PyDict_Keys() private method

private PyDict_Keys ( IntPtr pointer ) : IntPtr
pointer IntPtr
return IntPtr
Example #1
0
 /// <summary>
 /// Keys Method
 /// </summary>
 /// <remarks>
 /// Returns a sequence containing the keys of the dictionary.
 /// </remarks>
 public PyObject Keys()
 {
     using var items = Runtime.PyDict_Keys(Reference);
     if (items.IsNull())
     {
         throw new PythonException();
     }
     return(items.MoveToPyObject());
 }
Example #2
0
        /// <summary>
        /// Keys Method
        /// </summary>
        ///
        /// <remarks>
        /// Returns a sequence containing the keys of the dictionary.
        /// </remarks>
        public PyObject Keys()
        {
            IntPtr items = Runtime.PyDict_Keys(obj);

            if (items == IntPtr.Zero)
            {
                throw new PythonException();
            }
            return(new PyObject(items));
        }
Example #3
0
        /// <summary>
        /// Bind the given Python instance and arguments to a particular method
        /// overload in <see cref="list"/> and return a structure that contains the converted Python
        /// instance, converted arguments and the correct method to call.
        /// If unsuccessful, may set a Python error.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="inst">The Python target of the method invocation.</param>
        /// <param name="args">The Python arguments.</param>
        /// <param name="kw">The Python keyword arguments.</param>
        /// <param name="info">If not null, only bind to that method.</param>
        /// <param name="methodinfo">If not null, additionally attempt to bind to the generic methods in this array by inferring generic type parameters.</param>
        /// <returns>A Binding if successful.  Otherwise null.</returns>
        internal Binding?Bind(BorrowedReference inst, BorrowedReference args, BorrowedReference kw, MethodBase?info, MethodBase[]?methodinfo)
        {
            // loop to find match, return invoker w/ or w/o error
            var kwargDict = new Dictionary <string, PyObject>();

            if (kw != null)
            {
                nint pynkwargs = Runtime.PyDict_Size(kw);
                using var keylist   = Runtime.PyDict_Keys(kw);
                using var valueList = Runtime.PyDict_Values(kw);
                for (int i = 0; i < pynkwargs; ++i)
                {
                    var keyStr = Runtime.GetManagedString(Runtime.PyList_GetItem(keylist.Borrow(), i));
                    BorrowedReference value = Runtime.PyList_GetItem(valueList.Borrow(), i);
                    kwargDict[keyStr !] = new PyObject(value);
Example #4
0
        /// <summary>
        /// Bind the given Python instance and arguments to a particular method
        /// overload in <see cref="list"/> and return a structure that contains the converted Python
        /// instance, converted arguments and the correct method to call.
        /// If unsuccessful, may set a Python error.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="inst">The Python target of the method invocation.</param>
        /// <param name="args">The Python arguments.</param>
        /// <param name="kw">The Python keyword arguments.</param>
        /// <param name="info">If not null, only bind to that method.</param>
        /// <param name="methodinfo">If not null, additionally attempt to bind to the generic methods in this array by inferring generic type parameters.</param>
        /// <returns>A Binding if successful.  Otherwise null.</returns>
        internal Binding Bind(IntPtr inst, IntPtr args, IntPtr kw, MethodBase info, MethodInfo[] methodinfo)
        {
            // loop to find match, return invoker w/ or w/o error
            MethodBase[] _methods = null;

            var kwargDict = new Dictionary <string, IntPtr>();

            if (kw != IntPtr.Zero)
            {
                var    pynkwargs = (int)Runtime.PyDict_Size(kw);
                IntPtr keylist   = Runtime.PyDict_Keys(kw);
                IntPtr valueList = Runtime.PyDict_Values(kw);
                for (int i = 0; i < pynkwargs; ++i)
                {
                    var keyStr = Runtime.GetManagedString(Runtime.PyList_GetItem(new BorrowedReference(keylist), i));
                    kwargDict[keyStr] = Runtime.PyList_GetItem(new BorrowedReference(valueList), i).DangerousGetAddress();
                }
                Runtime.XDecref(keylist);
                Runtime.XDecref(valueList);
            }

            var pynargs   = (int)Runtime.PyTuple_Size(args);
            var isGeneric = false;

            if (info != null)
            {
                _methods = new MethodBase[1];
                _methods.SetValue(info, 0);
            }
            else
            {
                _methods = GetMethods();
            }

            var argMatchedMethods = new List <MatchedMethod>(_methods.Length);
            var mismatchedMethods = new List <MismatchedMethod>();

