private void SerializeConvertable(JsonWriter writer, JsonConverter converter, object value, JsonContract contract, JsonContainerContract collectionContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
    {
      if (ShouldWriteReference(value, null, contract, collectionContract, containerProperty))
      {
        WriteReference(writer, value);
      }
      else
      {
        if (!CheckForCircularReference(writer, value, null, contract, collectionContract, containerProperty))
          return;

        _serializeStack.Add(value);

        if (TraceWriter != null && TraceWriter.LevelFilter >= TraceLevel.Info)
          TraceWriter.Trace(TraceLevel.Info, JsonPosition.FormatMessage(null, writer.Path, "Started serializing {0} with converter {1}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, value.GetType(), converter.GetType())), null);

        converter.WriteJson(writer, value, GetInternalSerializer());

        if (TraceWriter != null && TraceWriter.LevelFilter >= TraceLevel.Info)
          TraceWriter.Trace(TraceLevel.Info, JsonPosition.FormatMessage(null, writer.Path, "Finished serializing {0} with converter {1}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, value.GetType(), converter.GetType())), null);

        _serializeStack.RemoveAt(_serializeStack.Count - 1);
      }
    }
    private bool SetPropertyValue(JsonProperty property, JsonConverter propertyConverter, JsonContainerContract containerContract, JsonProperty containerProperty, JsonReader reader, object target)
    {
      object currentValue;
      bool useExistingValue;
      JsonContract propertyContract;
      bool gottenCurrentValue;

      if (CalculatePropertyDetails(property, ref propertyConverter, containerContract, containerProperty, reader, target, out useExistingValue, out currentValue, out propertyContract, out gottenCurrentValue))
        return false;

      object value;

      if (propertyConverter != null && propertyConverter.CanRead)
      {
        if (!gottenCurrentValue && target != null && property.Readable)
          currentValue = property.ValueProvider.GetValue(target);

        value = DeserializeConvertable(propertyConverter, reader, property.PropertyType, currentValue);
      }
      else
      {
        value = CreateValueInternal(reader, property.PropertyType, propertyContract, property, containerContract, containerProperty, (useExistingValue) ? currentValue : null);
      }

      // always set the value if useExistingValue is false,
      // otherwise also set it if CreateValue returns a new value compared to the currentValue
      // this could happen because of a JsonConverter against the type
      if ((!useExistingValue || value != currentValue)
        && ShouldSetPropertyValue(property, value))
      {
        property.ValueProvider.SetValue(target, value);

        if (property.SetIsSpecified != null)
        {
          if (TraceWriter != null && TraceWriter.LevelFilter >= TraceLevel.Verbose)
            TraceWriter.Trace(TraceLevel.Verbose, JsonPosition.FormatMessage(reader as IJsonLineInfo, reader.Path, "IsSpecified for property '{0}' on {1} set to true.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, property.PropertyName, property.DeclaringType)), null);

          property.SetIsSpecified(target, true);
        }

        return true;
      }

      // the value wasn't set be JSON was populated onto the existing value
      return useExistingValue;
    }
    private bool ShouldSetPropertyValue(JsonProperty property, object value)
    {
      if (property.NullValueHandling.GetValueOrDefault(Serializer._nullValueHandling) == NullValueHandling.Ignore && value == null)
        return false;

      if (HasFlag(property.DefaultValueHandling.GetValueOrDefault(Serializer._defaultValueHandling), DefaultValueHandling.Ignore)
          && !HasFlag(property.DefaultValueHandling.GetValueOrDefault(Serializer._defaultValueHandling), DefaultValueHandling.Populate)
          && MiscellaneousUtils.ValueEquals(value, property.GetResolvedDefaultValue()))
        return false;

      if (!property.Writable)
        return false;

      return true;
    }
 private JsonConverter GetConverter(JsonContract contract, JsonConverter memberConverter, JsonContainerContract containerContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
 {
   JsonConverter converter = null;
   if (memberConverter != null)
   {
     // member attribute converter
     converter = memberConverter;
   }
   else if (containerProperty != null && containerProperty.ItemConverter != null)
   {
     converter = containerProperty.ItemConverter;
   }
   else if (containerContract != null && containerContract.ItemConverter != null)
   {
     converter = containerContract.ItemConverter;
   }
   else if (contract != null)
   {
     JsonConverter matchingConverter;
     if (contract.Converter != null)
       // class attribute converter
       converter = contract.Converter;
     else if ((matchingConverter = Serializer.GetMatchingConverter(contract.UnderlyingType)) != null)
       // passed in converters
       converter = matchingConverter;
     else if (contract.InternalConverter != null)
       // internally specified converter
       converter = contract.InternalConverter;
   }
   return converter;
 }
    private bool ReadSpecialProperties(JsonReader reader, ref Type objectType, ref JsonContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract containerContract, JsonProperty containerMember, object existingValue, out object newValue, out string id)
    {
      id = null;
      newValue = null;

      if (reader.TokenType == JsonToken.PropertyName)
      {
        string propertyName = reader.Value.ToString();

        if (propertyName.Length > 0 && propertyName[0] == '$')
        {
          // read 'special' properties
          // $type, $id, $ref, etc
          bool specialProperty;

          do
          {
            propertyName = reader.Value.ToString();

            if (string.Equals(propertyName, JsonTypeReflector.RefPropertyName, StringComparison.Ordinal))
            {
              CheckedRead(reader);
              if (reader.TokenType != JsonToken.String && reader.TokenType != JsonToken.Null)
                throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "JSON reference {0} property must have a string or null value.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, JsonTypeReflector.RefPropertyName));

              string reference = (reader.Value != null) ? reader.Value.ToString() : null;

