public static void Integrate(QuadFunction f, double a, double b, double epsabs, double epsrel, int limit, out double result, out double abserr, IntegrationRule q)
        {
            double area, errsum;
            double result0, abserr0, resabs0, resasc0;
            double tolerance;
            int iteration = 0;
            int roundoff_type1 = 0, roundoff_type2 = 0, error_type = 0;

            double round_off;

            /* Initialize results */
            IntegrationWorkspace workspace = new IntegrationWorkspace(limit, a, b);

            result = 0;
            abserr = 0;

            if (epsabs <= 0 && (epsrel < 50 * QuadConst.dbl_eps || epsrel < 0.5e-28)) {
                throw new ArgumentException("Tolerance cannot be achieved with given epsabs and epsrel");
            }

            /* perform the first integration */

            q(f, a, b, out result0, out abserr0, out resabs0, out resasc0);

            workspace.SetInitialResult(result0, abserr0);

            /* Test on accuracy */

            tolerance = Math.Max(epsabs, epsrel * Math.Abs(result0));

            /* need IEEE rounding here to match original quadpack behavior */

            round_off = 50 * QuadConst.dbl_eps * resabs0;

            if (abserr0 <= round_off && abserr0 > tolerance) {
                result = result0;
                abserr = abserr0;

                throw new InvalidOperationException("cannot reach tolerance because of roundoff error on first attempt");
            }
            else if ((abserr0 <= tolerance && abserr0 != resasc0) || abserr0 == 0.0) {
                result = result0;
                abserr = abserr0;

                //return GSL_SUCCESS;
                return;
            }
            else if (limit == 1) {
                result = result0;
                abserr = abserr0;

                throw new InvalidOperationException("a maximum of one iteration was insufficient");
            }

            area = result0;
            errsum = abserr0;

            iteration = 1;

            do {
                double a1, b1, a2, b2;
                double a_i, b_i, r_i, e_i;
                double area1 = 0, area2 = 0, area12 = 0;
                double error1 = 0, error2 = 0, error12 = 0;
                double resasc1, resasc2;
                double resabs1, resabs2;

                /* Bisect the subinterval with the largest error estimate */

                workspace.Retrieve(out a_i, out b_i, out r_i, out e_i);

                a1 = a_i;
                b1 = 0.5 * (a_i + b_i);
                a2 = b1;
                b2 = b_i;

                q(f, a1, b1, out area1, out error1, out resabs1, out resasc1);
                q(f, a2, b2, out area2, out error2, out resabs2, out resasc2);

                area12 = area1 + area2;
                error12 = error1 + error2;

                errsum += (error12 - e_i);
                area += area12 - r_i;

                if (resasc1 != error1 && resasc2 != error2) {
                    double delta = r_i - area12;

                    if (Math.Abs(delta) <= 1.0e-5 * Math.Abs(area12) && error12 >= 0.99 * e_i) {
                        roundoff_type1++;
                    }
                    if (iteration >= 10 && error12 > e_i) {
                        roundoff_type2++;
                    }
                }

                tolerance = Math.Max(epsabs, epsrel * Math.Abs(area));

                if (errsum > tolerance) {
                    if (roundoff_type1 >= 6 || roundoff_type2 >= 20) {
                        error_type = 2;   /* round off error */
                    }

                    /* set error flag in the case of bad integrand behaviour at
                         a point of the integration range */

                    if (workspace.SubintervalTooSmall(a1, a2, b2)) {
                        error_type = 3;
                    }
                }

                workspace.Update(a1, b1, area1, error1, a2, b2, area2, error2);

                workspace.Retrieve(out a_i, out b_i, out r_i, out e_i);

                iteration++;

            }
            while (iteration < limit && (error_type == 0) && errsum > tolerance);

            result = workspace.SumResults();
            abserr = errsum;

            if (errsum <= tolerance) {
                //return GSL_SUCCESS;
            }
            else if (error_type == 2) {
                throw new InvalidOperationException("roundoff error prevents tolerance from being achieved");
                /*GSL_ERROR ("roundoff error prevents tolerance from being achieved",
                                     GSL_EROUND);*/
            }
            else if (error_type == 3) {
                throw new InvalidOperationException("bad integrand found in the integration interval");
                /*GSL_ERROR ("bad integrand behavior found in the integration interval",
                                     GSL_ESING);*/
            }
            else if (iteration == limit) {
                //GSL_ERROR ("maximum number of subdivisions reached", GSL_EMAXITER);
                throw new InvalidOperationException("maximum number of subdivisions reached");
            }
            else {
                //GSL_ERROR ("could not integrate function", GSL_EFAILED);
                throw new InvalidOperationException("could not integrate function");
            }
        }
        public static void Integrate(QuadFunction f, double a, double b, double epsabs, double epsrel, int limit, out double result, out double abserr, IntegrationRule q)
        {
            double area, errsum;
            double result0, abserr0, resabs0, resasc0;
            double tolerance;
            int    iteration = 0;
            int    roundoff_type1 = 0, roundoff_type2 = 0, error_type = 0;

            double round_off;