            // TODO: Clean up
            foreach (MethodBase mi in _methods)
            {
                if (mi.IsGenericMethod)
                {
                    isGeneric = true;
                }
                ParameterInfo[] pi = mi.GetParameters();
                ArrayList       defaultArgList;
                bool            paramsArray;
                int             kwargsMatched;
                int             defaultsNeeded;
                bool            isOperator = OperatorMethod.IsOperatorMethod(mi);
                // Binary operator methods will have 2 CLR args but only one Python arg
                // (unary operators will have 1 less each), since Python operator methods are bound.
                isOperator = isOperator && pynargs == pi.Length - 1;
                bool isReverse = isOperator && OperatorMethod.IsReverse((MethodInfo)mi);  // Only cast if isOperator.
                if (isReverse && OperatorMethod.IsComparisonOp((MethodInfo)mi))
                {
                    continue;  // Comparison operators in Python have no reverse mode.
                }
                if (!MatchesArgumentCount(pynargs, pi, kwargDict, out paramsArray, out defaultArgList, out kwargsMatched, out defaultsNeeded) && !isOperator)
                {
                    continue;
                }
                // Preprocessing pi to remove either the first or second argument.
                if (isOperator && !isReverse)
                {
                    // The first Python arg is the right operand, while the bound instance is the left.
                    // We need to skip the first (left operand) CLR argument.
                    pi = pi.Skip(1).ToArray();
                }
                else if (isOperator && isReverse)
                {
                    // The first Python arg is the left operand.
                    // We need to take the first CLR argument.
                    pi = pi.Take(1).ToArray();
                }
                int outs;
                var margs = TryConvertArguments(pi, paramsArray, args, pynargs, kwargDict, defaultArgList, outs: out outs);
                if (margs == null)
                {
                    var mismatchCause = PythonException.FetchCurrent();
                    mismatchedMethods.Add(new MismatchedMethod(mismatchCause, mi));
                    continue;
                }
                if (isOperator)
                {
                    if (inst != IntPtr.Zero)
                    {
                        if (ManagedType.GetManagedObject(inst) is CLRObject co)
                        {
                            bool isUnary = pynargs == 0;
                            // Postprocessing to extend margs.
                            var margsTemp = isUnary ? new object[1] : new object[2];
                            // If reverse, the bound instance is the right operand.
                            int boundOperandIndex = isReverse ? 1 : 0;
                            // If reverse, the passed instance is the left operand.
                            int passedOperandIndex = isReverse ? 0 : 1;
                            margsTemp[boundOperandIndex] = co.inst;
                            if (!isUnary)
                            {
                                margsTemp[passedOperandIndex] = margs[0];
                            }
                            margs = margsTemp;
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            continue;
                        }
                    }
                }


                var matchedMethod = new MatchedMethod(kwargsMatched, defaultsNeeded, margs, outs, mi);
                argMatchedMethods.Add(matchedMethod);
            }
            if (argMatchedMethods.Count > 0)
            {
                var bestKwargMatchCount    = argMatchedMethods.Max(x => x.KwargsMatched);
                var fewestDefaultsRequired = argMatchedMethods.Where(x => x.KwargsMatched == bestKwargMatchCount).Min(x => x.DefaultsNeeded);

                int bestCount      = 0;
                int bestMatchIndex = -1;

                for (int index = 0; index < argMatchedMethods.Count; index++)
                {
                    var testMatch = argMatchedMethods[index];
                    if (testMatch.DefaultsNeeded == fewestDefaultsRequired && testMatch.KwargsMatched == bestKwargMatchCount)
                    {
                        bestCount++;
                        if (bestMatchIndex == -1)
                        {
                            bestMatchIndex = index;
                        }
                    }
                }

                if (bestCount > 1 && fewestDefaultsRequired > 0)
                {
                    // Best effort for determining method to match on gives multiple possible
                    // matches and we need at least one default argument - bail from this point
                    StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder("Not enough arguments provided to disambiguate the method.  Found:");
                    foreach (var matchedMethod in argMatchedMethods)
                    {
                        stringBuilder.AppendLine();
                        stringBuilder.Append(matchedMethod.Method.ToString());
                    }
                    Exceptions.SetError(Exceptions.TypeError, stringBuilder.ToString());
                    return(null);
                }