              CheckedRead(reader);

              if (reference != null)
              {
                if (reader.TokenType == JsonToken.PropertyName)
                  throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Additional content found in JSON reference object. A JSON reference object should only have a {0} property.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, JsonTypeReflector.RefPropertyName));

                newValue = Serializer.GetReferenceResolver().ResolveReference(this, reference);

                if (TraceWriter != null && TraceWriter.LevelFilter >= TraceLevel.Info)
                  TraceWriter.Trace(TraceLevel.Info, JsonPosition.FormatMessage(reader as IJsonLineInfo, reader.Path, "Resolved object reference '{0}' to {1}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, reference, newValue.GetType())), null);

                return true;
              }
              else
              {
                specialProperty = true;
              }
            }
            else if (string.Equals(propertyName, JsonTypeReflector.TypePropertyName, StringComparison.Ordinal))
            {
              CheckedRead(reader);
              string qualifiedTypeName = reader.Value.ToString();

              TypeNameHandling resolvedTypeNameHandling =
                ((member != null) ? member.TypeNameHandling : null)
                ?? ((containerContract != null) ? containerContract.ItemTypeNameHandling : null)
                ?? ((containerMember != null) ? containerMember.ItemTypeNameHandling : null)
                ?? Serializer._typeNameHandling;

              if (resolvedTypeNameHandling != TypeNameHandling.None)
              {
                string typeName;
                string assemblyName;
                ReflectionUtils.SplitFullyQualifiedTypeName(qualifiedTypeName, out typeName, out assemblyName);

                Type specifiedType;
                try
                {
                  specifiedType = Serializer._binder.BindToType(assemblyName, typeName);
                }
                catch (Exception ex)
                {
                  throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Error resolving type specified in JSON '{0}'.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, qualifiedTypeName), ex);
                }

                if (specifiedType == null)
                  throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Type specified in JSON '{0}' was not resolved.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, qualifiedTypeName));

                if (TraceWriter != null && TraceWriter.LevelFilter >= TraceLevel.Verbose)
                  TraceWriter.Trace(TraceLevel.Verbose, JsonPosition.FormatMessage(reader as IJsonLineInfo, reader.Path, "Resolved type '{0}' to {1}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, qualifiedTypeName, specifiedType)), null);

                if (objectType != null
#if !(NET35 || NET20 || PORTABLE40)
                    && objectType != typeof (IDynamicMetaObjectProvider)
#endif
                    && !objectType.IsAssignableFrom(specifiedType))
                  throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Type specified in JSON '{0}' is not compatible with '{1}'.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, specifiedType.AssemblyQualifiedName, objectType.AssemblyQualifiedName));

                objectType = specifiedType;
                contract = GetContractSafe(specifiedType);
              }

              CheckedRead(reader);

              specialProperty = true;
            }
            else if (string.Equals(propertyName, JsonTypeReflector.IdPropertyName, StringComparison.Ordinal))
            {
              CheckedRead(reader);

              id = (reader.Value != null) ? reader.Value.ToString() : null;

              CheckedRead(reader);
              specialProperty = true;
            }
            else if (string.Equals(propertyName, JsonTypeReflector.ArrayValuesPropertyName, StringComparison.Ordinal))
            {
              CheckedRead(reader);
              object list = CreateList(reader, objectType, contract, member, existingValue, id);
              CheckedRead(reader);
              newValue = list;
              return true;
            }
            else
            {
              specialProperty = false;
            }
          } while (specialProperty
                   && reader.TokenType == JsonToken.PropertyName);
        }
      }
      return false;
    }
    public object CreateNewObject(JsonReader reader, JsonObjectContract objectContract, JsonProperty containerMember, JsonProperty containerProperty, string id, out bool createdFromNonDefaultConstructor)
    {
      object newObject = null;

      if (!objectContract.IsInstantiable)
        throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Could not create an instance of type {0}. Type is an interface or abstract class and cannot be instantiated.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, objectContract.UnderlyingType));

      if (objectContract.OverrideConstructor != null)
      {
        if (objectContract.OverrideConstructor.GetParameters().Length > 0)
        {
          createdFromNonDefaultConstructor = true;
          return CreateObjectFromNonDefaultConstructor(reader, objectContract, containerMember, objectContract.OverrideConstructor, id);
        }

        newObject = objectContract.OverrideConstructor.Invoke(null);
      }
      else if (objectContract.DefaultCreator != null &&
        (!objectContract.DefaultCreatorNonPublic || Serializer._constructorHandling == ConstructorHandling.AllowNonPublicDefaultConstructor || objectContract.ParametrizedConstructor == null))
      {
        // use the default constructor if it is...
        // public
        // non-public and the user has change constructor handling settings
        // non-public and there is no other constructor
        newObject = objectContract.DefaultCreator();
      }
      else if (objectContract.ParametrizedConstructor != null)
      {
        createdFromNonDefaultConstructor = true;
        return CreateObjectFromNonDefaultConstructor(reader, objectContract, containerMember, objectContract.ParametrizedConstructor, id);
      }

      if (newObject == null)
        throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unable to find a constructor to use for type {0}. A class should either have a default constructor, one constructor with arguments or a constructor marked with the JsonConstructor attribute.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, objectContract.UnderlyingType));

      createdFromNonDefaultConstructor = false;
      return newObject;
    }
 private void SetPropertyPresence(JsonReader reader, JsonProperty property, Dictionary<JsonProperty, PropertyPresence> requiredProperties)
 {
   if (property != null && requiredProperties != null)
   {
     requiredProperties[property] = (reader.TokenType == JsonToken.Null || reader.TokenType == JsonToken.Undefined)
       ? PropertyPresence.Null
       : PropertyPresence.Value;
   }
 }
    private void SerializeDynamic(JsonWriter writer, IDynamicMetaObjectProvider value, JsonDynamicContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract collectionContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
    {
      OnSerializing(writer, contract, value);
      _serializeStack.Add(value);

