Exemple #1
0
        public static void Task2()
        {
            // Task 2
            // Variance Process Values
            Console.WriteLine("Task 2");
            double Kappa = 1.5768;
            double Theta = 0.0398;
            double Sigma = 0.5751;
            double V0    = 0.0175;
            double Rho   = -0.5711;

            // Heston Model Params
            double InitialStockPrice = 100;
            double RiskFreeRate      = 0.025;

            // Option Params
            double     StrikePrice = 100;
            PayoffType Type        = PayoffType.Call;

            int[] Maturity = new int[5] {
                1, 2, 3, 4, 15
            };

            VarianceProcessParameters varParams =
                new VarianceProcessParameters(Kappa, Theta, Sigma, V0, Rho);


            HestonModelParameters hestonModel =
                new HestonModelParameters(InitialStockPrice, RiskFreeRate, varParams);

            // ************Task 2.1 Print****************
            System.Console.WriteLine("*********************");
            HestonModelParamPrint(varParams, hestonModel);

            //Prepare csv
            var    csv     = new StringBuilder();
            String newLine = string.Format("K, T, Price");

            csv.AppendLine(newLine);

            for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
            {
                EuropeanOption euOption =
                    new EuropeanOption(StrikePrice, Type, Maturity[i]);
                double price = Heston.HestonEuropeanOptionPrice(hestonModel, euOption);

                System.Console.WriteLine("K={0}, T={1}, C={2}", StrikePrice,
                                         Maturity[i], price);
                newLine = string.Format("{0}, {1}, {2}", StrikePrice, Maturity[i], price);
                csv.AppendLine(newLine);
            }
            //Write to csv
            File.WriteAllText(@"./task2.csv", csv.ToString());
            System.Console.WriteLine("*********************");
            System.Console.WriteLine("\n\n");
        }
        public static object HestonAsianOptionPriceMC(double underlying,
                                                      double riskFreeRate,
                                                      double kappa,
                                                      double theta,
                                                      double sigma,
                                                      double rho,
                                                      double v0,
                                                      double maturity,
                                                      double strike,
                                                      object monitoringTimes,
                                                      string type,
                                                      int numSamplePaths,
                                                      int numSteps,
                                                      [ExcelArgument(Description = "Timeout set to 5 mins if not specified")]
                                                      int timeOutInMinutes)
        {
            try
            {
                if (ExcelDnaUtil.IsInFunctionWizard())
                {
                    return(null);
                }

                if (timeOutInMinutes.Equals(0))
                {
                    timeOutInMinutes = 5;
                }

                var task = Task.Run(() => Heston.HestonAsianOptionPriceMC(
                                        new HestonParametersGrading(underlying, riskFreeRate, kappa, theta, sigma, rho, v0),
                                        new AsianOptionGrading(ConvertToVector <double>(monitoringTimes), maturity, strike, GetTypeOfVanillaEuropean(type)),
                                        new MonteCarloSettingsGrading(numSamplePaths, numSteps)));
                if (task.Wait(TimeSpan.FromMinutes(timeOutInMinutes)))
                {
                    return(task.Result);
                }
                else
                {
                    throw new Exception($"Timed out ({timeOutInMinutes} mins)");
                }
            }
            catch (Exception e)
            {
                return("HestonAsianOptionPriceMC: unknown error: " + e.Message);
            }
        }
        public static object HestonOneOptionPrice(double underlying,
                                                  double riskFreeRate,
                                                  double kappa,
                                                  double theta,
                                                  double sigma,
                                                  double rho,
                                                  double v0,
                                                  double maturity,
                                                  double strike,
                                                  string type,
                                                  [ExcelArgument(Description = "Timeout set to 1 min if not specified")]
                                                  int timeOutInMinutes)
        {
            try
            {
                if (ExcelDnaUtil.IsInFunctionWizard())
                {
                    return(null);
                }

                if (timeOutInMinutes.Equals(0))
                {
                    timeOutInMinutes = 1;
                }

                var task = Task.Run(() => Heston.HestonEuropeanOptionPrice(new HestonParametersGrading(underlying, riskFreeRate, kappa, theta, sigma, rho, v0),
                                                                           new EuropeanOptionGrading(maturity, strike, GetTypeOfVanillaEuropean(type))));
                if (task.Wait(TimeSpan.FromMinutes(timeOutInMinutes)))
                {
                    return(task.Result);
                }
                else
                {
                    throw new Exception($"Timed out ({timeOutInMinutes} mins)");
                }
            }
            catch (Exception e)
            {
                return("HestonOneOptionPrice: unknown error: " + e.Message);
            }
        }
Exemple #4
0
        public static void TaskThreadScaling()
        {
            // Variance Process Values
            Console.WriteLine("Task Thread Scaling");
            // Variance Process Values
            double Kappa = 2.0;
            double Theta = 0.06;
            double Sigma = 0.4;
            double V0    = 0.04;
            double Rho   = 0.5;