                // If we're here either:
                //      (a) There is only one best match
                //      (b) There are multiple best matches but none of them require
                //          default arguments
                // in the case of (a) we're done by default. For (b) regardless of which
                // method we choose, all arguments are specified _and_ can be converted
                // from python to C# so picking any will suffice
                MatchedMethod bestMatch = argMatchedMethods[bestMatchIndex];
                var           margs     = bestMatch.ManagedArgs;
                var           outs      = bestMatch.Outs;
                var           mi        = bestMatch.Method;

                object target = null;
                if (!mi.IsStatic && inst != IntPtr.Zero)
                {
                    //CLRObject co = (CLRObject)ManagedType.GetManagedObject(inst);
                    // InvalidCastException: Unable to cast object of type
                    // 'Python.Runtime.ClassObject' to type 'Python.Runtime.CLRObject'
                    var co = ManagedType.GetManagedObject(inst) as CLRObject;

                    // Sanity check: this ensures a graceful exit if someone does
                    // something intentionally wrong like call a non-static method
                    // on the class rather than on an instance of the class.
                    // XXX maybe better to do this before all the other rigmarole.
                    if (co == null)
                    {
                        Exceptions.SetError(Exceptions.TypeError, "Invoked a non-static method with an invalid instance");
                        return(null);
                    }
                    target = co.inst;
                }

                return(new Binding(mi, target, margs, outs));
            }
            else if (isGeneric && info == null && methodinfo != null)
            {
                // We weren't able to find a matching method but at least one
                // is a generic method and info is null. That happens when a generic
                // method was not called using the [] syntax. Let's introspect the
                // type of the arguments and use it to construct the correct method.
                Type[]     types = Runtime.PythonArgsToTypeArray(args, true);
                MethodInfo mi    = MatchParameters(methodinfo, types);
                if (mi != null)
                {
                    return(Bind(inst, args, kw, mi, null));
                }
            }
            if (mismatchedMethods.Count > 0)
            {
                var aggregateException = GetAggregateException(mismatchedMethods);
                Exceptions.SetError(aggregateException);
            }
            return(null);
        }
Example #5
0
        internal Binding Bind(IntPtr inst, IntPtr args, IntPtr kw, MethodBase info, MethodInfo[] methodinfo)
        {
            // loop to find match, return invoker w/ or /wo error
            MethodBase[] _methods = null;

            var kwargDict = new Dictionary <string, IntPtr>();

            if (kw != IntPtr.Zero)
            {
                var    pynkwargs = (int)Runtime.PyDict_Size(kw);
                IntPtr keylist   = Runtime.PyDict_Keys(kw);
                IntPtr valueList = Runtime.PyDict_Values(kw);
                for (int i = 0; i < pynkwargs; ++i)
                {
                    var keyStr = Runtime.GetManagedString(Runtime.PyList_GetItem(new BorrowedReference(keylist), i));
                    kwargDict[keyStr] = Runtime.PyList_GetItem(new BorrowedReference(valueList), i).DangerousGetAddress();
                }
                Runtime.XDecref(keylist);
                Runtime.XDecref(valueList);
            }

            var pynargs   = (int)Runtime.PyTuple_Size(args);
            var isGeneric = false;

            if (info != null)
            {
                _methods = new MethodBase[1];
                _methods.SetValue(info, 0);
            }
            else
            {
                _methods = GetMethods();
            }

            // TODO: Clean up
            foreach (MethodBase mi in _methods)
            {
                if (mi.IsGenericMethod)
                {
                    isGeneric = true;
                }
                ParameterInfo[] pi = mi.GetParameters();
                ArrayList       defaultArgList;
                bool            paramsArray;

                if (!MatchesArgumentCount(pynargs, pi, kwargDict, out paramsArray, out defaultArgList))
                {
                    continue;
                }
                var outs  = 0;
                var margs = TryConvertArguments(pi, paramsArray, args, pynargs, kwargDict, defaultArgList,
                                                needsResolution: _methods.Length > 1,
                                                outs: out outs);

                if (margs == null)
                {
                    continue;
                }

                object target = null;
                if (!mi.IsStatic && inst != IntPtr.Zero)
                {
                    //CLRObject co = (CLRObject)ManagedType.GetManagedObject(inst);
                    // InvalidCastException: Unable to cast object of type
                    // 'Python.Runtime.ClassObject' to type 'Python.Runtime.CLRObject'
                    var co = ManagedType.GetManagedObject(inst) as CLRObject;

