/// <summary>
/// Try to gets the current distance, , usual range from 2 cm to 400 cm
/// </summary>
/// <param name="result">Length</param>
/// <returns>True if success</returns>
public bool TryGetDistance(out Length result)
{
// Time when we give up on looping and declare that reading failed
// 100ms was chosen because max measurement time for this sensor is around 24ms for 400cm
// additionally we need to account 60ms max delay.
// Rounding this up to a 100 in case of a context switch.
long hangTicks = DateTime.Now.Ticks + 100 * TimeSpan.TicksPerMillisecond;
_timer.Reset();
// Measurements should be 60ms apart, in order to prevent trigger signal mixing with echo signal
// ref https://components101.com/sites/default/files/component_datasheet/HCSR04%20Datasheet.pdf
while (DateTime.Now.Ticks - _lastMeasurment < 60 * TimeSpan.TicksPerMillisecond)
{
Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromTicks(DateTime.Now.Ticks - _lastMeasurment));
}
_lastMeasurment = DateTime.Now.Ticks;
// Trigger input for 10uS to start ranging
_controller.Write(_trigger, PinValue.High);
DelayHelper.DelayMicroseconds(10, true);
_controller.Write(_trigger, PinValue.Low);
// Wait until the echo pin is HIGH (that marks the beginning of the pulse length we want to measure)
while (_controller.Read(_echo) == PinValue.Low)
{
if (DateTime.Now.Ticks - hangTicks > 0)
{
result = default;
return(false);
}
}
_timer.Start();
// Wait until the pin is LOW again, (that marks the end of the pulse we are measuring)
while (_controller.Read(_echo) == PinValue.High)
{
if (DateTime.Now.Ticks - hangTicks > 0)
{
result = default;
return(false);
}
}
_timer.Stop();
// distance = (time / 2) × velocity of sound (34300 cm/s)
result = Length.FromCentimeters((_timer.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds / 2.0) * 34.3);
if (result.Value > 400)
{
// result is more than sensor supports
// something went wrong
result = default;
return(false);
}
return(true);
}
/// <summary>
/// The CCS811 sensor constructor
/// </summary>
/// <param name="i2cDevice">A valid I2C device</param>
/// <param name="gpioController">An optional controller, either the default one will be used, either none will be created if any pin is used</param>
/// <param name="pinWake">An awake pin, it is optional, this pin can be set to the ground if the sensor is always on</param>
/// <param name="pinInterruption">An interruption pin when a measurement is ready, best use when you specify a threshold</param>
/// <param name="pinReset">An optional hard reset pin</param>
/// <param name="shouldDispose">Should the GPIO controller be disposed at the end</param>
public Ccs811Sensor(I2cDevice i2cDevice, GpioController?gpioController = null, int pinWake = -1, int pinInterruption = -1, int pinReset = -1, bool shouldDispose = true)
{
_i2cDevice = i2cDevice;
_pinWake = pinWake;
_pinInterruption = pinInterruption;
_pinReset = pinReset;
_shouldDispose = shouldDispose;
// We need a GPIO controller only if we are using any of the pin
if ((_pinInterruption >= 0) || (_pinReset >= 0) || (_pinWake >= 0))
{
_shouldDispose = _shouldDispose || gpioController == null;
_controller = gpioController ?? new GpioController();
}
if (_controller is object)
{
_controller.OpenPin(_pinWake, PinMode.Output);
_controller.Write(_pinWake, PinValue.High);
}
if (_controller is object && _pinReset >= 0)
{
_controller.OpenPin(_pinReset, PinMode.Output);
_controller.Write(_pinReset, PinValue.Low);
// Delays from documentation CCS811-Datasheet.pdf page 8
// 15 micro second
DelayHelper.DelayMicroseconds(15, true);
_controller.Write(_pinReset, PinValue.High);
// Need to wait at least 2 milliseconds before executing anything I2C
Thread.Sleep(2);
}
// Initialization flow page 29
// https://www.sciosense.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/CCS811-Application-Note-Programming-and-interfacing-guide.pdf
// do a soft reset
Span <byte> toReset = stackalloc byte[4]
{
0x11,
0xE5,
0x72,
0x8A
};
WriteRegister(Register.SW_RESET, toReset);
// Wait 2 milliseconds as per documentation
Thread.Sleep(2);
if (HardwareIdentification != 0x81)
{
throw new IOException($"CCS811 does not have a valid ID: {HardwareIdentification}. ID must be 0x81.");
}
if ((HardwareVersion & 0xF0) != 0x10)
{
throw new IOException($"CCS811 does not have a valid version: {HardwareVersion}, should be 0x1X where any X is valid.");
}
// Read status
if (!Status.HasFlag(Status.APP_VALID))
{
throw new IOException($"CCS811 has no application firmware loaded.");
}
// Switch to app mode and wait 1 millisecond according to doc
WriteRegister(Register.APP_START);
Thread.Sleep(1);
if (!Status.HasFlag(Status.FW_MODE))
{
throw new IOException($"CCS811 is not in application mode.");
}
// Set interrupt if the interruption pin is valid
if (_controller is object && _pinInterruption >= 0)
{
_controller.OpenPin(_pinInterruption, PinMode.Input);
byte mode = 0b0000_1000;
WriteRegister(Register.MEAS_MODE, mode);
_controller.RegisterCallbackForPinValueChangedEvent(_pinInterruption, PinEventTypes.Falling, InterruptReady);
_running = true;
// Start a new thread to monitor the events
new Thread(() =>
{
_isRunning = true;
while (_running)
{
var res = _controller.WaitForEvent(_pinInterruption, PinEventTypes.Falling, new TimeSpan(0, 0, 0, 0, 50));
if ((!res.TimedOut) && (res.EventTypes != PinEventTypes.None))
{
InterruptReady(_controller, new PinValueChangedEventArgs(res.EventTypes, _pinInterruption));
// We know we won't get any new measurement in next 250 milliseconds at least
// Waiting to make sure the sensor will have time to remove the interrupt pin
Thread.Sleep(50);
}
}
_isRunning = false;
}).Start();
}
}
private void Initialize()
{
// Prep the pins
_controller.OpenPin(_rsPin, PinMode.Output);
if (_rwPin != -1)
{
_controller.OpenPin(_rwPin, PinMode.Output);
// Set to write. Once we enable reading have reading pull high and reset
// after reading to give maximum performance to write (i.e. assume that
// the pin is low when writing).
