public void Can_make_multiple_min_inc_backups_and_then_restore()
        {
            const int UserCount = 5000;
            _tempDir = Guid.NewGuid().ToString();
            var storageEnvironmentOptions = StorageEnvironmentOptions.ForPath(_tempDir);
            storageEnvironmentOptions.IncrementalBackupEnabled = true;
            using (var envToSnapshot = new StorageEnvironment(storageEnvironmentOptions))
            {
                int index = 0;
                for (int xi = 0; xi < 5; xi++)
                {
                    for (int yi = 0; yi < 2; yi++)
                    {
                        using (var tx = envToSnapshot.NewTransaction(TransactionFlags.ReadWrite))
                        {
                            var tree = envToSnapshot.CreateTree(tx, "test");

                            for (int i = 0; i < UserCount / 10; i++)
                            {
                                tree.Add("users/" + index, "john doe/" + index);
                                index++;
                            }

                            tx.Commit();
                        }
                    }
                    var snapshotWriter = new MinimalIncrementalBackup();
                    snapshotWriter.ToFile(envToSnapshot, Path.Combine(_tempDir, xi + ".snapshot"));
                }
            }

            var incremental = new IncrementalBackup();

            var restoredOptions = StorageEnvironmentOptions.ForPath(Path.Combine(_tempDir, "restored"));
            incremental.Restore(restoredOptions, Enumerable.Range(0, 5).Select(i => Path.Combine(_tempDir, i + ".snapshot")));

            using (var snapshotRestoreEnv = new StorageEnvironment(restoredOptions))
            {
                using (var tx = snapshotRestoreEnv.NewTransaction(TransactionFlags.Read))
                {
                    var tree = tx.ReadTree("test");
                    Assert.NotNull(tree);

                    for (int i = 0; i < UserCount; i++)
                    {
                        var readResult = tree.Read("users/" + i);
                        Assert.NotNull(readResult);
                        Assert.Equal("john doe/" + i, readResult.Reader.ToStringValue());
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        public void ToFile(StorageEnvironment env, string backupPath, CompressionLevel compression = CompressionLevel.Optimal, Action <string> infoNotify = null,
                           Action backupStarted = null)
        {
            if (env.Options.IncrementalBackupEnabled == false)
            {
                throw new InvalidOperationException("Incremental backup is disabled for this storage");
            }

            var pageNumberToPageInScratch = new Dictionary <long, long>();

            if (infoNotify == null)
            {
                infoNotify = str => { }
            }
            ;
            var toDispose = new List <IDisposable>();

            try
            {
                IncrementalBackupInfo backupInfo;
                long lastWrittenLogPage = -1;
                long lastWrittenLogFile = -1;

                using (var txw = env.NewTransaction(TransactionFlags.ReadWrite))
                {
                    backupInfo = env.HeaderAccessor.Get(ptr => ptr->IncrementalBackup);

                    if (env.Journal.CurrentFile != null)
                    {
                        lastWrittenLogFile = env.Journal.CurrentFile.Number;
                        lastWrittenLogPage = env.Journal.CurrentFile.WritePagePosition;
                    }

                    //txw.Commit(); - intentionally not committing
                }

                if (backupStarted != null)
                {
                    backupStarted();
                }

                infoNotify("Voron - reading storage journals for snapshot pages");

                var lastBackedUpFile     = backupInfo.LastBackedUpJournal;
                var lastBackedUpPage     = backupInfo.LastBackedUpJournalPage;
                var firstJournalToBackup = backupInfo.LastBackedUpJournal;

                if (firstJournalToBackup == -1)
                {
                    firstJournalToBackup = 0;                     // first time that we do incremental backup
                }
                var lastTransaction = new TransactionHeader {
                    TransactionId = -1
                };

                var recoveryPager = env.Options.CreateScratchPager("min-inc-backup.scratch");
                toDispose.Add(recoveryPager);
                int recoveryPage = 0;
                for (var journalNum = firstJournalToBackup; journalNum <= backupInfo.LastCreatedJournal; journalNum++)
                {
                    lastBackedUpFile = journalNum;
                    var journalFile = IncrementalBackup.GetJournalFile(env, journalNum, backupInfo);
                    try
                    {
                        using (var filePager = env.Options.OpenJournalPager(journalNum))
                        {
                            var reader = new JournalReader(filePager, recoveryPager, 0, null, recoveryPage);
                            reader.MaxPageToRead = lastBackedUpPage = journalFile.JournalWriter.NumberOfAllocatedPages;
                            if (journalNum == lastWrittenLogFile)                             // set the last part of the log file we'll be reading
                            {
                                reader.MaxPageToRead = lastBackedUpPage = lastWrittenLogPage;
                            }