                    // Sanity check: this ensures a graceful exit if someone does
                    // something intentionally wrong like call a non-static method
                    // on the class rather than on an instance of the class.
                    // XXX maybe better to do this before all the other rigmarole.
                    if (co == null)
                    {
                        return(null);
                    }
                    target = co.inst;
                }

                return(new Binding(mi, target, margs, outs));
            }
            // We weren't able to find a matching method but at least one
            // is a generic method and info is null. That happens when a generic
            // method was not called using the [] syntax. Let's introspect the
            // type of the arguments and use it to construct the correct method.
            if (isGeneric && info == null && methodinfo != null)
            {
                Type[]     types = Runtime.PythonArgsToTypeArray(args, true);
                MethodInfo mi    = MatchParameters(methodinfo, types);
                return(Bind(inst, args, kw, mi, null));
            }
            return(null);
        }
Example #6
0
        internal Binding Bind(IntPtr inst, IntPtr args, IntPtr kw, MethodBase info, MethodInfo[] methodinfo)
        {
            // loop to find match, return invoker w/ or /wo error
            MethodBase[] _methods = null;

            var kwargDict = new Dictionary <string, IntPtr>();

            if (kw != IntPtr.Zero)
            {
                var    pynkwargs = (int)Runtime.PyDict_Size(kw);
                IntPtr keylist   = Runtime.PyDict_Keys(kw);
                IntPtr valueList = Runtime.PyDict_Values(kw);
                for (int i = 0; i < pynkwargs; ++i)
                {
                    var keyStr = Runtime.GetManagedString(Runtime.PyList_GetItem(new BorrowedReference(keylist), i));
                    kwargDict[keyStr] = Runtime.PyList_GetItem(new BorrowedReference(valueList), i).DangerousGetAddress();
                }
                Runtime.XDecref(keylist);
                Runtime.XDecref(valueList);
            }

            var pynargs   = (int)Runtime.PyTuple_Size(args);
            var isGeneric = false;

            if (info != null)
            {
                _methods = new MethodBase[1];
                _methods.SetValue(info, 0);
            }
            else
            {
                _methods = GetMethods();
            }

            var argMatchedMethods = new List <MatchedMethod>(_methods.Length);

            // TODO: Clean up
            foreach (MethodBase mi in _methods)
            {
                if (mi.IsGenericMethod)
                {
                    isGeneric = true;
                }
                ParameterInfo[] pi = mi.GetParameters();
                ArrayList       defaultArgList;
                bool            paramsArray;
                int             kwargsMatched;
                int             defaultsNeeded;

                if (!MatchesArgumentCount(pynargs, pi, kwargDict, out paramsArray, out defaultArgList, out kwargsMatched, out defaultsNeeded))
                {
                    continue;
                }
                var outs  = 0;
                var margs = TryConvertArguments(pi, paramsArray, args, pynargs, kwargDict, defaultArgList,
                                                needsResolution: _methods.Length > 1,
                                                outs: out outs);

                if (margs == null)
                {
                    continue;
                }

                var matchedMethod = new MatchedMethod(kwargsMatched, defaultsNeeded, margs, outs, mi);
                argMatchedMethods.Add(matchedMethod);
            }
            if (argMatchedMethods.Count > 0)
            {
                var bestKwargMatchCount    = argMatchedMethods.Max(x => x.KwargsMatched);
                var fewestDefaultsRequired = argMatchedMethods.Where(x => x.KwargsMatched == bestKwargMatchCount).Min(x => x.DefaultsNeeded);

                int bestCount      = 0;
                int bestMatchIndex = -1;

                for (int index = 0; index < argMatchedMethods.Count; index++)
                {
                    var testMatch = argMatchedMethods[index];
                    if (testMatch.DefaultsNeeded == fewestDefaultsRequired && testMatch.KwargsMatched == bestKwargMatchCount)
                    {
                        bestCount++;
                        if (bestMatchIndex == -1)
                        {
                            bestMatchIndex = index;
                        }
                    }
                }

                if (bestCount > 1 && fewestDefaultsRequired > 0)
                {
                    // Best effort for determining method to match on gives multiple possible
                    // matches and we need at least one default argument - bail from this point
                    return(null);
                }

