Example #1
0
        //need to check to see if binding for x (in this case 'identifier') already exists
        public override Node eval(Node t, Environment env)
        {
            //works for (x 3) but does it work for twice (lambda (f x) (f.............))?
            Node identifier = t.getCdr().getCar();
            Node value = t.getCdr().getCdr().getCar();

            if ((identifier.isSymbol())) //this is for if it is in the form of (define x 3), here x is not a function
            {
                env.define(identifier,value);
            }
            else
            {
                Closure idFunction = new Closure(new Cons(t.getCdr().getCar().getCdr(), t.getCdr().getCdr()), env);
                env.define(identifier.getCar(), idFunction);
            }
            return null;
        }
Example #2
0
        public override Node eval(Node cons_expression, Environment env1)
        {
            bool it_is_variable_Identifier__notFunction = false;

            // check for null  in construct of (define elem1 elem2)...  and ends current method
            // test1 checks if there might even be elements in expression
            // test 2 checks if elem1 is a Identifier or not
            // test 3 checks if elem2 exists
            if (cons_expression.getCdr().isNull() || cons_expression.getCdr().getCar().isNull() ||
                cons_expression.getCdr().getCdr().isNull())
            {
                return(new StringLit("Error: lacking items to be defined in (define ...) ."));
            }


            // the key of a frame is represented by the alist.getCar().getCar().getName();

            // the val of a frame is represented by the alist.getCar().getCdr


            // check if thing being defined is a function ... or just a variable
            if (!cons_expression.getCdr().getCar().isPair())
            {
                it_is_variable_Identifier__notFunction = true;
            }
            else
            {
                it_is_variable_Identifier__notFunction = false;
            }



            if (it_is_variable_Identifier__notFunction)
            {
                if (cons_expression.getCdr().getCdr().getCar() == null)
                {
                    return(new StringLit("Error: node with value in definition is null. cannot define."));
                }

                Node place_of_Node_with_Value = cons_expression.getCdr().getCdr().getCar();

                if (place_of_Node_with_Value.isPair())
                {
                    // assign val to id variable
                    // this in fact might assign our variable to point to a function term   [indirectly.]
                    env1.define(cons_expression.getCdr().getCar(), place_of_Node_with_Value.eval(env1));

                    // finish here.
                    return(null);
                }
                else
                {
                    if (place_of_Node_with_Value.isSymbol())
                    {
                        Node lookedUp_val_term = env1.lookup(place_of_Node_with_Value);

                        // error ... value to be assigned is undefined.
                        if (lookedUp_val_term == null)
                        {
                            return(new StringLit("Error: value to be assigned is undefined expression."));
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            // assign val looked up , unto id variable
                            // this in fact might assign our variable to point to a function term   [indirectly.]
                            env1.define(cons_expression.getCdr().getCar(), lookedUp_val_term);
                        }
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        // assign val onto id variable
                        // this in fact might assign our variable to point to a function term   [indirectly.]
                        env1.define(cons_expression.getCdr().getCar(), place_of_Node_with_Value);
                    }

                    // finish here.
                    return(null);
                }
            }
            // work out storing function in environment

            else
            {
                // "function assignment";

                if (cons_expression.getCdr().getCar().getCdr().isNull() || cons_expression.getCdr().getCar().getCdr().isPair())
                {
                    // normal case without dot in parameters of express

                    // create a lambda of this definition of a function
                    // lambda node = (cons 'lambda (cons (cdr (car (cdr a))) (cdr (cdr a))))
                    Node lambda_function = new Cons(new Ident("lambda"), new Cons(cons_expression.getCdr().getCar().getCdr(),
                                                                                  cons_expression.getCdr().getCdr()));

                    Closure defined_closure = new Closure(lambda_function, env1);

                    env1.define(cons_expression.getCdr().getCar().getCar(), defined_closure);
                }
                else
                {
                    // particular spec case with a dot expression for parameters ... that ends the list without a nil

                    // create a lambda of this definition of a function
                    // lambda node = (cons 'lambda (cons (cdr (car (cdr a))) (cdr (cdr a))))
                    Node lambda_function = new Cons(new Ident("lambda"),
                                                    new Cons(