      WriteObjectStart(writer, value, contract, member, collectionContract, containerProperty);

      int initialDepth = writer.Top;

      for (int index = 0; index < contract.Properties.Count; index++)
      {
        JsonProperty property = contract.Properties[index];

        // only write non-dynamic properties that have an explicit attribute
        if (property.HasMemberAttribute)
        {
          try
          {
            object memberValue;
            JsonContract memberContract;

            if (!CalculatePropertyValues(writer, value, contract, member, property, out memberContract, out memberValue))
              continue;

            property.WritePropertyName(writer);
            SerializeValue(writer, memberValue, memberContract, property, contract, member);
          }
          catch (Exception ex)
          {
            if (IsErrorHandled(value, contract, property.PropertyName, null, writer.ContainerPath, ex))
              HandleError(writer, initialDepth);
            else
              throw;
          }
        }
      }

      foreach (string memberName in value.GetDynamicMemberNames())
      {
        object memberValue;
        if (contract.TryGetMember(value, memberName, out memberValue))
        {
          try
          {
            JsonContract valueContract = GetContractSafe(memberValue);

            if (!ShouldWriteDynamicProperty(memberValue))
              continue;

            if (CheckForCircularReference(writer, memberValue, null, valueContract, contract, member))
            {
              string resolvedPropertyName = (contract.PropertyNameResolver != null)
                                              ? contract.PropertyNameResolver(memberName)
                                              : memberName;

              writer.WritePropertyName(resolvedPropertyName);
              SerializeValue(writer, memberValue, valueContract, null, contract, member);
            }
          }
          catch (Exception ex)
          {
            if (IsErrorHandled(value, contract, memberName, null, writer.ContainerPath, ex))
              HandleError(writer, initialDepth);
            else
              throw;
          }
        }
      }

      writer.WriteEndObject();

      _serializeStack.RemoveAt(_serializeStack.Count - 1);
      OnSerialized(writer, contract, value);
    }
    private bool ShouldWriteType(TypeNameHandling typeNameHandlingFlag, JsonContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract containerContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
    {
      TypeNameHandling resolvedTypeNameHandling =
        ((member != null) ? member.TypeNameHandling : null)
        ?? ((containerProperty != null) ? containerProperty.ItemTypeNameHandling : null)
        ?? ((containerContract != null) ? containerContract.ItemTypeNameHandling : null)
        ?? Serializer._typeNameHandling;

      if (HasFlag(resolvedTypeNameHandling, typeNameHandlingFlag))
        return true;

      // instance type and the property's type's contract default type are different (no need to put the type in JSON because the type will be created by default)
      if (HasFlag(resolvedTypeNameHandling, TypeNameHandling.Auto))
      {
        if (member != null)
        {
          if (contract.UnderlyingType != member.PropertyContract.CreatedType)
            return true;
        }
        else if (containerContract != null && containerContract.ItemContract != null)
        {
          if (contract.UnderlyingType != containerContract.ItemContract.CreatedType)
            return true;
        }
        else if (_rootContract != null && _serializeStack.Count == 1)
        {
          if (contract.UnderlyingType != _rootContract.CreatedType)
            return true;
        }
      }

      return false;
    }
    private bool WriteStartArray(JsonWriter writer, object values, JsonArrayContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract containerContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
    {
      bool isReference = ResolveIsReference(contract, member, containerContract, containerProperty) ?? HasFlag(Serializer._preserveReferencesHandling, PreserveReferencesHandling.Arrays);
      bool includeTypeDetails = ShouldWriteType(TypeNameHandling.Arrays, contract, member, containerContract, containerProperty);
      bool writeMetadataObject = isReference || includeTypeDetails;

      if (writeMetadataObject)
      {
        writer.WriteStartObject();

        if (isReference)
        {
          WriteReferenceIdProperty(writer, contract.UnderlyingType, values);
        }
        if (includeTypeDetails)
        {
          WriteTypeProperty(writer, values.GetType());
        }
        writer.WritePropertyName(JsonTypeReflector.ArrayValuesPropertyName, false);
      }

      if (contract.ItemContract == null)
        contract.ItemContract = Serializer._contractResolver.ResolveContract(contract.CollectionItemType ?? typeof (object));

      return writeMetadataObject;
    }
    private void SerializeISerializable(JsonWriter writer, ISerializable value, JsonISerializableContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract collectionContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
    {
      if (!JsonTypeReflector.FullyTrusted)
      {
        throw JsonSerializationException.Create(null, writer.ContainerPath, @"Type '{0}' implements ISerializable but cannot be serialized using the ISerializable interface because the current application is not fully trusted and ISerializable can expose secure data.
To fix this error either change the environment to be fully trusted, change the application to not deserialize the type, add JsonObjectAttribute to the type or change the JsonSerializer setting ContractResolver to use a new DefaultContractResolver with IgnoreSerializableInterface set to true.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, value.GetType()), null);
      }

      OnSerializing(writer, contract, value);
      _serializeStack.Add(value);

      WriteObjectStart(writer, value, contract, member, collectionContract, containerProperty);