                // If we're here either:
                //      (a) There is only one best match
                //      (b) There are multiple best matches but none of them require
                //          default arguments
                // in the case of (a) we're done by default. For (b) regardless of which
                // method we choose, all arguments are specified _and_ can be converted
                // from python to C# so picking any will suffice
                MatchedMethod bestMatch = argMatchedMethods[bestMatchIndex];
                var           margs     = bestMatch.ManagedArgs;
                var           outs      = bestMatch.Outs;
                var           mi        = bestMatch.Method;

                object target = null;
                if (!mi.IsStatic && inst != IntPtr.Zero)
                {
                    //CLRObject co = (CLRObject)ManagedType.GetManagedObject(inst);
                    // InvalidCastException: Unable to cast object of type
                    // 'Python.Runtime.ClassObject' to type 'Python.Runtime.CLRObject'
                    var co = ManagedType.GetManagedObject(inst) as CLRObject;

                    // Sanity check: this ensures a graceful exit if someone does
                    // something intentionally wrong like call a non-static method
                    // on the class rather than on an instance of the class.
                    // XXX maybe better to do this before all the other rigmarole.
                    if (co == null)
                    {
                        return(null);
                    }
                    target = co.inst;
                }

                return(new Binding(mi, target, margs, outs));
            }
            // We weren't able to find a matching method but at least one
            // is a generic method and info is null. That happens when a generic
            // method was not called using the [] syntax. Let's introspect the
            // type of the arguments and use it to construct the correct method.
            if (isGeneric && info == null && methodinfo != null)
            {
                Type[]     types = Runtime.PythonArgsToTypeArray(args, true);
                MethodInfo mi    = MatchParameters(methodinfo, types);
                return(Bind(inst, args, kw, mi, null));
            }
            return(null);
        }
Example #7
0
        internal Binding Bind(IntPtr inst, IntPtr args, IntPtr kw, MethodBase info, MethodInfo[] methodinfo)
        {
            // Relevant function variables used post conversion
            var     isGeneric = false;
            Binding bindingUsingImplicitConversion = null;

            // If we have KWArgs create dictionary and collect them
            Dictionary <string, IntPtr> kwArgDict = null;

            if (kw != IntPtr.Zero)
            {
                var pyKwArgsCount = (int)Runtime.PyDict_Size(kw);
                kwArgDict = new Dictionary <string, IntPtr>(pyKwArgsCount);
                IntPtr keylist   = Runtime.PyDict_Keys(kw);
                IntPtr valueList = Runtime.PyDict_Values(kw);
                for (int i = 0; i < pyKwArgsCount; ++i)
                {
                    var keyStr = Runtime.GetManagedString(Runtime.PyList_GetItem(new BorrowedReference(keylist), i));
                    kwArgDict[keyStr] = Runtime.PyList_GetItem(new BorrowedReference(valueList), i).DangerousGetAddress();
                }
                Runtime.XDecref(keylist);
                Runtime.XDecref(valueList);
            }

            // Fetch our methods we are going to attempt to match and bind too.
            var methods = info == null?GetMethods()
                              : new List <MethodInformation>(1)
            {
                new MethodInformation(info, info.GetParameters())
            };

            foreach (var methodInformation in methods)
            {
                // Relevant method variables
                var mi = methodInformation.MethodBase;
                var pi = methodInformation.ParameterInfo;

                isGeneric = mi.IsGenericMethod;
                int pyArgCount = (int)Runtime.PyTuple_Size(args);


