock">Previous chained block.</param>
/// <param name="prevBlockStake">Information about previous staked block.</param>
/// <param name="transaction">The transaction.</param>
/// <param name="headerBits">Chained block's header bits, which define the difficulty target.</param>
public void CheckProofOfStake(ContextStakeInformation context, ChainedBlock prevChainedBlock, BlockStake prevBlockStake, Transaction transaction, uint headerBits)
{
this.logger.LogTrace("({0}:'{1}',{2}.{3}:'{4}',{5}:0x{6:X})", nameof(prevChainedBlock), prevChainedBlock.HashBlock, nameof(prevBlockStake), nameof(prevBlockStake.HashProof), prevBlockStake.HashProof, nameof(headerBits), headerBits);
if (!transaction.IsCoinStake)
{
this.logger.LogTrace("(-)[NO_COINSTAKE]");
ConsensusErrors.NonCoinstake.Throw();
}
TxIn txIn = transaction.Inputs[0];
// First try finding the previous transaction in database.
FetchCoinsResponse coins = this.coinView.FetchCoinsAsync(new[] { txIn.PrevOut.Hash }).GetAwaiter().GetResult();
if ((coins == null) || (coins.UnspentOutputs.Length != 1))
{
ConsensusErrors.ReadTxPrevFailed.Throw();
}
ChainedBlock prevBlock = this.chain.GetBlock(coins.BlockHash);
UnspentOutputs prevUtxo = coins.UnspentOutputs[0];
// Verify signature.
if (!this.VerifySignature(prevUtxo, transaction, 0, ScriptVerify.None))
{
this.logger.LogTrace("(-)[BAD_SIGNATURE]");
ConsensusErrors.CoinstakeVerifySignatureFailed.Throw();
}
// Min age requirement.
if (this.IsConfirmedInNPrevBlocks(prevUtxo, prevChainedBlock, this.consensusOptions.StakeMinConfirmations - 1))
{
this.logger.LogTrace("(-)[BAD_STAKE_DEPTH]");
ConsensusErrors.InvalidStakeDepth.Throw();
}
this.CheckStakeKernelHash(context, prevChainedBlock, headerBits, prevBlock.Header.Time, prevBlockStake, prevUtxo, txIn.PrevOut, transaction.Time);
this.logger.LogTrace("(-)[OK]");
}
/// <summary>
/// Checks that UTXO is valid for staking and then checks kernel hash.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="context">Staking context.</param>
/// <param name="prevChainedBlock">Previous chained block.</param>
/// <param name="headerBits">Chained block's header bits, which define the difficulty target.</param>
/// <param name="transactionTime">Transaction time.</param>
/// <param name="prevout">Information about transaction id and index.</param>
/// <param name="prevBlockTime">The previous block time.</param>
public void CheckKernel(ContextStakeInformation context, ChainedBlock prevChainedBlock, uint headerBits, long transactionTime, OutPoint prevout)
{
this.logger.LogTrace("({0}:'{1}',{2}:0x{3:X},{4}:{5},{6}:'{7}.{8}')", nameof(prevChainedBlock), prevChainedBlock,
nameof(headerBits), headerBits, nameof(transactionTime), transactionTime, nameof(prevout), prevout.Hash, prevout.N);
FetchCoinsResponse coins = this.coinView.FetchCoinsAsync(new[] { prevout.Hash }).GetAwaiter().GetResult();
if ((coins == null) || (coins.UnspentOutputs.Length != 1))
{
this.logger.LogTrace("(-)[READ_PREV_TX_FAILED]");
ConsensusErrors.ReadTxPrevFailed.Throw();
}
ChainedBlock prevBlock = this.chain.GetBlock(coins.BlockHash);
if (prevBlock == null)
{
this.logger.LogTrace("(-)[REORG]");
ConsensusErrors.ReadTxPrevFailed.Throw();
}
UnspentOutputs prevUtxo = coins.UnspentOutputs[0];
if (this.IsConfirmedInNPrevBlocks(prevUtxo, prevChainedBlock, this.consensusOptions.StakeMinConfirmations - 1))
{
this.logger.LogTrace("(-)[LOW_COIN_AGE]");
ConsensusErrors.InvalidStakeDepth.Throw();
}
BlockStake prevBlockStake = this.stakeChain.Get(prevChainedBlock.HashBlock);
if (prevBlockStake == null)
{
this.logger.LogTrace("(-)[BAD_STAKE_BLOCK]");
ConsensusErrors.BadStakeBlock.Throw();
}
this.CheckStakeKernelHash(context, prevChainedBlock, headerBits, prevBlock.Header.Time, prevBlockStake, prevUtxo, prevout, (uint)transactionTime);
}