      SerializationInfo serializationInfo = new SerializationInfo(contract.UnderlyingType, new FormatterConverter());
      value.GetObjectData(serializationInfo, Serializer._context);

      foreach (SerializationEntry serializationEntry in serializationInfo)
      {
        JsonContract valueContract = GetContractSafe(serializationEntry.Value);

        if (CheckForCircularReference(writer, serializationEntry.Value, null, valueContract, contract, member))
        {
          writer.WritePropertyName(serializationEntry.Name);
          SerializeValue(writer, serializationEntry.Value, valueContract, null, contract, member);
        }
      }

      writer.WriteEndObject();

      _serializeStack.RemoveAt(_serializeStack.Count - 1);
      OnSerialized(writer, contract, value);
    }
    private void SerializeMultidimensionalArray(JsonWriter writer, Array values, JsonArrayContract contract, JsonProperty member, int initialDepth, int[] indices)
    {
      int dimension = indices.Length;
      int[] newIndices = new int[dimension + 1];
      for (int i = 0; i < dimension; i++)
      {
        newIndices[i] = indices[i];
      }

      writer.WriteStartArray();

      for (int i = 0; i < values.GetLength(dimension); i++)
      {
        newIndices[dimension] = i;
        bool isTopLevel = (newIndices.Length == values.Rank);

        if (isTopLevel)
        {
          object value = values.GetValue(newIndices);

          try
          {
            JsonContract valueContract = contract.FinalItemContract ?? GetContractSafe(value);

            if (ShouldWriteReference(value, null, valueContract, contract, member))
            {
              WriteReference(writer, value);
            }
            else
            {
              if (CheckForCircularReference(writer, value, null, valueContract, contract, member))
              {
                SerializeValue(writer, value, valueContract, null, contract, member);
              }
            }
          }
          catch (Exception ex)
          {
            if (IsErrorHandled(values, contract, i, null, writer.ContainerPath, ex))
              HandleError(writer, initialDepth + 1);
            else
              throw;
          }
        }
        else
        {
          SerializeMultidimensionalArray(writer, values, contract, member, initialDepth + 1, newIndices);
        }
      }

      writer.WriteEndArray();
    }
    private void SerializeMultidimensionalArray(JsonWriter writer, Array values, JsonArrayContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract collectionContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
    {
      OnSerializing(writer, contract, values);

      _serializeStack.Add(values);

      bool hasWrittenMetadataObject = WriteStartArray(writer, values, contract, member, collectionContract, containerProperty);

      SerializeMultidimensionalArray(writer, values, contract, member, writer.Top, new int[0]);

      if (hasWrittenMetadataObject)
        writer.WriteEndObject();

      _serializeStack.RemoveAt(_serializeStack.Count - 1);

      OnSerialized(writer, contract, values);
    }
    private void SerializeList(JsonWriter writer, IEnumerable values, JsonArrayContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract collectionContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
    {
      IWrappedCollection wrappedCollection = values as IWrappedCollection;
      object underlyingList = wrappedCollection != null ? wrappedCollection.UnderlyingCollection : values;

      OnSerializing(writer, contract, underlyingList);

      _serializeStack.Add(underlyingList);

      bool hasWrittenMetadataObject = WriteStartArray(writer, underlyingList, contract, member, collectionContract, containerProperty);

      writer.WriteStartArray();

      int initialDepth = writer.Top;

      int index = 0;
      // note that an error in the IEnumerable won't be caught
      foreach (object value in values)
      {
        try
        {
          JsonContract valueContract = contract.FinalItemContract ?? GetContractSafe(value);

          if (ShouldWriteReference(value, null, valueContract, contract, member))
          {
            WriteReference(writer, value);
          }
          else
          {
            if (CheckForCircularReference(writer, value, null, valueContract, contract, member))
            {
              SerializeValue(writer, value, valueContract, null, contract, member);
            }
          }
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
          if (IsErrorHandled(underlyingList, contract, index, null, writer.ContainerPath, ex))
            HandleError(writer, initialDepth);
          else
            throw;
        }
        finally
        {
          index++;
        }
      }

      writer.WriteEndArray();

      if (hasWrittenMetadataObject)
        writer.WriteEndObject();

      _serializeStack.RemoveAt(_serializeStack.Count - 1);

      OnSerialized(writer, contract, underlyingList);
    }
    private object CreateObjectFromNonDefaultConstructor(JsonReader reader, JsonObjectContract contract, JsonProperty containerProperty, ConstructorInfo constructorInfo, string id)
    {
      ValidationUtils.ArgumentNotNull(constructorInfo, "constructorInfo");

      Type objectType = contract.UnderlyingType;

      if (TraceWriter != null && TraceWriter.LevelFilter >= TraceLevel.Info)
        TraceWriter.Trace(TraceLevel.Info, JsonPosition.FormatMessage(reader as IJsonLineInfo, reader.Path, "Deserializing {0} using a non-default constructor '{1}'.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.UnderlyingType, constructorInfo)), null);

      IDictionary<JsonProperty, object> propertyValues = ResolvePropertyAndConstructorValues(contract, containerProperty, reader, objectType);

      IDictionary<ParameterInfo, object> constructorParameters = constructorInfo.GetParameters().ToDictionary(p => p, p => (object) null);
      IDictionary<JsonProperty, object> remainingPropertyValues = new Dictionary<JsonProperty, object>();

      foreach (KeyValuePair<JsonProperty, object> propertyValue in propertyValues)
      {
        ParameterInfo matchingConstructorParameter = constructorParameters.ForgivingCaseSensitiveFind(kv => kv.Key.Name, propertyValue.Key.UnderlyingName).Key;
        if (matchingConstructorParameter != null)
          constructorParameters[matchingConstructorParameter] = propertyValue.Value;
        else
          remainingPropertyValues.Add(propertyValue);
      }

      object createdObject = constructorInfo.Invoke(constructorParameters.Values.ToArray());

      if (id != null)
        AddReference(reader, id, createdObject);