                // Special case for operators
                bool isOperator = OperatorMethod.IsOperatorMethod(mi);
                // Binary operator methods will have 2 CLR args but only one Python arg
                // (unary operators will have 1 less each), since Python operator methods are bound.
                isOperator = isOperator && pyArgCount == pi.Length - 1;
                bool isReverse = isOperator && OperatorMethod.IsReverse((MethodInfo)mi);  // Only cast if isOperator.
                if (isReverse && OperatorMethod.IsComparisonOp((MethodInfo)mi))
                {
                    continue;  // Comparison operators in Python have no reverse mode.
                }
                // Preprocessing pi to remove either the first or second argument.
                if (isOperator && !isReverse)
                {
                    // The first Python arg is the right operand, while the bound instance is the left.
                    // We need to skip the first (left operand) CLR argument.
                    pi = pi.Skip(1).ToArray();
                }
                else if (isOperator && isReverse)
                {
                    // The first Python arg is the left operand.
                    // We need to take the first CLR argument.
                    pi = pi.Take(1).ToArray();
                }

                // Must be done after IsOperator section
                int clrArgCount = pi.Length;

                if (CheckMethodArgumentsMatch(clrArgCount,
                                              pyArgCount,
                                              kwArgDict,
                                              pi,
                                              out bool paramsArray,
                                              out ArrayList defaultArgList))
                {
                    var outs  = 0;
                    var margs = new object[clrArgCount];

                    int paramsArrayIndex       = paramsArray ? pi.Length - 1 : -1; // -1 indicates no paramsArray
                    var usedImplicitConversion = false;

                    // Conversion loop for each parameter
                    for (int paramIndex = 0; paramIndex < clrArgCount; paramIndex++)
                    {
                        IntPtr op        = IntPtr.Zero;     // Python object to be converted; not yet set
                        var    parameter = pi[paramIndex];  // Clr parameter we are targeting
                        object arg;                         // Python -> Clr argument

                        // Check our KWargs for this parameter
                        bool hasNamedParam  = kwArgDict == null ? false : kwArgDict.TryGetValue(parameter.Name, out op);
                        bool isNewReference = false;

                        // Check if we are going to use default
                        if (paramIndex >= pyArgCount && !(hasNamedParam || (paramsArray && paramIndex == paramsArrayIndex)))
                        {
                            if (defaultArgList != null)
                            {
                                margs[paramIndex] = defaultArgList[paramIndex - pyArgCount];
                            }

                            continue;
                        }

                        // At this point, if op is IntPtr.Zero we don't have a KWArg and are not using default
                        if (op == IntPtr.Zero)
                        {
                            // If we have reached the paramIndex
                            if (paramsArrayIndex == paramIndex)
                            {
                                op = HandleParamsArray(args, paramsArrayIndex, pyArgCount, out isNewReference);
                            }
                            else
                            {
                                op = Runtime.PyTuple_GetItem(args, paramIndex);
                            }
                        }

                        // this logic below handles cases when multiple overloading methods
                        // are ambiguous, hence comparison between Python and CLR types
                        // is necessary
                        Type   clrtype = null;
                        IntPtr pyoptype;
                        if (methods.Count > 1)
                        {
                            pyoptype = IntPtr.Zero;
                            pyoptype = Runtime.PyObject_Type(op);
                            Exceptions.Clear();
                            if (pyoptype != IntPtr.Zero)
                            {
                                clrtype = Converter.GetTypeByAlias(pyoptype);
                            }
                            Runtime.XDecref(pyoptype);
                        }


                        if (clrtype != null)
                        {
                            var typematch = false;

                            if ((parameter.ParameterType != typeof(object)) && (parameter.ParameterType != clrtype))
                            {
                                IntPtr pytype = Converter.GetPythonTypeByAlias(parameter.ParameterType);
                                pyoptype = Runtime.PyObject_Type(op);
                                Exceptions.Clear();
                                if (pyoptype != IntPtr.Zero)
                                {
                                    if (pytype != pyoptype)
                                    {
                                        typematch = false;
                                    }
                                    else
                                    {
                                        typematch = true;
                                        clrtype   = parameter.ParameterType;
                                    }
                                }
                                if (!typematch)
                                {
                                    // this takes care of nullables
                                    var underlyingType = Nullable.GetUnderlyingType(parameter.ParameterType);
                                    if (underlyingType == null)
                                    {
                                        underlyingType = parameter.ParameterType;
                                    }
                                    // this takes care of enum values
                                    TypeCode argtypecode   = Type.GetTypeCode(underlyingType);
                                    TypeCode paramtypecode = Type.GetTypeCode(clrtype);
                                    if (argtypecode == paramtypecode)
                                    {
                                        typematch = true;
                                        clrtype   = parameter.ParameterType;
                                    }
                                    // accepts non-decimal numbers in decimal parameters
                                    if (underlyingType == typeof(decimal))
                                    {
                                        clrtype   = parameter.ParameterType;
                                        typematch = Converter.ToManaged(op, clrtype, out arg, false);
                                    }
                                    // this takes care of implicit conversions
                                    var opImplicit = parameter.ParameterType.GetMethod("op_Implicit", new[] { clrtype });
                                    if (opImplicit != null)
                                    {
                                        usedImplicitConversion = typematch = opImplicit.ReturnType == parameter.ParameterType;
                                        clrtype = parameter.ParameterType;
                                    }
                                }
                                Runtime.XDecref(pyoptype);
                                if (!typematch)
                                {
                                    margs = null;
                                    break;
                                }
                            }
                            else
                            {
                                clrtype = parameter.ParameterType;
                            }
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            clrtype = parameter.ParameterType;
                        }