                                                        new Cons(cons_expression.getCdr().getCar().getCdr(), Nil.getInstance())

                                                        ,

                                                        cons_expression.getCdr().getCdr()));

                    Closure defined_closure = new Closure(lambda_function, env1);

                    env1.define(cons_expression.getCdr().getCar().getCar(), defined_closure);
                }
            }

            return(null);
        }
Example #3
0
        // TODO: The method apply() should be defined in class Node
        // to report an error.  It should be overridden only in classes
        // BuiltIn and Closure.
        public override Node apply(Node args)
        {
            // note for all built in functions that need arguments...
            //
            // the function will never do a test to check whether args is a pair, because
            // args is always made a pair in special Regular for launching builtin_function apply.


            if (this.symbol.getName().Equals("read"))
            {
                if (args == null || !args.isNull())
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Error: Read only needs no arguments for use.");
                    return(Nil.getInstance());
                }
                return((Node)Scheme4101.parser.parseExp());
            }

            else if (this.symbol.getName().Equals("write"))
            {
                if (args == null || args.isNull())
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Error: incorrect arguments. Nil passed, which cannot be used.");
                    return(Nil.getInstance());
                }

                args.getCar().print(0);

                return(Nil.getInstance());
            }
            else if (this.symbol.getName().equals("set-car!"))
            {
                arg1.setCar(arg2);

                return(arg1);
            }
            else if (this.symbol.getName().equals("set-cdr!"))
            {
                arg1.setCdr(arg2);

                return(arg1);
            }
            else if (this.symbol.getName().Equals("display"))
            {
                if (args == null || args.isNull())
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Error: incorrect arguments. Nil passed, which cannot be used.");
                    return(Nil.getInstance());
                }

                Tree.BuiltIn.builtIn_display__do_not_print_double_quotes = true;

                args.getCar().print(0);

                Tree.BuiltIn.builtIn_display__do_not_print_double_quotes = false;

                return(Nil.getInstance());
            }

            else if (this.symbol.getName().Equals("b+"))
            {
                // if there are no arguments, report error
                if (args == null)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Error: no arguments given for binary addition operation.");
                    return(Nil.getInstance());
                }

                // return zero if there are no arguments
                if (args.isNull())
                {
                    return(new IntLit(0));
                }
                // extend for all argument vars
                // and
                //check if first args have null
                if (args.getCar() != null &&
                    args.getCdr() != null)
                {
                    bool twoArguments_or_more;
                    // check if second argument is is nil.
                    if (args.getCdr().isNull())
                    {
                        twoArguments_or_more = false;
                    }
                    // see if there is a second item ,    ... and check that last tail of args is nil.
                    else if (args.getCdr().getCar() != null && args.getCdr().getCdr().isNull())
                    {
                        twoArguments_or_more = true;
                    }
                    else if (args.getCdr().getCar() != null && !args.getCdr().getCdr().isNull())
                    {
                        Console.WriteLine("Error: cannot process more than two args for binary addition.");
                        return(Nil.getInstance());
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        Console.WriteLine("Error: in b+ , one of arguments for expression has null node.");
                        return(Nil.getInstance());
                    }

                    if (twoArguments_or_more == false)
                    {
                        // check if argument is an intLit
                        if (args.getCar().isNumber())
                        {
                            // return the sole int lit node.
                            return(args.getCar());
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            Console.WriteLine("Error: in b+ , one of arguments for expression has null node.");
                            return(Nil.getInstance());
                        }
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        if (!args.getCar().isNumber() || !args.getCdr().getCar().isNumber())
                        {
                            Console.WriteLine("Error: arguments must be IntLit for binary addition.");
                            return(Nil.getInstance());
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            IntLit int1 = (IntLit)args.getCar();
                            IntLit int2 = (IntLit)args.getCdr().getCar();
                            return(new IntLit(int1.getInt() + int2.getInt()));
                        }
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Error: in b+ , there is a null  external node");
                    return(Nil.getInstance());
                }
            }
            else if (this.symbol.getName().Equals("b-"))
            {
                // if there are no arguments, report error
                if (args == null || args.isNull())
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Error: no arguments given for binary subtraction operation.");
                    return(Nil.getInstance());
                }