            // Heston Model Params
            double InitialStockPrice = 100;
            double RiskFreeRate      = 0.1;

            // Option Params
            double     StrikePrice = 100;
            PayoffType Type        = PayoffType.Call;
            double     Maturity    = 3;

            VarianceProcessParameters varParams =
                new VarianceProcessParameters(Kappa, Theta, Sigma, V0, Rho);

            HestonModelParameters hestonModel =
                new HestonModelParameters(InitialStockPrice, RiskFreeRate, varParams);

            // ************Task 3 Print****************
            System.Console.WriteLine("*********************");
            HestonModelParamPrint(varParams, hestonModel);

            //Prepare csv
            var    csv     = new StringBuilder();
            String newLine = string.Format("Number of Trials, cores, time");

            csv.AppendLine(newLine);
            int[] cores = new int[5] {
                1, 2, 4, 8, 16
            };
            for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
            {
                // MC Simulation Params
                int NumberOfTrials    = (int)1e6;
                int NumberOfTimeSteps = (int)Math.Ceiling(365 * Maturity);

                EuropeanOption euOption =
                    new EuropeanOption(StrikePrice, Type, Maturity);

                MonteCarloSettings monteCarloSettings =
                    new MonteCarloSettings(NumberOfTrials, NumberOfTimeSteps);
                double priceForm = Heston.HestonEuropeanOptionPrice(hestonModel, euOption);

                // Create Monte Carlo EU option object
                EuropeanOptionMC euOptionMC = new EuropeanOptionMC(hestonModel, monteCarloSettings, euOption);

                var stopwatch = new Stopwatch();
                stopwatch.Start();
                double price = euOptionMC.Price(cores[i]);
                stopwatch.Stop();
                long elapsed_time = stopwatch.ElapsedMilliseconds;

                System.Console.WriteLine("K={0}, T={1}, cores={2}, C_MC={3}, C_form={4}, time={5}",
                                         StrikePrice, Maturity, cores[i], price, priceForm, elapsed_time);

                newLine = string.Format("{0}, {1}, {2}", NumberOfTrials, cores[i], elapsed_time);
                csv.AppendLine(newLine);
            }

            //Write to csv
            File.WriteAllText(@"./taskThreadScaling.csv", csv.ToString());

            System.Console.WriteLine("*********************");
            System.Console.WriteLine("\n\n");
        }
Exemple #5
0
        public static void Task8()
        {
            // Variance Process Values
            Console.WriteLine("Task 8");
            // Variance Process Values
            double Kappa = 2.0;
            double Theta = 0.06;
            double Sigma = 0.4;
            double V0    = 0.04;
            double Rho   = 0.5;

            // Heston Model Params
            double InitialStockPrice = 100;
            double RiskFreeRate      = 0.1;

            // Option Params
            double[] Maturity = new double[5] {
                1, 3, 5, 7, 9
            };

            VarianceProcessParameters varParams =
                new VarianceProcessParameters(Kappa, Theta, Sigma, V0, Rho);

            HestonModelParameters hestonModel =
                new HestonModelParameters(InitialStockPrice, RiskFreeRate, varParams);

            // ************Task 7 Print****************
            System.Console.WriteLine("*********************");
            HestonModelParamPrint(varParams, hestonModel);

            //Prepare csv
            var    csv     = new StringBuilder();
            String newLine = string.Format("T, Price");

            csv.AppendLine(newLine);

            for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
            {
                // MC Simulation Params
                int NumberOfTrials    = (int)1e5;
                int NumberOfTimeSteps = (int)Math.Ceiling(365 * Maturity[i]);

                MonteCarloSettings monteCarloSettings =
                    new MonteCarloSettings(NumberOfTrials, NumberOfTimeSteps);

                Option maturity = new Option(Maturity[i]);
                double price    = Heston.HestonLookbackOptionPriceMC(hestonModel, maturity, monteCarloSettings);

                System.Console.WriteLine("T={0}, C_MC={1}",
                                         Maturity[i], price);

                newLine = string.Format("{0}, {1}", Maturity[i], price);
                csv.AppendLine(newLine);
            }