                            if (lastBackedUpPage == journalFile.JournalWriter.NumberOfAllocatedPages)                             // past the file size
                            {
                                // move to the next
                                lastBackedUpPage = -1;
                                lastBackedUpFile++;
                            }

                            if (journalNum == backupInfo.LastBackedUpJournal)                             // continue from last backup
                            {
                                reader.SetStartPage(backupInfo.LastBackedUpJournalPage);
                            }
                            TransactionHeader *lastJournalTxHeader = null;
                            while (reader.ReadOneTransaction(env.Options))
                            {
                                // read all transactions here
                                lastJournalTxHeader = reader.LastTransactionHeader;
                            }

                            if (lastJournalTxHeader != null)
                            {
                                lastTransaction = *lastJournalTxHeader;
                            }

                            recoveryPage = reader.RecoveryPage;

                            foreach (var pagePosition in reader.TransactionPageTranslation)
                            {
                                var pageInJournal = pagePosition.Value.JournalPos;
                                var page          = recoveryPager.Read(pageInJournal);
                                pageNumberToPageInScratch[pagePosition.Key] = pageInJournal;
                                if (page.IsOverflow)
                                {
                                    var numberOfOverflowPages = recoveryPager.GetNumberOfOverflowPages(page.OverflowSize);
                                    for (int i = 1; i < numberOfOverflowPages; i++)
                                    {
                                        pageNumberToPageInScratch.Remove(page.PageNumber + i);
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    finally
                    {
                        journalFile.Release();
                    }
                }

                if (pageNumberToPageInScratch.Count == 0)
                {
                    infoNotify("Voron - no changes since last backup, nothing to do");
                    return;
                }

                infoNotify("Voron - started writing snapshot file.");

                if (lastTransaction.TransactionId == -1)
                {
                    throw new InvalidOperationException("Could not find any transactions in the journals, but found pages to write? That ain't right.");
                }


                // it is possible that we merged enough transactions so the _merged_ output is too large for us.
                // Voron limit transactions to about 4GB each. That means that we can't just merge all transactions
                // blindly, for fear of hitting this limit. So we need to split things.
                // We are also limited to about 8 TB of data in general before we literally can't fit the number of pages into
                // pageNumberToPageInScratch even theoretically.
                // We're fine with saying that you need to run min inc backup before you hit 8 TB in your increment, so that works for now.
                // We are also going to use env.Options.MaxScratchBufferSize to set the actual transaction limit here, to avoid issues
                // down the road and to limit how big a single transaction can be before the theoretical 4GB limit.

                var nextJournalNum = lastBackedUpFile;
                using (var file = new FileStream(backupPath, FileMode.Create))
                {
                    using (var package = new ZipArchive(file, ZipArchiveMode.Create, leaveOpen: true))
                    {
                        var copier = new DataCopier(AbstractPager.PageSize * 16);

                        var finalPager = env.Options.CreateScratchPager("min-inc-backup-final.scratch");
                        toDispose.Add(finalPager);
                        finalPager.EnsureContinuous(null, 0, 1);                        //txHeader

                        foreach (var partition in Partition(pageNumberToPageInScratch.Values, env.Options.MaxNumberOfPagesInMergedTransaction))
                        {
                            int totalNumberOfPages = 0;
                            int overflowPages      = 0;
                            int start = 1;
                            foreach (var pageNum in partition)
                            {
                                var p    = recoveryPager.Read(pageNum);
                                var size = 1;
                                if (p.IsOverflow)
                                {
                                    size           = recoveryPager.GetNumberOfOverflowPages(p.OverflowSize);
                                    overflowPages += (size - 1);
                                }
                                totalNumberOfPages += size;
                                finalPager.EnsureContinuous(null, start, size);                                 //maybe increase size

