internal static void CheckArrayParameter(ref string[] param, bool checkForNull, bool checkIfEmpty, bool checkForCommas, int maxSize, string paramName)
        {
            if (param == null)
            {
                throw new ArgumentNullException(paramName);
            }

            if (param.Length < 1)
            {
                throw new ArgumentException(SR.GetString(SR.Parameter_array_empty, paramName), paramName);
            }

            Hashtable values = new Hashtable(param.Length);

            for (int i = param.Length - 1; i >= 0; i--)
            {
                SecUtility.CheckParameter(ref param[i], checkForNull, checkIfEmpty, checkForCommas, maxSize,
                                          paramName + "[ " + i.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture) + " ]");
                if (values.Contains(param[i]))
                {
                    throw new ArgumentException(SR.GetString(SR.Parameter_duplicate_array_element, paramName), paramName);
                }
                else
                {
                    values.Add(param[i], param[i]);
                }
            }
        }
        //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
        //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
        //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

        public override bool IsUserInRole(string username, string roleName)
        {
            SecUtility.CheckParameter(ref roleName, true, true, true, 256, "roleName");
            SecUtility.CheckParameter(ref username, true, false, true, 256, "username");
            if (username.Length < 1)
            {
                return(false);
            }

            try {
                SqlConnectionHolder holder = null;
                try {
                    holder = SqlConnectionHelper.GetConnection(_sqlConnectionString, true);
                    CheckSchemaVersion(holder.Connection);

                    SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand("dbo.aspnet_UsersInRoles_IsUserInRole", holder.Connection);
                    cmd.CommandType    = CommandType.StoredProcedure;
                    cmd.CommandTimeout = CommandTimeout;

                    SqlParameter p = new SqlParameter("@ReturnValue", SqlDbType.Int);
                    p.Direction = ParameterDirection.ReturnValue;
                    cmd.Parameters.Add(p);
                    cmd.Parameters.Add(CreateInputParam("@ApplicationName", SqlDbType.NVarChar, ApplicationName));
                    cmd.Parameters.Add(CreateInputParam("@UserName", SqlDbType.NVarChar, username));
                    cmd.Parameters.Add(CreateInputParam("@RoleName", SqlDbType.NVarChar, roleName));
                    cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
                    int iStatus = GetReturnValue(cmd);

                    switch (iStatus)
                    {
                    case 0:
                        return(false);

                    case 1:
                        return(true);

                    case 2:
                        return(false);

                    // throw new ProviderException(SR.GetString(SR.Provider_user_not_found));
                    case 3:
                        return(false); // throw new ProviderException(SR.GetString(SR.Provider_role_not_found, roleName));
                    }
                    throw new ProviderException(SR.GetString(SR.Provider_unknown_failure));
                }
                finally
                {
                    if (holder != null)
                    {
                        holder.Close();
                        holder = null;
                    }
                }
            }
            catch
            {
                throw;
            }
        }
        public override void Initialize(string name, NameValueCollection config)
        {
            // Remove CAS from sample: HttpRuntime.CheckAspNetHostingPermission (AspNetHostingPermissionLevel.Low, SR.Feature_not_supported_at_this_level);
            if (config == null)
            {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("config");
            }

            if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(name))
            {
                name = "SqlRoleProvider";
            }
            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(config["description"]))
            {
                config.Remove("description");
                config.Add("description", SR.GetString(SR.RoleSqlProvider_description));
            }
            base.Initialize(name, config);

            _SchemaVersionCheck = 0;

            _CommandTimeout = SecUtility.GetIntValue(config, "commandTimeout", 30, true, 0);

            string temp = config["connectionStringName"];

            if (temp == null || temp.Length < 1)
            {
                throw new ProviderException(SR.GetString(SR.Connection_name_not_specified));
            }
            _sqlConnectionString = SqlConnectionHelper.GetConnectionString(temp, true, true);
            if (_sqlConnectionString == null || _sqlConnectionString.Length < 1)
            {
                throw new ProviderException(SR.GetString(SR.Connection_string_not_found, temp));
            }

            _AppName = config["applicationName"];
            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(_AppName))
            {
                _AppName = SecUtility.GetDefaultAppName();
            }

            if (_AppName.Length > 256)
            {
                throw new ProviderException(SR.GetString(SR.Provider_application_name_too_long));
            }

            config.Remove("connectionStringName");
            config.Remove("applicationName");
            config.Remove("commandTimeout");
            if (config.Count > 0)
            {
                string attribUnrecognized = config.GetKey(0);
                if (!String.IsNullOrEmpty(attribUnrecognized))
                {
                    throw new ProviderException(SR.GetString(SR.Provider_unrecognized_attribute, attribUnrecognized));
                }
            }
        }
        private void CheckSchemaVersion(SqlConnection connection)
        {
            string[] features = { "Role Manager" };
            string   version  = "1";