      OnDeserializing(reader, contract, createdObject);

      // go through unused values and set the newly created object's properties
      foreach (KeyValuePair<JsonProperty, object> remainingPropertyValue in remainingPropertyValues)
      {
        JsonProperty property = remainingPropertyValue.Key;
        object value = remainingPropertyValue.Value;

        if (ShouldSetPropertyValue(remainingPropertyValue.Key, remainingPropertyValue.Value))
        {
          property.ValueProvider.SetValue(createdObject, value);
        }
        else if (!property.Writable && value != null)
        {
          // handle readonly collection/dictionary properties
          JsonContract propertyContract = Serializer._contractResolver.ResolveContract(property.PropertyType);

          if (propertyContract.ContractType == JsonContractType.Array)
          {
            JsonArrayContract propertyArrayContract = (JsonArrayContract)propertyContract;

            object createdObjectCollection = property.ValueProvider.GetValue(createdObject);
            if (createdObjectCollection != null)
            {
              IWrappedCollection createdObjectCollectionWrapper = propertyArrayContract.CreateWrapper(createdObjectCollection);
              IWrappedCollection newValues = propertyArrayContract.CreateWrapper(value);

              foreach (object newValue in newValues)
              {
                createdObjectCollectionWrapper.Add(newValue);
              }
            }
          }
          else if (propertyContract.ContractType == JsonContractType.Dictionary)
          {
            JsonDictionaryContract dictionaryContract = (JsonDictionaryContract)propertyContract;

            object createdObjectDictionary = property.ValueProvider.GetValue(createdObject);
            if (createdObjectDictionary != null)
            {
              IDictionary targetDictionary = (dictionaryContract.ShouldCreateWrapper) ? dictionaryContract.CreateWrapper(createdObjectDictionary) : (IDictionary) createdObjectDictionary;
              IDictionary newValues = (dictionaryContract.ShouldCreateWrapper) ? dictionaryContract.CreateWrapper(value) : (IDictionary) value;

              foreach (DictionaryEntry newValue in newValues)
              {
                targetDictionary.Add(newValue.Key, newValue.Value);
              }
            }
          }
        }
      }

      OnDeserialized(reader, contract, createdObject);
      return createdObject;
    }
    private void SerializeDictionary(JsonWriter writer, IDictionary values, JsonDictionaryContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract collectionContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
    {
      IWrappedDictionary wrappedDictionary = values as IWrappedDictionary;
      object underlyingDictionary = wrappedDictionary != null ? wrappedDictionary.UnderlyingDictionary : values;

      OnSerializing(writer, contract, underlyingDictionary);
      _serializeStack.Add(underlyingDictionary);

      WriteObjectStart(writer, underlyingDictionary, contract, member, collectionContract, containerProperty);

      if (contract.ItemContract == null)
        contract.ItemContract = Serializer._contractResolver.ResolveContract(contract.DictionaryValueType ?? typeof(object));

      if (contract.KeyContract == null)
        contract.KeyContract = Serializer._contractResolver.ResolveContract(contract.DictionaryKeyType ?? typeof(object));

      int initialDepth = writer.Top;

      foreach (DictionaryEntry entry in values)
      {
        bool escape;
        string propertyName = GetPropertyName(writer, entry, contract.KeyContract, out escape);

        propertyName = (contract.PropertyNameResolver != null)
                         ? contract.PropertyNameResolver(propertyName)
                         : propertyName;

        try
        {
          object value = entry.Value;
          JsonContract valueContract = contract.FinalItemContract ?? GetContractSafe(value);

          if (ShouldWriteReference(value, null, valueContract, contract, member))
          {
            writer.WritePropertyName(propertyName, escape);
            WriteReference(writer, value);
          }
          else
          {
            if (!CheckForCircularReference(writer, value, null, valueContract, contract, member))
              continue;

            writer.WritePropertyName(propertyName, escape);

            SerializeValue(writer, value, valueContract, null, contract, member);
          }
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
          if (IsErrorHandled(underlyingDictionary, contract, propertyName, null, writer.ContainerPath, ex))
            HandleError(writer, initialDepth);
          else
            throw;
        }
      }

      writer.WriteEndObject();

      _serializeStack.RemoveAt(_serializeStack.Count - 1);

      OnSerialized(writer, contract, underlyingDictionary);
    }
    private IDictionary<JsonProperty, object> ResolvePropertyAndConstructorValues(JsonObjectContract contract, JsonProperty containerProperty, JsonReader reader, Type objectType)
    {
      IDictionary<JsonProperty, object> propertyValues = new Dictionary<JsonProperty, object>();
      bool exit = false;
      do
      {
        switch (reader.TokenType)
        {
          case JsonToken.PropertyName:
            string memberName = reader.Value.ToString();

            // attempt exact case match first
            // then try match ignoring case
            JsonProperty property = contract.ConstructorParameters.GetClosestMatchProperty(memberName) ??
              contract.Properties.GetClosestMatchProperty(memberName);

            if (property != null)
            {
              if (property.PropertyContract == null)
                property.PropertyContract = GetContractSafe(property.PropertyType);