            //Write to csv
            File.WriteAllText(@"./task8.csv", csv.ToString());

            System.Console.WriteLine("*********************");
            System.Console.WriteLine("\n\n");
        }
Exemple #6
0
        public static void Task7()
        {
            // Variance Process Values
            Console.WriteLine("Task 7");
            // Variance Process Values
            double Kappa = 2.0;
            double Theta = 0.06;
            double Sigma = 0.4;
            double V0    = 0.04;
            double Rho   = 0.5;

            // Heston Model Params
            double InitialStockPrice = 100;
            double RiskFreeRate      = 0.1;

            // Option Params
            double     StrikePrice = 100;
            PayoffType Type        = PayoffType.Call;

            double[] Maturity = new double[3] {
                1, 2, 3
            };

            VarianceProcessParameters varParams =
                new VarianceProcessParameters(Kappa, Theta, Sigma, V0, Rho);

            HestonModelParameters hestonModel =
                new HestonModelParameters(InitialStockPrice, RiskFreeRate, varParams);

            // ************Task 7 Print****************
            System.Console.WriteLine("*********************");
            HestonModelParamPrint(varParams, hestonModel);

            // Monitoring Times
            List <double> monTimes1 = new List <double>
            {
                0.75,
                1.00
            };
            List <double> monTimes2 = new List <double>
            {
                0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.00, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75
            };
            List <double> monTimes3 = new List <double>
            {
                1.00, 2.00, 3.00
            };
            List <List <double> > MonitoringTimes = new List <List <double> >
            {
                monTimes1, monTimes2, monTimes3
            };

            //Prepare csv
            var    csv     = new StringBuilder();
            String newLine = string.Format("K, T, Price");

            csv.AppendLine(newLine);

            for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
            {
                // MC Simulation Params
                int NumberOfTrials    = (int)1e5;
                int NumberOfTimeSteps = (int)Math.Ceiling(365 * Maturity[i]);

                AsianOption asianOption =
                    new AsianOption(StrikePrice, Type, Maturity[i], MonitoringTimes[i]);

                MonteCarloSettings monteCarloSettings =
                    new MonteCarloSettings(NumberOfTrials, NumberOfTimeSteps);

                double price = Heston.HestonAsianOptionPriceMC(hestonModel,
                                                               asianOption, monteCarloSettings);

                System.Console.WriteLine("K={0}, T={1}, C_MC={2}", StrikePrice,
                                         Maturity[i], price);

                newLine = string.Format("{0}, {1}, {2}", StrikePrice, Maturity[i], price);
                csv.AppendLine(newLine);
            }

            //Write to csv
            File.WriteAllText(@"./task7.csv", csv.ToString());

            System.Console.WriteLine("*********************");
            System.Console.WriteLine("\n\n");
        }
Exemple #7
0
        public static void Task6()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("********Task 6*********");
            // Variance Process Values
            double Kappa = 1.5768;
            double Theta = 0.398;
            double Sigma = 0.5751;
            double V0    = 0.0175;
            double Rho   = -0.5711;

            // Heston Model Params
            double InitialStockPrice = 100;
            double RiskFreeRate      = 0.025;

            // Callibration Settings
            double accuracy = 1.0e-3;
            int    maxIter  = 1000;

            VarianceProcessParameters varParams =
                new VarianceProcessParameters(Kappa, Theta, Sigma, V0, Rho);

            HestonModelParameters hestonModel =
                new HestonModelParameters(InitialStockPrice, RiskFreeRate, varParams);

            HestonModelParameters guess =
                new HestonModelParameters(InitialStockPrice, RiskFreeRate,
                                          new VarianceProcessParameters(1.55, 0.88, 1.5999, 0.4, -0.55));

            CalibrationSettings calibrationSettings = new CalibrationSettings(accuracy, maxIter);

            // Market Data
            LinkedList <IOptionMarketData <IEuropeanOption> > observedOptions =
                new LinkedList <IOptionMarketData <IEuropeanOption> >();

            EuropeanOption        eu1     = new EuropeanOption(80, PayoffType.Call, 1);
            EuropeanOptionFormula eu1Form = new EuropeanOptionFormula(hestonModel, eu1);
            OptionMarketData <IEuropeanOption> marketData1 =
                new OptionMarketData <IEuropeanOption>(eu1, eu1Form.Price());

            observedOptions.AddLast(marketData1);