                // extend for all argument vars
                // and
                //check if any args have null or nil.
                if (args != null && args.getCar() != null &&
                    args.getCdr() != null && args.getCdr().getCar() != null &&
                    args.getCdr().getCdr().isNull())
                {
                    if (!args.getCar().isNumber() || !args.getCdr().getCar().isNumber())
                    {
                        Console.WriteLine("Error: arguments must be IntLit for binary subtraction.");
                        return(Nil.getInstance());
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        IntLit int1 = (IntLit)args.getCar();
                        IntLit int2 = (IntLit)args.getCdr().getCar();
                        return(new IntLit(int1.getInt() - int2.getInt()));
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Error: more than two arguments for binary subtraction is not permissable.");
                    return(Nil.getInstance());
                }
            }
            else if (this.symbol.getName().Equals("b*"))
            {
                // if there are no arguments, report error
                if (args == null || args.isNull())
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Error: no arguments given for binary multiplication operation.");
                    return(Nil.getInstance());
                }

                // extend for all argument vars
                // and
                //check if any args have null or nil.
                if (args != null && args.getCar() != null &&
                    args.getCdr() != null && args.getCdr().getCar() != null &&
                    args.getCdr().getCdr().isNull())
                {
                    if (!args.getCar().isNumber() || !args.getCdr().getCar().isNumber())
                    {
                        Console.WriteLine("Error: arguments must be IntLit for binary multiplication.");
                        return(Nil.getInstance());
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        IntLit int1 = (IntLit)args.getCar();
                        IntLit int2 = (IntLit)args.getCdr().getCar();
                        return(new IntLit(int1.getInt() * int2.getInt()));
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Error: more than two arguments for binary multiplication is not permissable.");
                    return(Nil.getInstance());
                }
            }
            else if (this.symbol.getName().Equals("b/"))
            {
                // if there are no arguments, report error
                if (args == null || args.isNull())
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Error: no arguments given for binary division operation.");
                    return(Nil.getInstance());
                }
                // extend for all argument vars
                // and
                //check if any args have null or nil.
                if (args != null && args.getCar() != null &&
                    args.getCdr() != null && args.getCdr().getCar() != null &&
                    args.getCdr().getCdr().isNull())
                {
                    if (!args.getCar().isNumber() || !args.getCdr().getCar().isNumber())
                    {
                        Console.WriteLine("Error: arguments must be IntLit for binary division.");
                        return(Nil.getInstance());
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        IntLit int1 = (IntLit)args.getCar();
                        IntLit int2 = (IntLit)args.getCdr().getCar();
                        if (int2.getInt() == 0)
                        {
                            Console.WriteLine("Error: input not acceptable. cannot divide by zero.");
                            return(Nil.getInstance());
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            return(new IntLit(int1.getInt() / int2.getInt()));
                        }
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Error: more than two arguments for binary division is not permissable.");
                    return(Nil.getInstance());
                }
            }
            else if (this.symbol.getName().Equals("b="))
            {
                // if there are no arguments, report error
                if (args == null || args.isNull())
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Error: no arguments given for binary equality test operation.");
                    return(Nil.getInstance());
                }

                // extend for all argument vars
                // and
                //check if any args have null or nil.
                if (args != null && args.getCar() != null &&
                    args.getCdr() != null && args.getCdr().getCar() != null &&
                    args.getCdr().getCdr().isNull())
                {
                    if (!args.getCar().isNumber() || !args.getCdr().getCar().isNumber())
                    {
                        Console.WriteLine("Error: arguments must be IntLit for binary equality test.");
                        return(Nil.getInstance());
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        IntLit int1 = (IntLit)args.getCar();
                        IntLit int2 = (IntLit)args.getCdr().getCar();

                        bool resultOfTest = (int1.getInt() == int2.getInt());

                        if (resultOfTest)
                        {
                            return(BoolLit.getInstance(true));
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            return(BoolLit.getInstance(false));
                        }
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Error: more than two arguments for binary equality test is not permissable.");
                    return(Nil.getInstance());
                }
            }
            else if (this.symbol.getName().Equals("b<"))
            {
                // if there are no arguments, report error
                if (args == null || args.isNull())
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Error: no arguments given for binary less than test operation.");
                    return(Nil.getInstance());
                }