              JsonConverter propertyConverter = GetConverter(property.PropertyContract, property.MemberConverter, contract, containerProperty);

              if (!ReadForType(reader, property.PropertyContract, propertyConverter != null))
                throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected end when setting {0}'s value.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, memberName));

              if (!property.Ignored)
              {
                if (property.PropertyContract == null)
                  property.PropertyContract = GetContractSafe(property.PropertyType);

                object propertyValue;
                if (propertyConverter != null && propertyConverter.CanRead)
                  propertyValue = DeserializeConvertable(propertyConverter, reader, property.PropertyType, null);
                else
                  propertyValue = CreateValueInternal(reader, property.PropertyType, property.PropertyContract, property, contract, containerProperty, null);

                propertyValues[property] = propertyValue;
              }
              else
              {
                reader.Skip();
              }
            }
            else
            {
              if (!reader.Read())
                throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected end when setting {0}'s value.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, memberName));

              if (TraceWriter != null && TraceWriter.LevelFilter >= TraceLevel.Verbose)
                TraceWriter.Trace(TraceLevel.Verbose, JsonPosition.FormatMessage(reader as IJsonLineInfo, reader.Path, "Could not find member '{0}' on {1}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, memberName, contract.UnderlyingType)), null);

              if (Serializer._missingMemberHandling == MissingMemberHandling.Error)
                throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Could not find member '{0}' on object of type '{1}'".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, memberName, objectType.Name));

              reader.Skip();
            }
            break;
          case JsonToken.Comment:
            break;
          case JsonToken.EndObject:
            exit = true;
            break;
          default:
            throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected token when deserializing object: " + reader.TokenType);
        }
      } while (!exit && reader.Read());

      return propertyValues;
    }
    private void SerializePrimitive(JsonWriter writer, object value, JsonPrimitiveContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract containerContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
    {
      if (contract.TypeCode == PrimitiveTypeCode.Bytes)
      {
        // if type name handling is enabled then wrap the base64 byte string in an object with the type name
        bool includeTypeDetails = ShouldWriteType(TypeNameHandling.Objects, contract, member, containerContract, containerProperty);
        if (includeTypeDetails)
        {
          writer.WriteStartObject();
          WriteTypeProperty(writer, contract.CreatedType);
          writer.WritePropertyName(JsonTypeReflector.ValuePropertyName, false);

          JsonWriter.WriteValue(writer, contract.TypeCode, value);

          writer.WriteEndObject();
          return;
        }
      }

      JsonWriter.WriteValue(writer, contract.TypeCode, value);
    }
    private object PopulateObject(object newObject, JsonReader reader, JsonObjectContract contract, JsonProperty member, string id)
    {
      OnDeserializing(reader, contract, newObject);

      // only need to keep a track of properies presence if they are required or a value should be defaulted if missing
      Dictionary<JsonProperty, PropertyPresence> propertiesPresence = (contract.HasRequiredOrDefaultValueProperties || HasFlag(Serializer._defaultValueHandling, DefaultValueHandling.Populate))
        ? contract.Properties.ToDictionary(m => m, m => PropertyPresence.None)
        : null;

      if (id != null)
        AddReference(reader, id, newObject);

      int initialDepth = reader.Depth;

      bool finished = false;
      do
      {
        switch (reader.TokenType)
        {
          case JsonToken.PropertyName:
            {
              string memberName = reader.Value.ToString();

              try
              {
                // attempt exact case match first
                // then try match ignoring case
                JsonProperty property = contract.Properties.GetClosestMatchProperty(memberName);

                if (property == null)
                {
                  if (TraceWriter != null && TraceWriter.LevelFilter >= TraceLevel.Verbose)
                    TraceWriter.Trace(TraceLevel.Verbose, JsonPosition.FormatMessage(reader as IJsonLineInfo, reader.Path, "Could not find member '{0}' on {1}".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, memberName, contract.UnderlyingType)), null);

                  if (Serializer._missingMemberHandling == MissingMemberHandling.Error)
                    throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Could not find member '{0}' on object of type '{1}'".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, memberName, contract.UnderlyingType.Name));

                  if (!reader.Read())
                    break;

                  SetExtensionData(contract, reader, memberName, newObject);
                  continue;
                }

                if (property.PropertyContract == null)
                  property.PropertyContract = GetContractSafe(property.PropertyType);

                JsonConverter propertyConverter = GetConverter(property.PropertyContract, property.MemberConverter, contract, member);

                if (!ReadForType(reader, property.PropertyContract, propertyConverter != null))
                  throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected end when setting {0}'s value.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, memberName));

                SetPropertyPresence(reader, property, propertiesPresence);

                // set extension data if property is ignored or readonly
                if (!SetPropertyValue(property, propertyConverter, contract, member, reader, newObject))
                  SetExtensionData(contract, reader, memberName, newObject);
              }
              catch (Exception ex)
              {
                if (IsErrorHandled(newObject, contract, memberName, reader as IJsonLineInfo, reader.Path, ex))
                  HandleError(reader, true, initialDepth);
                else
                  throw;
              }
            }
            break;
          case JsonToken.EndObject:
            finished = true;
            break;
          case JsonToken.Comment:
            // ignore
            break;
          default:
            throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected token when deserializing object: " + reader.TokenType);
        }
      } while (!finished && reader.Read());

      if (!finished)
        ThrowUnexpectedEndException(reader, contract, newObject, "Unexpected end when deserializing object.");

      EndObject(newObject, reader, contract, initialDepth, propertiesPresence);