            EuropeanOption        eu2     = new EuropeanOption(90, PayoffType.Call, 1);
            EuropeanOptionFormula eu2Form = new EuropeanOptionFormula(hestonModel, eu2);
            OptionMarketData <IEuropeanOption> marketData2 =
                new OptionMarketData <IEuropeanOption>(eu2, eu2Form.Price());

            observedOptions.AddLast(marketData2);

            EuropeanOption        eu3     = new EuropeanOption(80, PayoffType.Call, 2);
            EuropeanOptionFormula eu3Form = new EuropeanOptionFormula(hestonModel, eu3);
            OptionMarketData <IEuropeanOption> marketData3 =
                new OptionMarketData <IEuropeanOption>(eu3, eu3Form.Price());

            observedOptions.AddLast(marketData3);

            EuropeanOption        eu4     = new EuropeanOption(100, PayoffType.Call, 2);
            EuropeanOptionFormula eu4Form = new EuropeanOptionFormula(hestonModel, eu4);
            OptionMarketData <IEuropeanOption> marketData4 =
                new OptionMarketData <IEuropeanOption>(eu4, eu4Form.Price());

            observedOptions.AddLast(marketData4);

            EuropeanOption        eu5     = new EuropeanOption(100, PayoffType.Call, 1.5);
            EuropeanOptionFormula eu5Form = new EuropeanOptionFormula(hestonModel, eu5);
            OptionMarketData <IEuropeanOption> marketData5 =
                new OptionMarketData <IEuropeanOption>(eu5, eu5Form.Price());

            observedOptions.AddLast(marketData5);

            HestonCalibrationResult result;

            result = (HestonCalibrationResult)
                     Heston.CalibrateHestonParameters(guess, observedOptions, calibrationSettings);

            Console.WriteLine("Calibration outcome: {0} and error: {1}", result.MinimizerStatus, result.PricingError);
        }
Exemple #8
0
        public static void Task5()
        {
            // Variance Process Values
            double Kappa = 1.5768;
            double Theta = 0.398;
            double Sigma = 0.5751;
            double V0    = 1.0175;
            double Rho   = -0.5711;

            // Heston Model Params
            double InitialStockPrice = 100;
            double RiskFreeRate      = 0.025;

            // Callibration Settings
            double accuracy = 0.001;
            int    maxIter  = 1000;

            VarianceProcessParameters varParams =
                new VarianceProcessParameters(Kappa, Theta, Sigma, V0, Rho);

            HestonModelParameters hestonModel =
                new HestonModelParameters(InitialStockPrice, RiskFreeRate, varParams);

            CalibrationSettings calibrationSettings = new CalibrationSettings(accuracy, maxIter);

            // Market Data
            LinkedList <IOptionMarketData <IEuropeanOption> > observedOptions =
                new LinkedList <IOptionMarketData <IEuropeanOption> >();

            EuropeanOption eu1 = new EuropeanOption(80, PayoffType.Call, 1);
            OptionMarketData <IEuropeanOption> marketData1 =
                new OptionMarketData <IEuropeanOption>(eu1, 25.72);

            observedOptions.AddLast(marketData1);

            EuropeanOption eu2 = new EuropeanOption(90, PayoffType.Call, 1);
            OptionMarketData <IEuropeanOption> marketData2 =
                new OptionMarketData <IEuropeanOption>(eu2, 18.93);

            observedOptions.AddLast(marketData2);

            EuropeanOption eu3 = new EuropeanOption(80, PayoffType.Call, 2);
            OptionMarketData <IEuropeanOption> marketData3 =
                new OptionMarketData <IEuropeanOption>(eu3, 30.49);

            observedOptions.AddLast(marketData3);

            EuropeanOption eu4 = new EuropeanOption(100, PayoffType.Call, 2);
            OptionMarketData <IEuropeanOption> marketData4 =
                new OptionMarketData <IEuropeanOption>(eu4, 19.36);

            observedOptions.AddLast(marketData4);

            EuropeanOption eu5 = new EuropeanOption(100, PayoffType.Call, 1.5);
            OptionMarketData <IEuropeanOption> marketData5 =
                new OptionMarketData <IEuropeanOption>(eu5, 16.58);

            observedOptions.AddLast(marketData5);

            HestonCalibrationResult result;

            result = (HestonCalibrationResult)
                     Heston.CalibrateHestonParameters(hestonModel, observedOptions, calibrationSettings);

