/// <summary>
/// Modifies the initial estimate until the closest double-precision number to the desired
/// value is found.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="initialEstimate"> The initial estimate. Assumed to be very close to the
/// result. </param>
/// <param name="base10Exponent"> The power-of-ten scale factor. </param>
/// <param name="desiredValue"> The desired value, already scaled using the power-of-ten
/// scale factor. </param>
/// <returns> The closest double-precision number to the desired value. If there are two
/// such values, the one with the least significant bit set to zero is returned. </returns>
private static double RefineEstimate(double initialEstimate, int base10Exponent, BigInteger desiredValue)
{
// Numbers with 16 digits or more are tricky because rounding error can cause the
// result to be out by one or more ULPs (units in the last place).
// The algorithm is as follows:
// 1. Use the initially calculated result as an estimate.
// 2. Create a second estimate by modifying the estimate by one ULP.
// 3. Calculate the actual value of both estimates to precision X (using arbitrary
// precision arithmetic).
// 4. If they are both above the desired value then decrease the estimates by 1
// ULP and goto step 3.
// 5. If they are both below the desired value then increase up the estimates by
// 1 ULP and goto step 3.
// 6. One estimate must now be above the desired value and one below.
// 7. If one is estimate is clearly closer to the desired value than the other,
// then return that estimate.
// 8. Increase the precision by 32 bits.
// 9. If the precision is less than or equal to 160 bits goto step 3.
// 10. Assume that the estimates are equally close to the desired value; return the
// value with the least significant bit equal to 0.
int direction = double.IsPositiveInfinity(initialEstimate) ? -1 : 1;
int precision = 32;
// Calculate the candidate value by modifying the last bit.
double result = initialEstimate;
double result2 = AddUlps(result, direction);
// Figure out our multiplier. Either base10Exponent is positive, in which case we
// multiply actual1 and actual2, or it's negative, in which case we multiply
// desiredValue.
BigInteger multiplier = BigInteger.One;
if (base10Exponent < 0)
{
multiplier = BigInteger.Pow(10, -base10Exponent);
}
else if (base10Exponent > 0)
{
desiredValue = BigInteger.Multiply(desiredValue, BigInteger.Pow(10, base10Exponent));
}
while (precision <= 160)
{
// Scale the candidate values to a big integer.
var actual1 = ScaleToInteger(result, multiplier, precision);
var actual2 = ScaleToInteger(result2, multiplier, precision);
// Calculate the differences between the candidate values and the desired value.
var baseline = BigInteger.LeftShift(desiredValue, precision);
var diff1 = BigInteger.Subtract(actual1, baseline);
var diff2 = BigInteger.Subtract(actual2, baseline);
if (diff1.Sign == direction && diff2.Sign == direction)
{
// We're going the wrong way!
direction = -direction;
result2 = AddUlps(result, direction);
}
else if (diff1.Sign == -direction && diff2.Sign == -direction)
{
// Going the right way, but need to go further.
result = result2;
result2 = AddUlps(result, direction);
}
else
{
// Found two values that bracket the actual value.
// If one candidate value is closer to the actual value by at least 2 (one
// doesn't cut it because of the integer division) then use that value.
diff1 = BigInteger.Abs(diff1);
diff2 = BigInteger.Abs(diff2);
if (BigInteger.Compare(diff1, BigInteger.Subtract(diff2, BigInteger.One)) < 0)
{
return(result);
}
if (BigInteger.Compare(diff2, BigInteger.Subtract(diff1, BigInteger.One)) < 0)
{
return(result2);
}
// Not enough precision to determine the correct answer, or it's a halfway case.
// Increase the precision.
precision += 32;
}
// If result2 is NaN then we have gone too far.
if (double.IsNaN(result2))
{
return(result);
}
}
// Even with heaps of precision there is no clear winner.
// Assume this is a halfway case: choose the floating-point value with its least
// significant bit equal to 0.
return((BitConverter.DoubleToInt64Bits(result) & 1) == 0 ? result : result2);
}
/// <summary>
/// Parses a number and returns the corresponding double-precision value.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="reader"> The reader to read characters from. </param>
/// <param name="firstChar"> The first character of the number. Must be 0-9 or a period. </param>
/// <param name="status"> Upon returning, contains the type of error if one occurred. </param>
/// <param name="allowHex"> </param>
/// <param name="allowOctal"> </param>
/// <returns> The numeric value, or <c>NaN</c> if the number is invalid. </returns>
internal static double ParseCore(TextReader reader, char firstChar, out ParseCoreStatus status, bool allowHex, bool allowOctal)
{
double result;
// A count of the number of integral and fractional digits of the input number.
int totalDigits = 0;
// Assume success.
status = ParseCoreStatus.Success;
// If the number starts with '0' then the number is a hex literal or a octal literal.
if (firstChar == '0' && (allowHex || allowOctal))
{
// Read the next char - should be 'x' or 'X' if this is a hex number (could be just '0').
int c = reader.Peek();
if ((c == 'x' || c == 'X') && allowHex)
{
// Hex number.
reader.Read();
result = ParseHex(reader);
if (double.IsNaN(result))
{
status = ParseCoreStatus.InvalidHexLiteral;
return(double.NaN);
}
status = ParseCoreStatus.HexLiteral;
return(result);
}
if (c >= '0' && c <= '9' && allowOctal)
{
// Octal number.
result = ParseOctal(reader);
if (double.IsNaN(result))
{
status = ParseCoreStatus.InvalidOctalLiteral;
return(double.NaN);
}
status = ParseCoreStatus.OctalLiteral;
return(result);
}
}
// desired1-3 hold the integral and fractional digits of the input number.