            SecUtility.CheckSchemaVersion(this,
                                          connection,
                                          features,
                                          version,
                                          ref _SchemaVersionCheck);
        }
        //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
        //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
        //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

        public override void CreateRole(string roleName)
        {
            SecUtility.CheckParameter(ref roleName, true, true, true, 256, "roleName");
            try {
                SqlConnectionHolder holder = null;

                try {
                    holder = SqlConnectionHelper.GetConnection(_sqlConnectionString, true);
                    CheckSchemaVersion(holder.Connection);
                    SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand("dbo.aspnet_Roles_CreateRole", holder.Connection);
                    cmd.CommandType    = CommandType.StoredProcedure;
                    cmd.CommandTimeout = CommandTimeout;

                    SqlParameter p = new SqlParameter("@ReturnValue", SqlDbType.Int);

                    p.Direction = ParameterDirection.ReturnValue;
                    cmd.Parameters.Add(p);
                    cmd.Parameters.Add(CreateInputParam("@ApplicationName", SqlDbType.NVarChar, ApplicationName));
                    cmd.Parameters.Add(CreateInputParam("@RoleName", SqlDbType.NVarChar, roleName));
                    cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();

                    int returnValue = GetReturnValue(cmd);

                    switch (returnValue)
                    {
                    case 0:
                        return;

                    case 1:
                        throw new ProviderException(SR.GetString(SR.Provider_role_already_exists, roleName));

                    default:
                        throw new ProviderException(SR.GetString(SR.Provider_unknown_failure));
                    }
                }
                finally
                {
                    if (holder != null)
                    {
                        holder.Close();
                        holder = null;
                    }
                }
            }
            catch
            {
                throw;
            }
        }
        //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
        //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
        //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

        public override bool DeleteRole(string roleName, bool throwOnPopulatedRole)
        {
            SecUtility.CheckParameter(ref roleName, true, true, true, 256, "roleName");
            try {
                SqlConnectionHolder holder = null;

                try {
                    holder = SqlConnectionHelper.GetConnection(_sqlConnectionString, true);
                    CheckSchemaVersion(holder.Connection);

                    SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand("dbo.aspnet_Roles_DeleteRole", holder.Connection);

                    cmd.CommandType    = CommandType.StoredProcedure;
                    cmd.CommandTimeout = CommandTimeout;

                    SqlParameter p = new SqlParameter("@ReturnValue", SqlDbType.Int);
                    p.Direction = ParameterDirection.ReturnValue;
                    cmd.Parameters.Add(p);
                    cmd.Parameters.Add(CreateInputParam("@ApplicationName", SqlDbType.NVarChar, ApplicationName));
                    cmd.Parameters.Add(CreateInputParam("@RoleName", SqlDbType.NVarChar, roleName));
                    cmd.Parameters.Add(CreateInputParam("@DeleteOnlyIfRoleIsEmpty", SqlDbType.Bit, throwOnPopulatedRole ? 1 : 0));
                    cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
                    int returnValue = GetReturnValue(cmd);

                    if (returnValue == 2)
                    {
                        throw new ProviderException(SR.GetString(SR.Role_is_not_empty));
                    }

                    return(returnValue == 0);
                }
                finally
                {
                    if (holder != null)
                    {
                        holder.Close();
                        holder = null;
                    }
                }
            }
            catch
            {
                throw;
            }
        }
        //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
        //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
        //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
        public override string[] FindUsersInRole(string roleName, string usernameToMatch)
        {
            SecUtility.CheckParameter(ref roleName, true, true, true, 256, "roleName");
            SecUtility.CheckParameter(ref usernameToMatch, true, true, false, 256, "usernameToMatch");

            try {
                SqlConnectionHolder holder = null;

                try {
                    holder = SqlConnectionHelper.GetConnection(_sqlConnectionString, true);
                    CheckSchemaVersion(holder.Connection);