      OnDeserialized(reader, contract, newObject);
      return newObject;
    }
    private bool ShouldSerialize(JsonWriter writer, JsonProperty property, object target)
    {
      if (property.ShouldSerialize == null)
        return true;

      bool shouldSerialize = property.ShouldSerialize(target);

      if (TraceWriter != null && TraceWriter.LevelFilter >= TraceLevel.Verbose)
        TraceWriter.Trace(TraceLevel.Verbose, JsonPosition.FormatMessage(null, writer.Path, "ShouldSerialize result for property '{0}' on {1}: {2}".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, property.PropertyName, property.DeclaringType, shouldSerialize)), null);

      return shouldSerialize;
    }
    private object CreateValueInternal(JsonReader reader, Type objectType, JsonContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract containerContract, JsonProperty containerMember, object existingValue)
    {
      if (contract != null && contract.ContractType == JsonContractType.Linq)
        return CreateJToken(reader, contract);

      do
      {
        switch (reader.TokenType)
        {
            // populate a typed object or generic dictionary/array
            // depending upon whether an objectType was supplied
          case JsonToken.StartObject:
            return CreateObject(reader, objectType, contract, member, containerContract, containerMember, existingValue);
          case JsonToken.StartArray:
            return CreateList(reader, objectType, contract, member, existingValue, null);
          case JsonToken.Integer:
          case JsonToken.Float:
          case JsonToken.Boolean:
          case JsonToken.Date:
          case JsonToken.Bytes:
            return EnsureType(reader, reader.Value, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract, objectType);
          case JsonToken.String:
            string s = (string)reader.Value;

            // convert empty string to null automatically for nullable types
            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(s) && objectType != typeof(string) && objectType != typeof(object) && contract != null && contract.IsNullable)
              return null;

            // string that needs to be returned as a byte array should be base 64 decoded
            if (objectType == typeof (byte[]))
              return Convert.FromBase64String(s);

            return EnsureType(reader, s, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract, objectType);
          case JsonToken.StartConstructor:
            string constructorName = reader.Value.ToString();

            return EnsureType(reader, constructorName, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract, objectType);
          case JsonToken.Null:
          case JsonToken.Undefined:
#if !(NETFX_CORE || PORTABLE40 || PORTABLE)
            if (objectType == typeof (DBNull))
              return DBNull.Value;
#endif

            return EnsureType(reader, reader.Value, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract, objectType);
          case JsonToken.Raw:
            return new JRaw((string) reader.Value);
          case JsonToken.Comment:
            // ignore
            break;
          default:
            throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected token while deserializing object: " + reader.TokenType);
        }
      } while (reader.Read());

      throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected end when deserializing object.");
    }
    private bool IsSpecified(JsonWriter writer, JsonProperty property, object target)
    {
      if (property.GetIsSpecified == null)
        return true;

      bool isSpecified = property.GetIsSpecified(target);

      if (TraceWriter != null && TraceWriter.LevelFilter >= TraceLevel.Verbose)
        TraceWriter.Trace(TraceLevel.Verbose, JsonPosition.FormatMessage(null, writer.Path, "IsSpecified result for property '{0}' on {1}: {2}".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, property.PropertyName, property.DeclaringType, isSpecified)), null);

      return isSpecified;
    }
    private object CreateObject(JsonReader reader, Type objectType, JsonContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract containerContract, JsonProperty containerMember, object existingValue)
    {
      CheckedRead(reader);

      string id;
      object newValue;
      if (ReadSpecialProperties(reader, ref objectType, ref contract, member, containerContract, containerMember, existingValue, out newValue, out id))
        return newValue;

      if (HasNoDefinedType(contract))
        return CreateJObject(reader);

      switch (contract.ContractType)
      {
        case JsonContractType.Object:
          {
            bool createdFromNonDefaultConstructor = false;
            JsonObjectContract objectContract = (JsonObjectContract) contract;
            object targetObject;
            if (existingValue != null)
              targetObject = existingValue;
            else
              targetObject = CreateNewObject(reader, objectContract, member, containerMember, id, out createdFromNonDefaultConstructor);

            // don't populate if read from non-default constructor because the object has already been read
            if (createdFromNonDefaultConstructor)
              return targetObject;

            return PopulateObject(targetObject, reader, objectContract, member, id);
          }
        case JsonContractType.Primitive:
          {
            JsonPrimitiveContract primitiveContract = (JsonPrimitiveContract) contract;
            // if the content is inside $value then read past it
            if (reader.TokenType == JsonToken.PropertyName && string.Equals(reader.Value.ToString(), JsonTypeReflector.ValuePropertyName, StringComparison.Ordinal))
            {
              CheckedRead(reader);

              // the token should not be an object because the $type value could have been included in the object
              // without needing the $value property
              if (reader.TokenType == JsonToken.StartObject)
                throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected token when deserializing primitive value: " + reader.TokenType);

              object value = CreateValueInternal(reader, objectType, primitiveContract, member, null, null, existingValue);

              CheckedRead(reader);
              return value;
            }
            break;
          }
        case JsonContractType.Dictionary:
          {
            JsonDictionaryContract dictionaryContract = (JsonDictionaryContract) contract;
            object targetDictionary;

            if (existingValue == null)
            {
              bool createdFromNonDefaultConstructor;
              IDictionary dictionary = CreateNewDictionary(reader, dictionaryContract, out createdFromNonDefaultConstructor);

              if (id != null && createdFromNonDefaultConstructor)
                throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Cannot preserve reference to readonly dictionary, or dictionary created from a non-default constructor: {0}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.UnderlyingType));

              if (contract.OnSerializingCallbacks.Count > 0 && createdFromNonDefaultConstructor)
                throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Cannot call OnSerializing on readonly dictionary, or dictionary created from a non-default constructor: {0}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.UnderlyingType));

              if (contract.OnErrorCallbacks.Count > 0 && createdFromNonDefaultConstructor)
                throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Cannot call OnError on readonly list, or dictionary created from a non-default constructor: {0}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.UnderlyingType));

