/// <summary>
        /// Resolve a type name against the provided <paramref name="model"/>. If not payload type name is specified,
        /// derive the type from the model type (if available).
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="model">The model to use.</param>
        /// <param name="typeReferenceFromMetadata">The type inferred from the model or null if the model is not a user model.</param>
        /// <param name="collectionValue">The value in question to resolve the type for.</param>
        /// <param name="isOpenPropertyType">True if the type name belongs to an open property.</param>
        /// <param name="writerValidator">The writer validator to use for validation.</param>
        /// <returns>A type for the <paramref name="collectionValue"/> or null if no type name is specified and no metadata is available.</returns>
        internal static IEdmTypeReference ResolveAndValidateTypeForCollectionValue(IEdmModel model, IEdmTypeReference typeReferenceFromMetadata, ODataCollectionValue collectionValue, bool isOpenPropertyType, IWriterValidator writerValidator)
        {
            Debug.Assert(model != null, "model != null");

            var typeName = collectionValue.TypeName;

            ValidateIfTypeNameMissing(typeName, model, isOpenPropertyType);

            IEdmType typeFromValue = typeName == null ? null : ResolveAndValidateTypeName(model, typeName, EdmTypeKind.Collection, false, writerValidator);

            if (typeReferenceFromMetadata != null)
            {
                writerValidator.ValidateTypeKind(EdmTypeKind.Collection, typeReferenceFromMetadata.TypeKind(), false, typeFromValue);
            }

            IEdmTypeReference typeReferenceFromValue = ResolveTypeFromMetadataAndValue(typeReferenceFromMetadata, typeFromValue == null ? null : typeFromValue.ToTypeReference(), writerValidator);

            if (typeReferenceFromValue != null)
            {
                // update nullability from metadata
                if (typeReferenceFromMetadata != null)
                {
                    typeReferenceFromValue = typeReferenceFromMetadata;
                }

                // validate that the collection type represents a valid Collection type (e.g., is unordered).
                typeReferenceFromValue = ValidationUtils.ValidateCollectionType(typeReferenceFromValue);
            }

            return(typeReferenceFromValue);
        }
        public static string ConvertToUriLiteral(object value, ODataVersion version, IEdmModel model)
        {
            if (value == null)
            {
                value = new ODataNullValue();
            }

            if (model == null)
            {
                model = Microsoft.OData.Edm.EdmCoreModel.Instance;
            }

            ODataNullValue nullValue = value as ODataNullValue;

            if (nullValue != null)
            {
                return(ExpressionConstants.KeywordNull);
            }

            ODataCollectionValue collectionValue = value as ODataCollectionValue;

            if (collectionValue != null)
            {
                return(ODataUriConversionUtils.ConvertToUriCollectionLiteral(collectionValue, model, version));
            }

            ODataEnumValue enumValue = value as ODataEnumValue;

            if (enumValue != null)
            {
                return(ODataUriConversionUtils.ConvertToUriEnumLiteral(enumValue, version));
            }

            ODataResource resource = value as ODataResource;

            if (resource != null)
            {
                return(ODataUriConversionUtils.ConvertToUriEntityLiteral(resource, model));
            }

            ODataEntityReferenceLink link = value as ODataEntityReferenceLink;

            if (link != null)
            {
                return(ODataUriConversionUtils.ConvertToUriEntityReferenceLiteral(link, model));
            }

            ODataEntityReferenceLinks links = value as ODataEntityReferenceLinks;

            if (links != null)
            {
                return(ODataUriConversionUtils.ConvertToUriEntityReferencesLiteral(links, model));
            }

            var list = value as IEnumerable <ODataResource>;

            if (list != null)
            {
                return(ODataUriConversionUtils.ConvertToUriEntitiesLiteral(list, model));
            }

            // Try to convert uints to their underlying type first according to the model.
            value = model.ConvertToUnderlyingTypeIfUIntValue(value);

            return(ODataUriConversionUtils.ConvertToUriPrimitiveLiteral(value, version));
        }
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        /// <summary>
        /// Writes an instance annotation.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="instanceAnnotation">The instance annotation to write.</param>
        /// <param name="ignoreFilter">Whether to ignore the filter in settings.</param>
        /// <param name="propertyName">The name of the property this instance annotation applies to</param>
        internal void WriteInstanceAnnotation(ODataInstanceAnnotation instanceAnnotation, bool ignoreFilter = false, string propertyName = null)
        {
            string     name  = instanceAnnotation.Name;
            ODataValue value = instanceAnnotation.Value;

