/// <summary>
        /// Write a JSON instance annotation name which represents a instance annotation.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="jsonWriter">The JSON writer to write to.</param>
        /// <param name="annotationName">The name of the instance annotation to write.</param>
        internal static Task WriteInstanceAnnotationNameAsync(this IJsonWriterAsync jsonWriter, string annotationName)
        {
            Debug.Assert(jsonWriter != null, "jsonWriter != null");
            Debug.Assert(!string.IsNullOrEmpty(annotationName), "!string.IsNullOrEmpty(annotationName)");

            return(jsonWriter.WriteNameAsync(JsonLightConstants.ODataPropertyAnnotationSeparatorChar + annotationName));
        }
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        /// <summary>
        /// Write an inner error property and message.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="jsonWriter">The JSON writer to write the error to.</param>
        /// <param name="innerError">Inner error details.</param>
        /// <param name="innerErrorPropertyName">The property name for the inner error property.</param>
        /// <param name="recursionDepth">The number of times this method has been called recursively.</param>
        /// <param name="maxInnerErrorDepth">The maximum number of nested inner errors to allow.</param>
        /// <returns>A task that represents the asynchronous write operation.</returns>
        private static async Task WriteInnerErrorAsync(IJsonWriterAsync jsonWriter, ODataInnerError innerError,
                                                       string innerErrorPropertyName, int recursionDepth, int maxInnerErrorDepth)
        {
            Debug.Assert(jsonWriter != null, "jsonWriter != null");
            Debug.Assert(innerErrorPropertyName != null, "innerErrorPropertyName != null");

            ValidationUtils.IncreaseAndValidateRecursionDepth(ref recursionDepth, maxInnerErrorDepth);

            // "innererror":
            await jsonWriter.WriteNameAsync(innerErrorPropertyName).ConfigureAwait(false);

            await jsonWriter.StartObjectScopeAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);

            if (innerError.Properties != null)
            {
                foreach (KeyValuePair <string, ODataValue> pair in innerError.Properties)
                {
                    await jsonWriter.WriteNameAsync(pair.Key).ConfigureAwait(false);

                    if (pair.Value is ODataNullValue &&
                        (pair.Key == JsonConstants.ODataErrorInnerErrorMessageName ||
                         pair.Key == JsonConstants.ODataErrorInnerErrorStackTraceName ||
                         pair.Key == JsonConstants.ODataErrorInnerErrorTypeNameName))
                    {
                        // Write empty string for null values in stacktrace, type and message properties of inner error.
                        await jsonWriter.WriteODataValueAsync(new ODataPrimitiveValue(string.Empty)).ConfigureAwait(false);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        await jsonWriter.WriteODataValueAsync(pair.Value).ConfigureAwait(false);
                    }
                }
            }

            if (innerError.InnerError != null)
            {
                // "internalexception": { <nested inner error> }
                await WriteInnerErrorAsync(jsonWriter, innerError.InnerError, JsonConstants.ODataErrorInnerErrorInnerErrorName,
                                           recursionDepth, maxInnerErrorDepth).ConfigureAwait(false);
            }

            // }
            await jsonWriter.EndObjectScopeAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
        }
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        /// <summary>
        /// Asynchronously writes the error details.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="jsonWriter">JSON writer.</param>
        /// <param name="details">The details of the error.</param>
        /// <param name="odataErrorDetailsName">The property name for the error details property.</param>
        /// <returns>A task that represents the asynchronous write operation.</returns>
        private static async Task WriteErrorDetailsAsync(IJsonWriterAsync jsonWriter, IEnumerable <ODataErrorDetail> details,
                                                         string odataErrorDetailsName)
        {
            Debug.Assert(jsonWriter != null, "jsonWriter != null");
            Debug.Assert(details != null, "details != null");
            Debug.Assert(odataErrorDetailsName != null, "odataErrorDetailsName != null");

            // "details": [
            await jsonWriter.WriteNameAsync(odataErrorDetailsName).ConfigureAwait(false);

            await jsonWriter.StartArrayScopeAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);

            foreach (var detail in details.Where(d => d != null))
            {
                // {
                await jsonWriter.StartObjectScopeAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);

                // "code": "301",
                await jsonWriter.WriteNameAsync(JsonConstants.ODataErrorCodeName).ConfigureAwait(false);

                await jsonWriter.WriteValueAsync(detail.ErrorCode ?? string.Empty).ConfigureAwait(false);

                if (detail.Target != null)
                {
                    // "target": "$search"
                    await jsonWriter.WriteNameAsync(JsonConstants.ODataErrorTargetName).ConfigureAwait(false);

                    await jsonWriter.WriteValueAsync(detail.Target).ConfigureAwait(false);
                }

                // "message": "$search query option not supported",
                await jsonWriter.WriteNameAsync(JsonConstants.ODataErrorMessageName).ConfigureAwait(false);

                await jsonWriter.WriteValueAsync(detail.Message ?? string.Empty).ConfigureAwait(false);

                // }
                await jsonWriter.EndObjectScopeAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
            }