// desired1 holds the first set of nine digits, desired2 holds the second set of nine
// digits, desired3 holds the rest.
int desired1 = 0;
int desired2 = 0;
var desired3 = BigInteger.Zero;
// Indicates the base-10 scale factor of the output e.g. the result is
// desired x 10^exponentBase10.
int exponentBase10 = 0;
// Read the integer component.
if (firstChar >= '0' && firstChar <= '9')
{
desired1 = firstChar - '0';
totalDigits = 1;
while (true)
{
int c = reader.Peek();
if (c < '0' || c > '9')
{
break;
}
reader.Read();
if (totalDigits < 9)
{
desired1 = desired1 * 10 + (c - '0');
}
else if (totalDigits < 18)
{
desired2 = desired2 * 10 + (c - '0');
}
else
{
desired3 = BigInteger.MultiplyAdd(desired3, 10, c - '0');
}
totalDigits++;
}
}
if (firstChar == '.' || reader.Peek() == '.')
{
// Skip past the period.
if (firstChar != '.')
{
reader.Read();
}
// Read the fractional component.
int fractionalDigits = 0;
while (true)
{
int c = reader.Peek();
if (c < '0' || c > '9')
{
break;
}
reader.Read();
if (totalDigits < 9)
{
desired1 = desired1 * 10 + (c - '0');
}
else if (totalDigits < 18)
{
desired2 = desired2 * 10 + (c - '0');
}
else
{
desired3 = BigInteger.MultiplyAdd(desired3, 10, c - '0');
}
totalDigits++;
fractionalDigits++;
exponentBase10--;
}
// Check if the number consists solely of a period.
if (totalDigits == 0)
{
status = ParseCoreStatus.NoDigits;
return(double.NaN);
}
// Check if the number has a period but no digits afterwards.
if (fractionalDigits == 0)
{
status = ParseCoreStatus.NoFraction;
}
}
if (reader.Peek() == 'e' || reader.Peek() == 'E')
{
// Skip past the 'e'.
reader.Read();
// Read the sign of the exponent.
bool exponentNegative = false;
int c = reader.Peek();
if (c == '+')
{
reader.Read();
}
else if (c == '-')
{
reader.Read();
exponentNegative = true;
}
// Read the first character of the exponent.
int firstExponentChar = reader.Read();
// Check there is a number after the 'e'.
int exponent = 0;
if (firstExponentChar < '0' || firstExponentChar > '9')
{
status = ParseCoreStatus.NoExponent;
}
else
{
// Read the rest of the exponent.
exponent = firstExponentChar - '0';
int exponentDigits = 1;
while (true)
{
c = reader.Peek();
if (c < '0' || c > '9')
{
break;
}
reader.Read();
exponent = Math.Min(exponent * 10 + (c - '0'), 9999);
exponentDigits++;
}
// JSON does not allow a leading zero in front of the exponent.
if (firstExponentChar == '0' && exponentDigits > 1 && status == ParseCoreStatus.Success)
{
status = ParseCoreStatus.ExponentHasLeadingZero;
}
}
// Keep track of the overall base-10 exponent.
exponentBase10 += exponentNegative ? -exponent : exponent;
}
// Calculate the integral and fractional portion of the number, scaled to an integer.
if (totalDigits < 16)
{
// Combine desired1 and desired2 to produce an integer representing the final
// result.
result = (long)desired1 * IntegerPowersOfTen[Math.Max(totalDigits - 9, 0)] + desired2;
}
else
{
// Combine desired1, desired2 and desired3 to produce an integer representing the
// final result.
var temp = desired3;
desired3 = new BigInteger((long)desired1 * IntegerPowersOfTen[Math.Min(totalDigits - 9, 9)] + desired2);
if (totalDigits > 18)
{
desired3 = BigInteger.Multiply(desired3, BigInteger.Pow(10, totalDigits - 18));
desired3 = BigInteger.Add(desired3, temp);
}
result = desired3.ToDouble();
}
// Apply the base-10 exponent.
if (exponentBase10 > 0)
{
result *= Math.Pow(10, exponentBase10);
}
else if (exponentBase10 < 0 && exponentBase10 >= -308)
{
result /= Math.Pow(10, -exponentBase10);
}
else if (exponentBase10 < -308)
{
// Note: 10^308 is the largest representable power of ten.
result /= Math.Pow(10, 308);
result /= Math.Pow(10, -exponentBase10 - 308);
}
// Numbers with 16 or more digits require the use of arbitrary precision arithmetic to
// determine the correct answer.
if (totalDigits >= 16)
{
return(RefineEstimate(result, exponentBase10, desired3));
}
return(result);
}