            Console.WriteLine("Calibration outcome: {0} and error: {1}", result.MinimizerStatus, result.PricingError);
        }
Exemple #9
0
        public static void Task4()
        {
            // Variance Process Values
            Console.WriteLine("Task 4");
            // Variance Process Values
            double Kappa = 2.0;
            double Theta = 0.06;
            double Sigma = 0.4;
            double V0    = 0.04;
            double Rho   = 0.5;

            // Heston Model Params
            double InitialStockPrice = 100;
            double RiskFreeRate      = 0.1;

            // Option Params
            double     StrikePrice = 100;
            PayoffType Type        = PayoffType.Call;
            double     Maturity    = 1;

            VarianceProcessParameters varParams =
                new VarianceProcessParameters(Kappa, Theta, Sigma, V0, Rho);

            HestonModelParameters hestonModel =
                new HestonModelParameters(InitialStockPrice, RiskFreeRate, varParams);

            // ************Task 4 Print****************
            System.Console.WriteLine("*********************");
            HestonModelParamPrint(varParams, hestonModel);

            EuropeanOption euOption =
                new EuropeanOption(StrikePrice, Type, Maturity);

            double priceForm = Heston.HestonEuropeanOptionPrice(hestonModel, euOption);

            System.Console.WriteLine("K={0}, T={1}, refPrice={2}", StrikePrice,
                                     Maturity, priceForm);

            //Prepare csv
            var    csv     = new StringBuilder();
            String newLine = string.Format("Trials, Time Steps, relError");

            csv.AppendLine(newLine);

            for (int i = 3; i < 5; i++)
            {
                // MC Simulation Params
                int      NumberOfTrials = (int)Math.Pow(10, i);
                double[] factor         = new double[3] {
                    0.5, 1, 2
                };
                for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++)
                {
                    int NumberOfTimeSteps = (int)Math.Ceiling(factor[j] * 365 * Maturity);
                    MonteCarloSettings monteCarloSettings =
                        new MonteCarloSettings(NumberOfTrials, NumberOfTimeSteps);

                    double price = Heston.HestonEuropeanOptionPriceMC(hestonModel, euOption, monteCarloSettings);
                    System.Console.WriteLine("K={0}, T={1}, #Trials={2}, #TimeSteps={3}, rel_error={4}", StrikePrice,
                                             Maturity, NumberOfTrials, NumberOfTimeSteps, Math.Abs(priceForm - price) / priceForm);
                    newLine = string.Format("{0}, {1}, {2}", NumberOfTrials, NumberOfTimeSteps, Math.Abs(priceForm - price) / priceForm);
                    csv.AppendLine(newLine);
                }
            }

            //Write to csv
            File.WriteAllText(@"./task4.csv", csv.ToString());

            System.Console.WriteLine("*********************");
            System.Console.WriteLine("\n\n");
        }
Exemple #10
0
        public static void Task3()
        {
            // Variance Process Values
            Console.WriteLine("Task 3");
            // Variance Process Values
            double Kappa = 2.0;
            double Theta = 0.06;
            double Sigma = 0.4;
            double V0    = 0.04;
            double Rho   = 0.5;

            // Heston Model Params
            double InitialStockPrice = 100;
            double RiskFreeRate      = 0.1;

            // Option Params
            double     StrikePrice = 100;
            PayoffType Type        = PayoffType.Call;

            double[] Maturity = new double[5] {
                1, 2, 3, 4, 15
            };

            VarianceProcessParameters varParams =
                new VarianceProcessParameters(Kappa, Theta, Sigma, V0, Rho);

            HestonModelParameters hestonModel =
                new HestonModelParameters(InitialStockPrice, RiskFreeRate, varParams);

            // ************Task 3 Print****************
            System.Console.WriteLine("*********************");
            HestonModelParamPrint(varParams, hestonModel);

            //Prepare csv
            var    csv     = new StringBuilder();
            String newLine = string.Format("K, T, Price, refPrice");

            csv.AppendLine(newLine);

            for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
            {
                // MC Simulation Params
                int NumberOfTrials    = (int)1e5;
                int NumberOfTimeSteps = (int)Math.Ceiling(365 * Maturity[i]);

                EuropeanOption euOption =
                    new EuropeanOption(StrikePrice, Type, Maturity[i]);