            // ]
            await jsonWriter.EndArrayScopeAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
        }
        /// <summary>
        /// Asynchronously writes the json object value to the <paramref name="jsonWriter"/>.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="jsonWriter">The <see cref="JsonWriter"/> to write to.</param>
        /// <param name="jsonObjectValue">Writes the given json object value to the underlying json writer.</param>
        /// <param name="injectPropertyDelegate">Called when the top-level object is started to possibly inject first property into the object.</param>
        /// <returns>A task that represents the asynchronous write operation.</returns>
        internal static async Task WriteJsonObjectValueAsync(
            this IJsonWriterAsync jsonWriter,
            IDictionary <string, object> jsonObjectValue,
            Func <IJsonWriterAsync, Task> injectPropertyDelegate)
        {
            Debug.Assert(jsonWriter != null, "jsonWriter != null");
            Debug.Assert(jsonObjectValue != null, "jsonObjectValue != null");

            await jsonWriter.StartObjectScopeAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);

            if (injectPropertyDelegate != null)
            {
                await injectPropertyDelegate(jsonWriter).ConfigureAwait(false);
            }

            foreach (KeyValuePair <string, object> property in jsonObjectValue)
            {
                await jsonWriter.WriteNameAsync(property.Key).ConfigureAwait(false);

                await jsonWriter.WriteJsonValueAsync(property.Value).ConfigureAwait(false);
            }

            await jsonWriter.EndObjectScopeAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
        }
        /// <summary>
        /// Writes the 'value' property name asynchronously.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="jsonWriter">The JSON writer to write to.</param>
        internal static Task WriteValuePropertyNameAsync(this IJsonWriterAsync jsonWriter)
        {
            Debug.Assert(jsonWriter != null, "jsonWriter != null");

            return(jsonWriter.WriteNameAsync(JsonLightConstants.ODataValuePropertyName));
        }
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        /// <summary>
        /// Asynchronously writes an error message.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="jsonWriter">JSON writer.</param>
        /// <param name="code">The code of the error.</param>
        /// <param name="message">The message of the error.</param>
        /// <param name="target">The target of the error.</param>
        /// <param name="details">The details of the error.</param>
        /// <param name="innerError">Inner error details that will be included in debug mode (if present).</param>
        /// <param name="instanceAnnotations">Instance annotations for this error.</param>
        /// <param name="writeInstanceAnnotationsDelegate">Delegate to write the instance annotations.</param>
        /// <param name="maxInnerErrorDepth">The maximum number of nested inner errors to allow.</param>
        /// <returns>A task that represents the asynchronous write operation.</returns>
        private static async Task WriteErrorAsync(
            IJsonWriterAsync jsonWriter,
            string code,
            string message,
            string target,
            IEnumerable <ODataErrorDetail> details,
            ODataInnerError innerError,
            ICollection <ODataInstanceAnnotation> instanceAnnotations,
            Func <ICollection <ODataInstanceAnnotation>, Task> writeInstanceAnnotationsDelegate,
            int maxInnerErrorDepth)
        {
            Debug.Assert(jsonWriter != null, "jsonWriter != null");
            Debug.Assert(code != null, "code != null");
            Debug.Assert(message != null, "message != null");
            Debug.Assert(instanceAnnotations != null, "instanceAnnotations != null");

            ExceptionUtils.CheckArgumentNotNull(writeInstanceAnnotationsDelegate, "writeInstanceAnnotationsDelegate");

            // "error": {
            await jsonWriter.StartObjectScopeAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);

            await jsonWriter.WriteNameAsync(JsonLightConstants.ODataErrorPropertyName).ConfigureAwait(false);

            await jsonWriter.StartObjectScopeAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);

            // "code": "<code>"
            await jsonWriter.WriteNameAsync(JsonConstants.ODataErrorCodeName).ConfigureAwait(false);

            await jsonWriter.WriteValueAsync(code).ConfigureAwait(false);

            // "message": "<message string>"
            await jsonWriter.WriteNameAsync(JsonConstants.ODataErrorMessageName).ConfigureAwait(false);

            await jsonWriter.WriteValueAsync(message).ConfigureAwait(false);

            // For example, "target": "query",
            if (target != null)
            {
                await jsonWriter.WriteNameAsync(JsonConstants.ODataErrorTargetName).ConfigureAwait(false);

                await jsonWriter.WriteValueAsync(target).ConfigureAwait(false);
            }

            // Such as, "details": [
            //  {
            //   "code": "301",
            //   "target": "$search",
            //   "message": "$search query option not supported"
            //  }]
            if (details != null)
            {
                await WriteErrorDetailsAsync(jsonWriter, details, JsonConstants.ODataErrorDetailsName).ConfigureAwait(false);
            }

            if (innerError != null)
            {
                await WriteInnerErrorAsync(jsonWriter, innerError, JsonConstants.ODataErrorInnerErrorName,
                                           /* recursionDepth */ 0, maxInnerErrorDepth).ConfigureAwait(false);
            }

            await writeInstanceAnnotationsDelegate(instanceAnnotations).ConfigureAwait(false);