                                MemoryUtils.Copy(finalPager.AcquirePagePointer(start), p.Base, size * AbstractPager.PageSize);

                                start += size;
                            }


                            var txPage = finalPager.AcquirePagePointer(0);
                            StdLib.memset(txPage, 0, AbstractPager.PageSize);
                            var txHeader = (TransactionHeader *)txPage;
                            txHeader->HeaderMarker           = Constants.TransactionHeaderMarker;
                            txHeader->FreeSpace              = lastTransaction.FreeSpace;
                            txHeader->Root                   = lastTransaction.Root;
                            txHeader->OverflowPageCount      = overflowPages;
                            txHeader->PageCount              = totalNumberOfPages - overflowPages;
                            txHeader->PreviousTransactionCrc = lastTransaction.PreviousTransactionCrc;
                            txHeader->TransactionId          = lastTransaction.TransactionId;
                            txHeader->NextPageNumber         = lastTransaction.NextPageNumber;
                            txHeader->LastPageNumber         = lastTransaction.LastPageNumber;
                            txHeader->TxMarker               = TransactionMarker.Commit | TransactionMarker.Merged;
                            txHeader->Compressed             = false;
                            txHeader->UncompressedSize       = txHeader->CompressedSize = totalNumberOfPages * AbstractPager.PageSize;

                            txHeader->Crc = Crc.Value(finalPager.AcquirePagePointer(1), 0, totalNumberOfPages * AbstractPager.PageSize);


                            var entry = package.CreateEntry(string.Format("{0:D19}.merged-journal", nextJournalNum), compression);
                            nextJournalNum++;
                            using (var stream = entry.Open())
                            {
                                copier.ToStream(finalPager.AcquirePagePointer(0), (totalNumberOfPages + 1) * AbstractPager.PageSize, stream);
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    file.Flush(true);                    // make sure we hit the disk and stay there
                }

                env.HeaderAccessor.Modify(header =>
                {
                    header->IncrementalBackup.LastBackedUpJournal     = lastBackedUpFile;
                    header->IncrementalBackup.LastBackedUpJournalPage = lastBackedUpPage;
                });
            }
            finally
            {
                foreach (var disposable in toDispose)
                {
                    disposable.Dispose();
                }
            }
        }
        public unsafe void Min_inc_backup_is_smaller_than_normal_inc_backup()
        {
            const int UserCount = 5000;
            _tempDir = Guid.NewGuid().ToString();
            var storageEnvironmentOptions = StorageEnvironmentOptions.ForPath(_tempDir);
            storageEnvironmentOptions.IncrementalBackupEnabled = true;
            using (var envToSnapshot = new StorageEnvironment(storageEnvironmentOptions))
            {
                for (int xi = 0; xi < 10; xi++)
                {
                    using (var tx = envToSnapshot.NewTransaction(TransactionFlags.ReadWrite))
                    {
                        var tree = envToSnapshot.CreateTree(tx, "test");

                        for (int i = 0; i < UserCount / 10; i++)
                        {
                            tree.Add("users/" + i, "john doe/" + i);
                        }

                        tx.Commit();
                    }
                }

                var incrementalBackupInfo = envToSnapshot.HeaderAccessor.Get(ptr => ptr->IncrementalBackup);

                var snapshotWriter = new MinimalIncrementalBackup();
                snapshotWriter.ToFile(envToSnapshot, Path.Combine(_tempDir, "1.snapshot"));

                // reset the incremental backup stuff

                envToSnapshot.HeaderAccessor.Modify(ptr => ptr->IncrementalBackup = incrementalBackupInfo);

                var incBackup = new IncrementalBackup();
                incBackup.ToFile(envToSnapshot, Path.Combine(_tempDir, "2.snapshot"));

                var incLen = new FileInfo(Path.Combine(_tempDir, "2.snapshot")).Length;
                var minInLen = new FileInfo(Path.Combine(_tempDir, "1.snapshot")).Length;

                Assert.True(incLen > minInLen);
            }
        }