                // extend for all argument vars
                // and
                //check if any args have null or nil.
                if (args != null && args.getCar() != null &&
                    args.getCdr() != null && args.getCdr().getCar() != null &&
                    args.getCdr().getCdr().isNull())
                {
                    if (!args.getCar().isNumber() || !args.getCdr().getCar().isNumber())
                    {
                        Console.WriteLine("Error: arguments must be IntLit for binary less than test.");
                        return(Nil.getInstance());
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        IntLit int1 = (IntLit)args.getCar();
                        IntLit int2 = (IntLit)args.getCdr().getCar();

                        bool resultOfTest = (int1.getInt() < int2.getInt());

                        if (resultOfTest)
                        {
                            return(BoolLit.getInstance(true));
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            return(BoolLit.getInstance(false));
                        }
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Error: more than two arguments for binary less than test is not permissable.");
                    return(Nil.getInstance());
                }
            }
            else if (this.symbol.getName().Equals("b>"))
            {
                // if there are no arguments, report error
                if (args == null || args.isNull())
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Error: no arguments given for binary greater than test operation.");
                    return(Nil.getInstance());
                }
                // extend for all argument vars
                // and
                //check if any args have null or nil.
                if (args != null && args.getCar() != null &&
                    args.getCdr() != null && args.getCdr().getCar() != null &&
                    args.getCdr().getCdr().isNull())
                {
                    if (!args.getCar().isNumber() || !args.getCdr().getCar().isNumber())
                    {
                        Console.WriteLine("Error: arguments must be IntLit for binary greater than test.");
                        return(Nil.getInstance());
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        IntLit int1 = (IntLit)args.getCar();
                        IntLit int2 = (IntLit)args.getCdr().getCar();

                        bool resultOfTest = (int1.getInt() > int2.getInt());

                        if (resultOfTest)
                        {
                            return(BoolLit.getInstance(true));
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            return(BoolLit.getInstance(false));
                        }
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Error: more than two arguments for binary greater than test is not permissable.");
                    return(Nil.getInstance());
                }
            }
            else if (this.symbol.getName().Equals("b<="))
            {
                // if there are no arguments, report error
                if (args == null || args.isNull())
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Error: no arguments given for binary less than equal than test operation.");
                    return(Nil.getInstance());
                }
                // extend for all argument vars
                // and
                //check if any args have null or nil.
                if (args != null && args.getCar() != null &&
                    args.getCdr() != null && args.getCdr().getCar() != null &&
                    args.getCdr().getCdr().isNull())
                {
                    if (!args.getCar().isNumber() || !args.getCdr().getCar().isNumber())
                    {
                        Console.WriteLine("Error: arguments must be IntLit for binary less than equal than test.");
                        return(Nil.getInstance());
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        IntLit int1 = (IntLit)args.getCar();
                        IntLit int2 = (IntLit)args.getCdr().getCar();

                        bool resultOfTest = (int1.getInt() <= int2.getInt());

                        if (resultOfTest)
                        {
                            return(BoolLit.getInstance(true));
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            return(BoolLit.getInstance(false));
                        }
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Error: more than two arguments for binary less than equal than test is not permissable.");
                    return(Nil.getInstance());
                }
            }
            else if (this.symbol.getName().Equals("b>="))
            {
                // if there are no arguments, report error
                if (args == null || args.isNull())
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Error: no arguments given for binary greater than equal than test operation.");
                    return(Nil.getInstance());
                }

                // extend for all argument vars
                // and
                //check if any args have null or nil.
                if (args != null && args.getCar() != null &&
                    args.getCdr() != null && args.getCdr().getCar() != null &&
                    args.getCdr().getCdr().isNull())
                {
                    if (!args.getCar().isNumber() || !args.getCdr().getCar().isNumber())
                    {
                        Console.WriteLine("Error: arguments must be IntLit for binary greater than equal than test.");
                        return(Nil.getInstance());
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        IntLit int1 = (IntLit)args.getCar();
                        IntLit int2 = (IntLit)args.getCdr().getCar();

                        bool resultOfTest = (int1.getInt() >= int2.getInt());