            // } }
            await jsonWriter.EndObjectScopeAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);

            await jsonWriter.EndObjectScopeAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
        }
        /// <summary>
        /// Asynchronously writes the current Json object.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="reader">The Json reader providing the data.</param>
        /// <param name="jsonWriter">The Json writer writes data into memory stream.</param>
        /// <returns>A task that represents the asynchronous write operation.</returns>
        private static async Task WriteCurrentJsonObjectAsync(IJsonReaderAsync reader, IJsonWriterAsync jsonWriter)
        {
            Stack <JsonNodeType> nodeTypes = new Stack <JsonNodeType>();

            do
            {
                switch (reader.NodeType)
                {
                case JsonNodeType.PrimitiveValue:
                    object primitiveValue;

                    if ((primitiveValue = await reader.GetValueAsync().ConfigureAwait(false)) != null)
                    {
                        await jsonWriter.WritePrimitiveValueAsync(primitiveValue)
                        .ConfigureAwait(false);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        await jsonWriter.WriteValueAsync((string)null)
                        .ConfigureAwait(false);
                    }

                    break;

                case JsonNodeType.Property:
                    object propertyName = await reader.GetValueAsync()
                                          .ConfigureAwait(false);

                    await jsonWriter.WriteNameAsync(propertyName.ToString())
                    .ConfigureAwait(false);

                    break;

                case JsonNodeType.StartObject:
                    nodeTypes.Push(reader.NodeType);
                    await jsonWriter.StartObjectScopeAsync()
                    .ConfigureAwait(false);

                    break;

                case JsonNodeType.StartArray:
                    nodeTypes.Push(reader.NodeType);
                    await jsonWriter.StartArrayScopeAsync()
                    .ConfigureAwait(false);

                    break;

                case JsonNodeType.EndObject:
                    Debug.Assert(nodeTypes.Peek() == JsonNodeType.StartObject);
                    nodeTypes.Pop();
                    await jsonWriter.EndObjectScopeAsync()
                    .ConfigureAwait(false);

                    break;

                case JsonNodeType.EndArray:
                    Debug.Assert(nodeTypes.Peek() == JsonNodeType.StartArray);
                    nodeTypes.Pop();
                    await jsonWriter.EndArrayScopeAsync()
                    .ConfigureAwait(false);

                    break;

                default:
                    throw new ODataException(Strings.ODataJsonLightBatchBodyContentReaderStream_UnexpectedNodeType(reader.NodeType));
                }

                await reader.ReadNextAsync()
                .ConfigureAwait(false);     // This can be EndOfInput, where nodeTypes should be empty.
            }while (nodeTypes.Count != 0);

            await jsonWriter.FlushAsync()
            .ConfigureAwait(false);
        }
        /// <summary>
        /// Asynchronously writes the ODataValue (primitive, collection or resource value) to the underlying json writer.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="jsonWriter">The <see cref="JsonWriter"/> to write to.</param>
        /// <param name="odataValue">value to write.</param>
        /// <returns>A task that represents the asynchronous write operation.</returns>
        internal static async Task WriteODataValueAsync(this IJsonWriterAsync jsonWriter, ODataValue odataValue)
        {
            if (odataValue == null || odataValue is ODataNullValue)
            {
                await jsonWriter.WriteValueAsync((string)null).ConfigureAwait(false);

                return;
            }

            object objectValue = odataValue.FromODataValue();

            if (EdmLibraryExtensions.IsPrimitiveType(objectValue.GetType()))
            {
                await jsonWriter.WritePrimitiveValueAsync(objectValue).ConfigureAwait(false);

                return;
            }

            ODataResourceValue resourceValue = odataValue as ODataResourceValue;

            if (resourceValue != null)
            {
                await jsonWriter.StartObjectScopeAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);

                foreach (ODataProperty property in resourceValue.Properties)
                {
                    await jsonWriter.WriteNameAsync(property.Name).ConfigureAwait(false);

                    await jsonWriter.WriteODataValueAsync(property.ODataValue).ConfigureAwait(false);
                }

                await jsonWriter.EndObjectScopeAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);

                return;
            }

            ODataCollectionValue collectionValue = odataValue as ODataCollectionValue;

            if (collectionValue != null)
            {
                await jsonWriter.StartArrayScopeAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);

                foreach (object item in collectionValue.Items)
                {
                    // Will not be able to accurately serialize complex objects unless they are ODataValues.
                    ODataValue collectionItem = item as ODataValue;
                    if (item != null)
                    {
                        await jsonWriter.WriteODataValueAsync(collectionItem).ConfigureAwait(false);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        throw new ODataException(ODataErrorStrings.ODataJsonWriter_UnsupportedValueInCollection);
                    }
                }

                await jsonWriter.EndArrayScopeAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);

                return;
            }

            throw new ODataException(
                      ODataErrorStrings.ODataJsonWriter_UnsupportedValueType(odataValue.GetType().FullName));
        }