                    SqlCommand       cmd    = new SqlCommand("dbo.aspnet_UsersInRoles_FindUsersInRole", holder.Connection);
                    SqlDataReader    reader = null;
                    SqlParameter     p      = new SqlParameter("@ReturnValue", SqlDbType.Int);
                    StringCollection sc     = new StringCollection();

                    cmd.CommandType    = CommandType.StoredProcedure;
                    cmd.CommandTimeout = CommandTimeout;

                    p.Direction = ParameterDirection.ReturnValue;
                    cmd.Parameters.Add(p);
                    cmd.Parameters.Add(CreateInputParam("@ApplicationName", SqlDbType.NVarChar, ApplicationName));
                    cmd.Parameters.Add(CreateInputParam("@RoleName", SqlDbType.NVarChar, roleName));
                    cmd.Parameters.Add(CreateInputParam("@UserNameToMatch", SqlDbType.NVarChar, usernameToMatch));
                    try {
                        reader = cmd.ExecuteReader(CommandBehavior.SequentialAccess);
                        while (reader.Read())
                        {
                            sc.Add(reader.GetString(0));
                        }
                    }
                    catch
                    {
                        throw;
                    }
                    finally
                    {
                        if (reader != null)
                        {
                            reader.Close();
                        }
                    }
                    if (sc.Count < 1)
                    {
                        switch (GetReturnValue(cmd))
                        {
                        case 0:
                            return(new string[0]);

                        case 1:
                            throw new ProviderException(SR.GetString(SR.Provider_role_not_found, roleName));

                        default:
                            throw new ProviderException(SR.GetString(SR.Provider_unknown_failure));
                        }
                    }
                    String[] strReturn = new String[sc.Count];
                    sc.CopyTo(strReturn, 0);
                    return(strReturn);
                }
                finally
                {
                    if (holder != null)
                    {
                        holder.Close();
                        holder = null;
                    }
                }
            }
            catch
            {
                throw;
            }
        }
        //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
        //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
        //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

        public override void RemoveUsersFromRoles(string[] usernames, string[] roleNames)
        {
            SecUtility.CheckArrayParameter(ref roleNames, true, true, true, 256, "roleNames");
            SecUtility.CheckArrayParameter(ref usernames, true, true, true, 256, "usernames");

            bool beginTranCalled = false;

            try {
                SqlConnectionHolder holder = null;
                try
                {
                    holder = SqlConnectionHelper.GetConnection(_sqlConnectionString, true);
                    CheckSchemaVersion(holder.Connection);
                    int numUsersRemaing = usernames.Length;
                    while (numUsersRemaing > 0)
                    {
                        int    iter;
                        string allUsers = usernames[usernames.Length - numUsersRemaing];
                        numUsersRemaing--;
                        for (iter = usernames.Length - numUsersRemaing; iter < usernames.Length; iter++)
                        {
                            if (allUsers.Length + usernames[iter].Length + 1 >= 4000)
                            {
                                break;
                            }
                            allUsers += "," + usernames[iter];
                            numUsersRemaing--;
                        }

                        int numRolesRemaining = roleNames.Length;
                        while (numRolesRemaining > 0)
                        {
                            string allRoles = roleNames[roleNames.Length - numRolesRemaining];
                            numRolesRemaining--;
                            for (iter = roleNames.Length - numRolesRemaining; iter < roleNames.Length; iter++)
                            {
                                if (allRoles.Length + roleNames[iter].Length + 1 >= 4000)
                                {
                                    break;
                                }
                                allRoles += "," + roleNames[iter];
                                numRolesRemaining--;
                            }
                            //
                            // Note:  ADO.NET 2.0 introduced the TransactionScope class - in your own code you should use TransactionScope
                            //            rather than explicitly managing transactions with the TSQL BEGIN/COMMIT/ROLLBACK statements.
                            //
                            if (!beginTranCalled && (numUsersRemaing > 0 || numRolesRemaining > 0))
                            {
                                (new SqlCommand("BEGIN TRANSACTION", holder.Connection)).ExecuteNonQuery();
                                beginTranCalled = true;
                            }
                            RemoveUsersFromRolesCore(holder.Connection, allUsers, allRoles);
                        }
                    }
                    if (beginTranCalled)
                    {
                        (new SqlCommand("COMMIT TRANSACTION", holder.Connection)).ExecuteNonQuery();
                        beginTranCalled = false;
                    }
                } catch  {
                    if (beginTranCalled)
                    {
                        (new SqlCommand("ROLLBACK TRANSACTION", holder.Connection)).ExecuteNonQuery();
                        beginTranCalled = false;
                    }
                    throw;
                } finally {
                    if (holder != null)
                    {
                        holder.Close();
                        holder = null;
                    }
                }
            } catch {
                throw;
            }
        }