                        if (resultOfTest)
                        {
                            return(BoolLit.getInstance(true));
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            return(BoolLit.getInstance(false));
                        }
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Error: more than two arguments for binary greater than equal than test is not permissable.");
                    return(Nil.getInstance());
                }
            }
            else if (this.symbol.getName().Equals("null?"))
            {
                // if there are no arguments, report error
                if (args == null || args.isNull())
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Error: no arguments given for testing null evaluation.");
                    return(Nil.getInstance());
                }

                // extend for all argument vars

                // check if number of args is correct
                bool argument_number_good = false;
                if (args != null && args.getCar() != null &&
                    args.getCdr() != null && args.getCdr().isNull())
                {
                    argument_number_good = true;
                }

                if (argument_number_good)
                {
                    if (args.getCar().isNull())
                    {
                        return(BoolLit.getInstance(true));
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        return(BoolLit.getInstance(false));
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Error: wrong number of arguments for test. only need 1 cons node with nil tail for argument.");
                    return(Nil.getInstance());
                }
            }
            else if (this.symbol.getName().Equals("symbol?"))
            {
                // if there are no arguments, report error
                if (args == null || args.isNull())
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Error: no arguments given for testing symbol evaluation.");
                    return(Nil.getInstance());
                }

                // extend for all argument vars

                // check if number of args is correct
                bool argument_number_good = false;
                if (args != null && args.getCar() != null &&
                    args.getCdr() != null && args.getCdr().isNull())
                {
                    argument_number_good = true;
                }

                if (argument_number_good)
                {
                    if (args.getCar().isSymbol())
                    {
                        return(BoolLit.getInstance(true));
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        return(BoolLit.getInstance(false));
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Error: wrong number of arguments for test. only need 1 cons node with nil tail for argument.");
                    return(Nil.getInstance());
                }
            }
            else if (this.symbol.getName().Equals("number?"))
            {
                // if there are no arguments, report error
                if (args == null || args.isNull())
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Error: no arguments given for testing number evaluation.");
                    return(Nil.getInstance());
                }

                // extend for all argument vars

                // check if number of args is correct
                bool argument_number_good = false;
                if (args != null && args.getCar() != null &&
                    args.getCdr() != null && args.getCdr().isNull())
                {
                    argument_number_good = true;
                }

                if (argument_number_good)
                {
                    if (args.getCar().isNumber())
                    {
                        return(BoolLit.getInstance(true));
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        return(BoolLit.getInstance(false));
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Error: wrong number of arguments for test. only need 1 cons node with nil tail for argument.");
                    return(Nil.getInstance());
                }
            }
            else if (this.symbol.getName().Equals("boolean?"))
            {
                // if there are no arguments, report error
                if (args == null || args.isNull())
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Error: no arguments given for testing boolean evaluation.");
                    return(Nil.getInstance());
                }

                // extend for all argument vars

                // check if number of args is correct
                bool argument_number_good = false;
                if (args != null && args.getCar() != null &&
                    args.getCdr() != null && args.getCdr().isNull())
                {
                    argument_number_good = true;
                }

                if (argument_number_good)
                {
                    if (args.getCar().isBool())
                    {
                        return(BoolLit.getInstance(true));
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        return(BoolLit.getInstance(false));
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Error: wrong number of arguments for test. only need 1 cons node with nil tail for argument.");
                    return(Nil.getInstance());
                }
            }
            else if (this.symbol.getName().Equals("procedure?"))
            {
                // if there are no arguments, report error
                if (args == null || args.isNull())
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Error: no arguments given for testing procedure evaluation.");
                    return(Nil.getInstance());
                }

                // extend for all argument vars

                // check if number of args is correct
                bool argument_number_good = false;
                if (args != null && args.getCar() != null &&
                    args.getCdr() != null && args.getCdr().isNull())
                {
                    argument_number_good = true;
                }

                if (argument_number_good)
                {
                    if (args.getCar().isProcedure())
                    {
                        return(BoolLit.getInstance(true));
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        return(BoolLit.getInstance(false));
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Error: wrong number of arguments for test. only need 1 cons node with nil tail for argument.");
                    return(Nil.getInstance());
                }
            }
            else if (this.symbol.getName().Equals("pair?"))
            {
                // if there are no arguments, report error
                if (args == null || args.isNull())
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Error: no arguments given for testing pair evaluation.");
                    return(Nil.getInstance());
                }