            Debug.Assert(!string.IsNullOrEmpty(name), "name should not be null or empty");
            Debug.Assert(value != null, "value should not be null because we use ODataNullValue for null instead");
            Debug.Assert(!(value is ODataStreamReferenceValue), "!(value is ODataStreamReferenceValue) -- ODataInstanceAnnotation and InstanceAnnotationCollection will throw if the value is a stream value.");
            Debug.Assert(this.valueSerializer.Model != null, "this.valueSerializer.Model != null");

            if (!ignoreFilter && this.valueSerializer.MessageWriterSettings.ShouldSkipAnnotation(name))
            {
                return;
            }

            IEdmTypeReference expectedType = MetadataUtils.LookupTypeOfTerm(name, this.valueSerializer.Model);

            if (value is ODataNullValue)
            {
                if (expectedType != null && !expectedType.IsNullable)
                {
                    throw new ODataException(
                              ODataErrorStrings.JsonLightInstanceAnnotationWriter_NullValueNotAllowedForInstanceAnnotation(
                                  instanceAnnotation.Name, expectedType.FullName()));
                }

                this.WriteInstanceAnnotationName(propertyName, name);
                this.valueSerializer.WriteNullValue();
                return;
            }

            // If we didn't find an expected type from looking up the term in the model, treat this value the same way we would for open property values.
            // That is, write the type name (unless its a primitive value with a JSON-native type).  If we did find an expected type, treat the annotation value like a
            // declared property with an expected type. This will still write out the type if the value type is more derived than the declared type, for example.
            bool treatLikeOpenProperty = expectedType == null;

            ODataResourceValue resourceValue = value as ODataResourceValue;

            if (resourceValue != null)
            {
                this.WriteInstanceAnnotationName(propertyName, name);
                this.valueSerializer.WriteResourceValue(resourceValue,
                                                        expectedType,
                                                        treatLikeOpenProperty,
                                                        this.valueSerializer.CreateDuplicatePropertyNameChecker());
                return;
            }

            ODataCollectionValue collectionValue = value as ODataCollectionValue;

            if (collectionValue != null)
            {
                IEdmTypeReference typeFromCollectionValue = (IEdmCollectionTypeReference)TypeNameOracle.ResolveAndValidateTypeForCollectionValue(
                    this.valueSerializer.Model, expectedType, collectionValue, treatLikeOpenProperty, this.writerValidator);
                string collectionTypeNameToWrite = this.typeNameOracle.GetValueTypeNameForWriting(collectionValue, expectedType, typeFromCollectionValue, treatLikeOpenProperty);
                if (collectionTypeNameToWrite != null)
                {
                    this.odataAnnotationWriter.WriteODataTypePropertyAnnotation(name, collectionTypeNameToWrite);
                }

                this.WriteInstanceAnnotationName(propertyName, name);
                this.valueSerializer.WriteCollectionValue(collectionValue, expectedType, typeFromCollectionValue, false /*isTopLevelProperty*/, false /*isInUri*/, treatLikeOpenProperty);
                return;
            }

            ODataUntypedValue untypedValue = value as ODataUntypedValue;

            if (untypedValue != null)
            {
                this.WriteInstanceAnnotationName(propertyName, name);
                this.valueSerializer.WriteUntypedValue(untypedValue);
                return;
            }

            ODataEnumValue enumValue = value as ODataEnumValue;

            if (enumValue != null)
            {
                this.WriteInstanceAnnotationName(propertyName, name);
                this.valueSerializer.WriteEnumValue(enumValue, expectedType);
                return;
            }

            ODataPrimitiveValue primitiveValue = value as ODataPrimitiveValue;

            Debug.Assert(primitiveValue != null, "Did we add a new subclass of ODataValue?");

            IEdmTypeReference typeFromPrimitiveValue = TypeNameOracle.ResolveAndValidateTypeForPrimitiveValue(primitiveValue);

            string primitiveTypeNameToWrite = this.typeNameOracle.GetValueTypeNameForWriting(primitiveValue, expectedType, typeFromPrimitiveValue, treatLikeOpenProperty);

            if (primitiveTypeNameToWrite != null)
            {
                this.odataAnnotationWriter.WriteODataTypePropertyAnnotation(name, primitiveTypeNameToWrite);
            }

            this.WriteInstanceAnnotationName(propertyName, name);
            this.valueSerializer.WritePrimitiveValue(primitiveValue.Value, typeFromPrimitiveValue, expectedType);
        }