_controller.Write(_rwPin, PinValue.Low);
}
if (_backlight != -1)
{
_controller.OpenPin(_backlight, PinMode.Output);
if (_backlightBrightness > 0)
{
// Turn on the backlight
_controller.Write(_backlight, PinValue.High);
}
}
_controller.OpenPin(_enablePin, PinMode.Output);
for (int i = 0; i < _dataPins.Length; ++i)
{
_controller.OpenPin(_dataPins[i], PinMode.Output);
}
// The HD44780 self-initializes when power is turned on to the following settings:
//
// - 8 bit, 1 line, 5x7 font
// - Display, cursor, and blink off
// - Increment with no shift
//
// It is possible that the initialization will fail if the power is not provided
// within specific tolerances. As such, we'll always perform the software based
// initialization as described on pages 45/46 of the HD44780 data sheet. We give
// a little extra time to the required waits as described.
if (_dataPins.Length == 8)
{
// Init to 8 bit mode (this is the default, but other drivers
// may set the controller to 4 bit mode, so reset to be safe.)
DelayHelper.DelayMilliseconds(50, allowThreadYield: true);
WriteBits(0b0011_0000, 8);
DelayHelper.DelayMilliseconds(5, allowThreadYield: true);
WriteBits(0b0011_0000, 8);
DelayHelper.DelayMicroseconds(100, allowThreadYield: true);
WriteBits(0b0011_0000, 8);
}
else
{
// Init to 4 bit mode, setting _rspin to low as we're writing 4 bits directly.
// (Send writes the whole byte in two 4bit/nybble chunks)
_controller.Write(_rsPin, PinValue.Low);
DelayHelper.DelayMilliseconds(50, allowThreadYield: true);
WriteBits(0b0011, 4);
DelayHelper.DelayMilliseconds(5, allowThreadYield: true);
WriteBits(0b0011, 4);
DelayHelper.DelayMicroseconds(100, allowThreadYield: true);
WriteBits(0b0011, 4);
WriteBits(0b0010, 4);
}
// The busy flag can NOT be checked until this point.
}
/// <summary>
/// Read through One-Wire
/// </summary>
internal virtual void ReadThroughOneWire()
{
byte readVal = 0;
uint count;
// keep data line HIGH
_controller.SetPinMode(_pin, PinMode.Output);
_controller.Write(_pin, PinValue.High);
DelayHelper.DelayMilliseconds(20, true);
// send trigger signal
_controller.Write(_pin, PinValue.Low);
// wait at least 18 milliseconds
// here wait for 18 milliseconds will cause sensor initialization to fail
DelayHelper.DelayMilliseconds(20, true);
// pull up data line
_controller.Write(_pin, PinValue.High);
// wait 20 - 40 microseconds
DelayHelper.DelayMicroseconds(30, true);
_controller.SetPinMode(_pin, PinMode.InputPullUp);
// DHT corresponding signal - LOW - about 80 microseconds
count = _loopCount;
while (_controller.Read(_pin) == PinValue.Low)
{
if (count-- == 0)
{
IsLastReadSuccessful = false;
return;
}
}
// HIGH - about 80 microseconds
count = _loopCount;
while (_controller.Read(_pin) == PinValue.High)
{
if (count-- == 0)
{
IsLastReadSuccessful = false;
return;
}
}
// the read data contains 40 bits
for (int i = 0; i < 40; i++)
{
// beginning signal per bit, about 50 microseconds
count = _loopCount;
while (_controller.Read(_pin) == PinValue.Low)
{
if (count-- == 0)
{
IsLastReadSuccessful = false;
return;
}
}
// 26 - 28 microseconds represent 0
// 70 microseconds represent 1
_stopwatch.Restart();
count = _loopCount;
while (_controller.Read(_pin) == PinValue.High)
{
if (count-- == 0)
{
IsLastReadSuccessful = false;
return;
}
}
_stopwatch.Stop();
// bit to byte
// less than 40 microseconds can be considered as 0, not necessarily less than 28 microseconds
// here take 30 microseconds
readVal <<= 1;
if (!(_stopwatch.ElapsedTicks * 1000000F / Stopwatch.Frequency <= 30))
{
readVal |= 1;
}
if (((i + 1) % 8) == 0)
{
_readBuff[i / 8] = readVal;
}
}
_lastMeasurement = Environment.TickCount;
if ((_readBuff[4] == ((_readBuff[0] + _readBuff[1] + _readBuff[2] + _readBuff[3]) & 0xFF)))
{
IsLastReadSuccessful = (_readBuff[0] != 0) || (_readBuff[2] != 0);
}
else
{
IsLastReadSuccessful = false;
}
}