            /* Initialize results */
            IntegrationWorkspace workspace = new IntegrationWorkspace(limit, a, b);

            result = 0;
            abserr = 0;

            if (epsabs <= 0 && (epsrel < 50 * QuadConst.dbl_eps || epsrel < 0.5e-28))
            {
                throw new ArgumentException("Tolerance cannot be achieved with given epsabs and epsrel");
            }

            /* perform the first integration */

            q(f, a, b, out result0, out abserr0, out resabs0, out resasc0);

            workspace.SetInitialResult(result0, abserr0);

            /* Test on accuracy */

            tolerance = Math.Max(epsabs, epsrel * Math.Abs(result0));

            /* need IEEE rounding here to match original quadpack behavior */

            round_off = 50 * QuadConst.dbl_eps * resabs0;

            if (abserr0 <= round_off && abserr0 > tolerance)
            {
                result = result0;
                abserr = abserr0;

                throw new InvalidOperationException("cannot reach tolerance because of roundoff error on first attempt");
            }
            else if ((abserr0 <= tolerance && abserr0 != resasc0) || abserr0 == 0.0)
            {
                result = result0;
                abserr = abserr0;

                //return GSL_SUCCESS;
                return;
            }
            else if (limit == 1)
            {
                result = result0;
                abserr = abserr0;

                throw new InvalidOperationException("a maximum of one iteration was insufficient");
            }

            area   = result0;
            errsum = abserr0;

            iteration = 1;

            do
            {
                double a1, b1, a2, b2;
                double a_i, b_i, r_i, e_i;
                double area1 = 0, area2 = 0, area12 = 0;
                double error1 = 0, error2 = 0, error12 = 0;
                double resasc1, resasc2;
                double resabs1, resabs2;

                /* Bisect the subinterval with the largest error estimate */

                workspace.Retrieve(out a_i, out b_i, out r_i, out e_i);

                a1 = a_i;
                b1 = 0.5 * (a_i + b_i);
                a2 = b1;
                b2 = b_i;

                q(f, a1, b1, out area1, out error1, out resabs1, out resasc1);
                q(f, a2, b2, out area2, out error2, out resabs2, out resasc2);

                area12  = area1 + area2;
                error12 = error1 + error2;

                errsum += (error12 - e_i);
                area   += area12 - r_i;

                if (resasc1 != error1 && resasc2 != error2)
                {
                    double delta = r_i - area12;

                    if (Math.Abs(delta) <= 1.0e-5 * Math.Abs(area12) && error12 >= 0.99 * e_i)
                    {
                        roundoff_type1++;
                    }
                    if (iteration >= 10 && error12 > e_i)
                    {
                        roundoff_type2++;
                    }
                }

                tolerance = Math.Max(epsabs, epsrel * Math.Abs(area));

                if (errsum > tolerance)
                {
                    if (roundoff_type1 >= 6 || roundoff_type2 >= 20)
                    {
                        error_type = 2;                           /* round off error */
                    }

                    /* set error flag in the case of bad integrand behaviour at
                     *       a point of the integration range */

                    if (workspace.SubintervalTooSmall(a1, a2, b2))
                    {
                        error_type = 3;
                    }
                }

                workspace.Update(a1, b1, area1, error1, a2, b2, area2, error2);

                workspace.Retrieve(out a_i, out b_i, out r_i, out e_i);

                iteration++;
            }while (iteration < limit && (error_type == 0) && errsum > tolerance);

            result = workspace.SumResults();
            abserr = errsum;

            if (errsum <= tolerance)
            {
                //return GSL_SUCCESS;
            }
            else if (error_type == 2)
            {
                throw new InvalidOperationException("roundoff error prevents tolerance from being achieved");

                /*GSL_ERROR ("roundoff error prevents tolerance from being achieved",
                 *                                       GSL_EROUND);*/
            }
            else if (error_type == 3)
            {
                throw new InvalidOperationException("bad integrand found in the integration interval");

                /*GSL_ERROR ("bad integrand behavior found in the integration interval",
                 *                                       GSL_ESING);*/
            }
            else if (iteration == limit)
            {
                //GSL_ERROR ("maximum number of subdivisions reached", GSL_EMAXITER);
                throw new InvalidOperationException("maximum number of subdivisions reached");
            }
            else
            {
                //GSL_ERROR ("could not integrate function", GSL_EFAILED);
                throw new InvalidOperationException("could not integrate function");
            }
        }