                MonteCarloSettings monteCarloSettings =
                    new MonteCarloSettings(NumberOfTrials, NumberOfTimeSteps);
                double priceForm = Heston.HestonEuropeanOptionPrice(hestonModel, euOption);

                double price = Heston.HestonEuropeanOptionPriceMC(hestonModel, euOption, monteCarloSettings);
                System.Console.WriteLine("K={0}, T={1}, C_MC={2}, C_form={3}", StrikePrice,
                                         Maturity[i], price, priceForm);

                newLine = string.Format("{0}, {1}, {2}, {3}", StrikePrice, Maturity[i], price, priceForm);
                csv.AppendLine(newLine);
            }

            //Write to csv
            File.WriteAllText(@"./task3.csv", csv.ToString());

            System.Console.WriteLine("*********************");
            System.Console.WriteLine("\n\n");
        }
        public static object CalibrateHestonParameters(object guessModelParameters,
                                                       double riskFreeRate,
                                                       double underlyingPrice,
                                                       object strikes,
                                                       object maturities,
                                                       object type,
                                                       object observedPrices,
                                                       double accuracy,
                                                       int maxIterations,
                                                       [ExcelArgument(Description = "Timeout set to 10 mins if not specified")]
                                                       int timeOutInMinutes)
        {
            try
            {
                if (ExcelDnaUtil.IsInFunctionWizard())
                {
                    return(null);
                }

                if (timeOutInMinutes.Equals(0))
                {
                    timeOutInMinutes = 10;
                }

                double[] strikesArray        = ConvertToVector <double>(strikes);
                double[] maturitiesArray     = ConvertToVector <double>(maturities);
                string[] optTypeArray        = ConvertToVector <string>(type);
                double[] observedPricesArray = ConvertToVector <double>(observedPrices);

                if (strikesArray.Length != maturitiesArray.Length ||
                    maturitiesArray.Length != optTypeArray.Length ||
                    optTypeArray.Length != observedPricesArray.Length)
                {
                    // must improve error message display
                    return(null);
                }

                HestonParametersGrading guessHestonModelParams = ParseParameters(guessModelParameters, underlyingPrice, riskFreeRate);

                if (guessHestonModelParams == null)
                {
                    return(null);
                }


                int numObservedOptions = strikesArray.Length;
                var marketData         = new OptionMarketDataGrading[numObservedOptions];
                for (int optionIdx = 0; optionIdx < numObservedOptions; ++optionIdx)
                {
                    marketData[optionIdx] = new OptionMarketDataGrading(
                        new EuropeanOptionGrading(
                            maturitiesArray[optionIdx],
                            strikesArray[optionIdx],
                            GetTypeOfVanillaEuropean(optTypeArray[optionIdx])),
                        observedPricesArray[optionIdx]);
                }
                var calibrationSettings = new CalibrationSettingsGrading(accuracy, maxIterations);

                var task = Task.Run(() =>
                {
                    var result = Heston.CalibrateHestonParameters(guessHestonModelParams, marketData, calibrationSettings);

                    const int numCols = 2;
                    const int numRows = 7;
                    object[,] output  = new object[numRows, numCols];
                    output[0, 0]      = "Kappa"; output[0, 1] = result.Parameters.VarianceParameters.Kappa;
                    output[1, 0]      = "Theta"; output[1, 1] = result.Parameters.VarianceParameters.Theta;
                    output[2, 0]      = "Sigma"; output[2, 1] = result.Parameters.VarianceParameters.Sigma;
                    output[3, 0]      = "Rho"; output[3, 1] = result.Parameters.VarianceParameters.Rho;
                    output[4, 0]      = "v0"; output[4, 1] = result.Parameters.VarianceParameters.V0;
                    output[5, 0]      = "Minimizer Status";
                    if (result.MinimizerStatus == CalibrationOutcome.FinishedOK)
                    {
                        output[5, 1] = "OK";
                    }
                    else if (result.MinimizerStatus == CalibrationOutcome.FailedMaxItReached)
                    {
                        output[5, 1] = "Reached max. num. iterations.";
                    }
                    else if (result.MinimizerStatus == CalibrationOutcome.FailedOtherReason)
                    {
                        output[5, 1] = "Failed.";
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        output[5, 1] = "Unknown outcome.";
                    }
                    output[6, 0] = "Pricing error"; output[6, 1] = result.PricingError;
                    return(output);
                });

                if (task.Wait(TimeSpan.FromMinutes(timeOutInMinutes)))
                {
                    return(task.Result);
                }
                else
                {
                    throw new Exception($"Timed out ({timeOutInMinutes} mins)");
                }
            }
            catch (Exception e)
            {
                return("CalibrateHestonParameters: unknown error: " + e.Message);
            }
        }