                        if (parameter.IsOut || clrtype.IsByRef)
                        {
                            outs++;
                        }

                        if (!Converter.ToManaged(op, clrtype, out arg, false))
                        {
                            Exceptions.Clear();
                            margs = null;
                            break;
                        }

                        if (isNewReference)
                        {
                            // TODO: is this a bug? Should this happen even if the conversion fails?
                            // GetSlice() creates a new reference but GetItem()
                            // returns only a borrow reference.
                            Runtime.XDecref(op);
                        }

                        margs[paramIndex] = arg;
                    }

                    if (margs == null)
                    {
                        continue;
                    }

                    if (isOperator)
                    {
                        if (inst != IntPtr.Zero)
                        {
                            if (ManagedType.GetManagedObject(inst) is CLRObject co)
                            {
                                bool isUnary = pyArgCount == 0;
                                // Postprocessing to extend margs.
                                var margsTemp = isUnary ? new object[1] : new object[2];
                                // If reverse, the bound instance is the right operand.
                                int boundOperandIndex = isReverse ? 1 : 0;
                                // If reverse, the passed instance is the left operand.
                                int passedOperandIndex = isReverse ? 0 : 1;
                                margsTemp[boundOperandIndex] = co.inst;
                                if (!isUnary)
                                {
                                    margsTemp[passedOperandIndex] = margs[0];
                                }
                                margs = margsTemp;
                            }
                            else
                            {
                                continue;
                            }
                        }
                    }

                    object target = null;
                    if (!mi.IsStatic && inst != IntPtr.Zero)
                    {
                        //CLRObject co = (CLRObject)ManagedType.GetManagedObject(inst);
                        // InvalidCastException: Unable to cast object of type
                        // 'Python.Runtime.ClassObject' to type 'Python.Runtime.CLRObject'
                        var co = ManagedType.GetManagedObject(inst) as CLRObject;

                        // Sanity check: this ensures a graceful exit if someone does
                        // something intentionally wrong like call a non-static method
                        // on the class rather than on an instance of the class.
                        // XXX maybe better to do this before all the other rigmarole.
                        if (co == null)
                        {
                            return(null);
                        }
                        target = co.inst;
                    }

                    var binding = new Binding(mi, target, margs, outs);
                    if (usedImplicitConversion)
                    {
                        // lets just keep the first binding using implicit conversion
                        // this is to respect method order/precedence
                        if (bindingUsingImplicitConversion == null)
                        {
                            // in this case we will not return the binding yet in case there is a match
                            // which does not use implicit conversions, which will return directly
                            bindingUsingImplicitConversion = binding;
                        }
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        return(binding);
                    }
                }
            }

            // if we generated a binding using implicit conversion return it
            if (bindingUsingImplicitConversion != null)
            {
                return(bindingUsingImplicitConversion);
            }

            // We weren't able to find a matching method but at least one
            // is a generic method and info is null. That happens when a generic
            // method was not called using the [] syntax. Let's introspect the
            // type of the arguments and use it to construct the correct method.
            if (isGeneric && info == null && methodinfo != null)
            {
                Type[]     types = Runtime.PythonArgsToTypeArray(args, true);
                MethodInfo mi    = MatchParameters(methodinfo, types);
                return(Bind(inst, args, kw, mi, null));
            }
            return(null);
        }