                // extend for all argument vars

                // check if number of args is correct
                bool argument_number_good = false;
                if (args != null && args.getCar() != null &&
                    args.getCdr() != null && args.getCdr().isNull())
                {
                    argument_number_good = true;
                }

                if (argument_number_good)
                {
                    if (args.getCar().isPair())
                    {
                        return(BoolLit.getInstance(true));
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        return(BoolLit.getInstance(false));
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Error: wrong number of arguments for test. only need 1 cons node with nil tail for argument.");
                    return(Nil.getInstance());
                }
            }
            else if (this.symbol.getName().Equals("environment?"))
            {
                // if there are no arguments, report error
                if (args == null || args.isNull())
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Error: no arguments given for testing environment evaluation.");
                    return(Nil.getInstance());
                }

                // extend for all argument vars

                // check if number of args is correct
                bool argument_number_good = false;
                if (args != null && args.getCar() != null &&
                    args.getCdr() != null && args.getCdr().isNull())
                {
                    argument_number_good = true;
                }

                if (argument_number_good)
                {
                    if (args.getCar().isEnvironment())
                    {
                        return(BoolLit.getInstance(true));
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        return(BoolLit.getInstance(false));
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Error: wrong number of arguments for test. only need 1 cons node with nil tail for argument.");
                    return(Nil.getInstance());
                }
            }
            else if (this.symbol.getName().Equals("string?"))
            {
                // if there are no arguments, report error
                if (args == null || args.isNull())
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Error: no arguments given for testing string evaluation.");
                    return(Nil.getInstance());
                }

                // extend for all argument vars

                // check if number of args is correct
                bool argument_number_good = false;
                if (args != null && args.getCar() != null &&
                    args.getCdr() != null && args.getCdr().isNull())
                {
                    argument_number_good = true;
                }

                if (argument_number_good)
                {
                    if (args.getCar().isString())
                    {
                        return(BoolLit.getInstance(true));
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        return(BoolLit.getInstance(false));
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Error: wrong number of arguments for test. only need 1 cons node with nil tail for argument.");
                    return(Nil.getInstance());
                }
            }

            // working on predicate built in :    eq?
            else if (this.symbol.getName().Equals("eq?"))
            {
                // if there are no arguments, report error
                if (args == null || args.isNull())
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Error: no arguments given for eq?   test operation.");
                    return(Nil.getInstance());
                }
                // extend for all argument vars
                // and
                //check if any args have null or nil.
                if (args != null && args.getCar() != null &&
                    args.getCdr() != null && args.getCdr().getCar() != null &&
                    args.getCdr().getCdr().isNull())
                {
                    //if (!args.getCar () || !args.getCdr ().getCar () )


                    // check nil/null? first

                    // first car is nil but  second item is not nil...
                    // or the other way around   (vice versa)
                    if ((args.getCar().isNull() && !args.getCdr().getCar().isNull()) ||
                        (!args.getCar().isNull() && args.getCdr().getCar().isNull()))
                    {
                        return(BoolLit.getInstance(false));
                    }
                    // success: both nil
                    else if (args.getCar().isNull() && args.getCdr().getCar().isNull())
                    {
                        return(BoolLit.getInstance(true));
                    }

                    // first car is type symbol but  second item is not symbol...
                    // or the other way around   (vice versa)
                    else if ((args.getCar().isSymbol() && !args.getCdr().getCar().isSymbol()) ||
                             (!args.getCar().isSymbol() && args.getCdr().getCar().isSymbol()))
                    {
                        return(BoolLit.getInstance(false));
                    }
                    // check if both symbol   now...
                    else if (args.getCar().isSymbol() && args.getCdr().getCar().isSymbol())
                    {
                        // check if the symbol's are identical

                        if (args.getCar().getName().Equals(args.getCdr().getCar().getName()))
                        {
                            // success:    both same symbol!
                            return(BoolLit.getInstance(true));
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            return(BoolLit.getInstance(false));
                        }
                    }

