protected double[] LearnerHistoryToWeights(PipelinePattern[] history, bool isMaximizingMetric)
        {
            int numLearners = AvailableLearners.Length;

            double[] weights = new double[numLearners];
            int[]    counts  = new int[numLearners];
            Dictionary <string, int> labelToIndex = new Dictionary <string, int>();
            double maxWeight = history.Length > 0 ? history.Max(w => w.PerformanceSummary.MetricValue) : 0d;

            // Map categorical values to their index
            for (int j = 0; j < numLearners; j++)
            {
                labelToIndex[AvailableLearners[j].LearnerName] = j;
            }

            // Add mass according to performance
            foreach (var pipeline in history)
            {
                if (AvailableLearners.All(l => l.LearnerName != pipeline.Learner.LearnerName))
                {
                    continue;
                }
                weights[labelToIndex[pipeline.Learner.LearnerName]] +=
                    AutoMlUtils.ProcessWeight(pipeline.PerformanceSummary.MetricValue,
                                              maxWeight, isMaximizingMetric);
                counts[labelToIndex[pipeline.Learner.LearnerName]]++;
            }

            // Take average mass for each learner
            for (int i = 0; i < weights.Length; i++)
            {
                weights[i] /= counts[i] > 0 ? counts[i] : 1;
            }

            // If any learner has not been seen, default its average to 1.0
            // to encourage exploration of untried algorithms.
            for (int i = 0; i < weights.Length; i++)
            {
                weights[i] += counts[i] == 0 ? 1 : 0;
            }

            // Normalize weights to sum to one and return
            return(SweeperProbabilityUtils.Normalize(weights));
        }
        private TransformInference.SuggestedTransform[] SampleTransforms(RecipeInference.SuggestedRecipe.SuggestedLearner learner,
                                                                         PipelinePattern[] history, out long transformsBitMask, bool uniformRandomSampling = false)
        {
            var sampledTransforms =
                new List <TransformInference.SuggestedTransform>(
                    AutoMlUtils.GetMandatoryTransforms(AvailableTransforms));
            var remainingAvailableTransforms =
                AvailableTransforms.Where(t => !sampledTransforms.Any(t.Equals)).ToArray();
            var mask = AutoMlUtils.TransformsToBitmask(sampledTransforms.ToArray());

            foreach (var transform in remainingAvailableTransforms)
            {
                // Add pseudo-mass to encourage sampling of untried transforms.
                double maxWeight     = history.Length > 0 ? history.Max(w => w.PerformanceSummary.MetricValue) : 0d;
                double allWeight     = Math.Max(maxWeight, 1d);
                double learnerWeight = Math.Max(maxWeight, 1d);
                int    allCounts     = 1;
                int    learnerCounts = 1;

                // Add mass according to performance.
                foreach (var pipeline in history)
                {
                    if (pipeline.Transforms.Any(transform.Equals))
                    {
                        allWeight +=
                            AutoMlUtils.ProcessWeight(pipeline.PerformanceSummary.MetricValue,
                                                      maxWeight, IsMaximizingMetric);
                        allCounts++;

                        if (pipeline.Learner.LearnerName == learner.LearnerName)
                        {
                            learnerWeight += pipeline.PerformanceSummary.MetricValue;
                            learnerCounts++;
                        }
                    }
                }

                // Take average mass as weight, and take convex combination of
                // learner-specific weight and unconditioned weight.
                allWeight     /= allCounts > 0 ? allCounts : 1;
                learnerWeight /= learnerCounts > 0 ? learnerCounts : 1;
                var lambda         = MathUtils.Sigmoid(learnerCounts - 3);
                var combinedWeight = uniformRandomSampling ?
                                     0.5 : lambda * learnerWeight + (1 - lambda) * allWeight;

                // Sample transform according to combined weight.
                if (ProbUtils.SampleUniform() <= combinedWeight / maxWeight)
                {
                    mask |= 1L << transform.AtomicGroupId;
                }
            }

            // Add all chosen transforms.
            sampledTransforms.AddRange(remainingAvailableTransforms.Where(t =>
                                                                          AutoMlUtils.AtomicGroupPresent(mask, t.AtomicGroupId)));

            // Add final features concat transform. NOTE: computed bitmask should always
            // exclude the final features concat. If we forget to exclude that one, will
            // cause an error in verification, since it isn't included in the original
            // dependency mapping (i.e., its level isn't in the dictionary).
            sampledTransforms.AddRange(AutoMlUtils.GetFinalFeatureConcat(Env, FullyTransformedData,
                                                                         DependencyMapping, sampledTransforms.ToArray(), AvailableTransforms, DataRoles));
            transformsBitMask = mask;

            return(sampledTransforms.ToArray());
        }