                    // first car is type number but  second item is not number...
                    // or the other way around   (vice versa)
                    else if ((args.getCar().isNumber() && !args.getCdr().getCar().isNumber()) ||
                             (!args.getCar().isNumber() && args.getCdr().getCar().isNumber()))
                    {
                        return(BoolLit.getInstance(false));
                    }
                    // check if both number   now...
                    else if (args.getCar().isNumber() && args.getCdr().getCar().isNumber())
                    {
                        // cast to new IntLits
                        IntLit intLit_1 = (IntLit)args.getCar();
                        IntLit intLit_2 = (IntLit)args.getCdr().getCar();


                        // check if the int values's are equal

                        if (intLit_1.getInt() == intLit_2.getInt())
                        {
                            // success:    both same integer!
                            return(BoolLit.getInstance(true));
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            return(BoolLit.getInstance(false));
                        }
                    }


                    // first car is type boolean but  second item is not boolean...
                    // or the other way around   (vice versa)
                    else if ((args.getCar().isBool() && !args.getCdr().getCar().isBool()) ||
                             (!args.getCar().isBool() && args.getCdr().getCar().isBool()))
                    {
                        return(BoolLit.getInstance(false));
                    }
                    // check if both boolean   now...
                    else if (args.getCar().isBool() && args.getCdr().getCar().isBool())
                    {
                        // cast nodes as new booleanNodes

                        BoolLit boolVal1 = (BoolLit)args.getCar();
                        BoolLit boolVal2 = (BoolLit)args.getCdr().getCar();

                        // check if the bool's equal

                        if (boolVal1.Equals(boolVal2))
                        {
                            // success:    both same bool!
                            return(BoolLit.getInstance(true));
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            return(BoolLit.getInstance(false));
                        }
                    }



                    // first car is type builtIn but  second item is not builtIn...
                    // or the other way around   (vice versa)
                    else if ((args.getCar().isBuiltIn() && !args.getCdr().getCar().isBuiltIn()) ||
                             (!args.getCar().isBuiltIn() && args.getCdr().getCar().isBuiltIn()))
                    {
                        return(BoolLit.getInstance(false));
                    }
                    // check if both builtIn   now...
                    else if (args.getCar().isBuiltIn() && args.getCdr().getCar().isBuiltIn())
                    {
                        // cast nodes as new builtIn
                        BuiltIn builtIn_val_1 = (BuiltIn)args.getCar();
                        BuiltIn builtIn_val_2 = (BuiltIn)args.getCdr().getCar();

                        // check if the builtIn's are identical

                        if (builtIn_val_1.getSymbol().Equals(builtIn_val_2.getSymbol()))
                        {
                            // success:    both same builtIn!
                            return(BoolLit.getInstance(true));
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            return(BoolLit.getInstance(false));
                        }
                    }

                    // by process of elimination
                    //now
                    // a object that ends up tested here would be surely a closure...

                    // first car is type closure but  second item is not closure...
                    // or the other way around   (vice versa)
                    else if ((args.getCar().isProcedure() && !args.getCdr().getCar().isProcedure()) ||
                             (!args.getCar().isProcedure() && args.getCdr().getCar().isProcedure()))
                    {
                        return(BoolLit.getInstance(false));
                    }
                    // check if both closure   now...
                    else if (args.getCar().isProcedure() && args.getCdr().getCar().isProcedure())
                    {
                        // cast nodes as new builtIn
                        Closure closure_val_1 = (Closure)args.getCar();
                        Closure closure_val_2 = (Closure)args.getCdr().getCar();

                        // check if the closure's are identical

                        if (closure_val_1.Equals(closure_val_2))
                        {
                            // success:    both same closure!
                            return(BoolLit.getInstance(true));
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            return(BoolLit.getInstance(false));
                        }
                    }



                    // first car is type environment but  second item is not environment...
                    // or the other way around   (vice versa)
                    else if ((args.getCar().isEnvironment() && !args.getCdr().getCar().isEnvironment()) ||
                             (!args.getCar().isEnvironment() && args.getCdr().getCar().isEnvironment()))
                    {
                        return(BoolLit.getInstance(false));
                    }
                    // check if both environment   now...
                    else if (args.getCar().isEnvironment() && args.getCdr().getCar().isEnvironment())
                    {
                        // cast nodes as new Environment
                        Environment environ_1 = (Environment)args.getCar();
                        Environment environ_2 = (Environment)args.getCdr().getCar();

                        // check if the environment's are identical

                        if (environ_1.Equals(environ_2))
                        {
                            // success:    both same environment!
                            return(BoolLit.getInstance(true));
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            return(BoolLit.getInstance(false));
                        }
                    }

                    // first car is type String but  second item is not String...
                    // or the other way around   (vice versa)
                    else if ((args.getCar().isString() && !args.getCdr().getCar().isString()) ||
                             (!args.getCar().isString() && args.getCdr().getCar().isString()))
                    {
                        return(BoolLit.getInstance(false));
                    }
                    // check if both String   now...
                    else if (args.getCar().isString() && args.getCdr().getCar().isString())
                    {
                        // cast nodes as new StringLits
                        StringLit String_1 = (StringLit)args.getCar();
                        StringLit String_2 = (StringLit)args.getCdr().getCar();

                        // check if the StringLit's are identical

                        if (String_1.getString().Equals(String_2.getString()))
                        {
                            // success:    both same StringLit!
                            return(BoolLit.getInstance(true));
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            return(BoolLit.getInstance(false));
                        }
                    }


                    // eq? test note:  there is one caveat.  If the items are both quote terms... this will be handled directly in regular eval

                    // first car is type Pair but  second item is not Pair...
                    // or the other way around   (vice versa)
                    else if ((args.getCar().isPair() && !args.getCdr().getCar().isPair()) ||
                             (!args.getCar().isPair() && args.getCdr().getCar().isPair()))
                    {
                        return(BoolLit.getInstance(false));
                    }
                    // check if both are type Pair   now...
                    else if (args.getCar().isPair() && args.getCdr().getCar().isPair())
                    {
                        // cast nodes as new cons Pair
                        Cons cons_1 = (Cons)args.getCar();
                        Cons cons_2 = (Cons)args.getCdr().getCar();

                        // check if the Cons's are identical

                        if (cons_1.Equals(cons_2))
                        {
                            // success:    both same pair reference!
                            return(BoolLit.getInstance(true));
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            return(BoolLit.getInstance(false));
                        }

                        // illegal function for argument
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        Console.WriteLine("Error: Argument types for eq? cannot be recognized in context.");
                        return(Nil.getInstance());
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Error: null parameter _ or _ more than two arguments for eq?  test is not permissable.");
                    return(Nil.getInstance());
                }
            }

            else if (this.symbol.getName().Equals("car"))
            {
                // if there are no arguments, report error
                if (args == null || args.isNull())
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Error: no arguments given for car operation.");
                    return(Nil.getInstance());
                }

                // check if args first item given is a pair   and check if the number of arguments given is correctly 1
                if (args.getCar() != null && args.getCdr() != null && args.getCdr().isNull())
                {
                    if (args.getCar().isPair())
                    {
                        if (args.getCar().getCar() != null)
                        {
                            return(args.getCar().getCar());
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            Console.WriteLine("Error: for car function_ , one of arguments to return is null.");
                            return(Nil.getInstance());
                        }
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        Console.WriteLine("Error: for car function_ , item given is not a pair.");
                        return(Nil.getInstance());
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Error: wrong number of arguments for car, tail is not nil.  or element in arguments is null.");
                    return(Nil.getInstance());
                }
            }

            else if (this.symbol.getName().Equals("cdr"))
            {
                // if there are no arguments, report error
                if (args == null || args.isNull())
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Error: no arguments given for cdr operation.");
                    return(Nil.getInstance());
                }


                // check if args first item given is a pair   and check if the number of arguments given is correctly 1
                if (args.getCar() != null && args.getCar().isPair() && args.getCdr() != null && args.getCdr().isNull())
                {
                    // check if argument's cdr is not null
                    if (args.getCar().getCdr() != null)
                    {
                        return(args.getCar().getCdr());
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        Console.WriteLine("Error: for cdr function_ , one of arguments to return is null.");
                        return(Nil.getInstance());
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Error: for cdr, item is not pair  or wrong number of arguments for cdr: tail is not nil.  or element in arguments is null.");
                    return(Nil.getInstance());
                }
            }

            else
            {
                Console.WriteLine("Error: builtin is not identifiable.");
                return(Nil.getInstance());
            }
        }