              PopulateDictionary(dictionary, reader, dictionaryContract, member, id);

              if (createdFromNonDefaultConstructor)
              {
                return dictionaryContract.ParametrizedConstructor.Invoke(new object[] {dictionary});
              }
              else if (dictionary is IWrappedDictionary)
              {
                return ((IWrappedDictionary)dictionary).UnderlyingDictionary;
              }

              targetDictionary = dictionary;
            }
            else
            {
              targetDictionary = PopulateDictionary(dictionaryContract.ShouldCreateWrapper ? dictionaryContract.CreateWrapper(existingValue) : (IDictionary) existingValue, reader, dictionaryContract, member, id);
            }

            return targetDictionary;
          }
#if !(NET35 || NET20 || PORTABLE40)
        case JsonContractType.Dynamic:
          JsonDynamicContract dynamicContract = (JsonDynamicContract) contract;
          return CreateDynamic(reader, dynamicContract, member, id);
#endif
#if !(SILVERLIGHT || NETFX_CORE || PORTABLE40 || PORTABLE)
        case JsonContractType.Serializable:
          JsonISerializableContract serializableContract = (JsonISerializableContract) contract;
          return CreateISerializable(reader, serializableContract, id);
#endif
      }

      throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, @"Cannot deserialize the current JSON object (e.g. {{""name"":""value""}}) into type '{0}' because the type requires a {1} to deserialize correctly.
To fix this error either change the JSON to a {1} or change the deserialized type so that it is a normal .NET type (e.g. not a primitive type like integer, not a collection type like an array or List<T>) that can be deserialized from a JSON object. JsonObjectAttribute can also be added to the type to force it to deserialize from a JSON object.
".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, objectType, GetExpectedDescription(contract)));
    }
    private object PopulateMultidimensionalArray(IList list, JsonReader reader, JsonArrayContract contract, JsonProperty containerProperty, string id)
    {
      int rank = contract.UnderlyingType.GetArrayRank();

      if (id != null)
        AddReference(reader, id, list);

      OnDeserializing(reader, contract, list);

      JsonContract collectionItemContract = GetContractSafe(contract.CollectionItemType);
      JsonConverter collectionItemConverter = GetConverter(collectionItemContract, null, contract, containerProperty);

      int? previousErrorIndex = null;
      Stack<IList> listStack = new Stack<IList>();
      listStack.Push(list);
      IList currentList = list;

      bool finished = false;
      do
      {
        int initialDepth = reader.Depth;

        if (listStack.Count == rank)
        {
          try
          {
            if (ReadForType(reader, collectionItemContract, collectionItemConverter != null))
            {
              switch (reader.TokenType)
              {
                case JsonToken.EndArray:
                  listStack.Pop();
                  currentList = listStack.Peek();
                  previousErrorIndex = null;
                  break;
                case JsonToken.Comment:
                  break;
                default:
                  object value;

                  if (collectionItemConverter != null && collectionItemConverter.CanRead)
                    value = DeserializeConvertable(collectionItemConverter, reader, contract.CollectionItemType, null);
                  else
                    value = CreateValueInternal(reader, contract.CollectionItemType, collectionItemContract, null, contract, containerProperty, null);

                  currentList.Add(value);
                  break;
              }
            }
            else
            {
              break;
            }
          }
          catch (Exception ex)
          {
            JsonPosition errorPosition = reader.GetPosition(initialDepth);

            if (IsErrorHandled(list, contract, errorPosition.Position, reader as IJsonLineInfo, reader.Path, ex))
            {
              HandleError(reader, true, initialDepth);

              if (previousErrorIndex != null && previousErrorIndex == errorPosition.Position)
              {
                // reader index has not moved since previous error handling
                // break out of reading array to prevent infinite loop
                throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Infinite loop detected from error handling.", ex);
              }
              else
              {
                previousErrorIndex = errorPosition.Position;
              }
            }
            else
            {
              throw;
            }
          }
        }
        else
        {
          if (reader.Read())
          {
            switch (reader.TokenType)
            {
              case JsonToken.StartArray:
                IList newList = new List<object>();
                currentList.Add(newList);
                listStack.Push(newList);
                currentList = newList;
                break;
              case JsonToken.EndArray:
                listStack.Pop();

                if (listStack.Count > 0)
                {
                  currentList = listStack.Peek();
                }
                else
                {
                  finished = true;
                }
                break;
              case JsonToken.Comment:
                break;
              default:
                throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected token when deserializing multidimensional array: " + reader.TokenType);
            }
          }
          else
          {
            break;
          }
        }
      } while (!finished);

      if (!finished)
        ThrowUnexpectedEndException(reader, contract, list, "Unexpected end when deserializing array.");

      OnDeserialized(reader, contract, list);
      return list;
    }
    private object CreateList(JsonReader reader, Type objectType, JsonContract contract, JsonProperty member, object existingValue, string id)
    {
      object value;

      if (HasNoDefinedType(contract))
        return CreateJToken(reader, contract);

      JsonArrayContract arrayContract = EnsureArrayContract(reader, objectType, contract);

      if (existingValue == null)
      {
        bool createdFromNonDefaultConstructor;
        IList list = CreateNewList(reader, arrayContract, out createdFromNonDefaultConstructor);

        if (id != null && createdFromNonDefaultConstructor)
          throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Cannot preserve reference to array or readonly list, or list created from a non-default constructor: {0}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.UnderlyingType));

        if (contract.OnSerializingCallbacks.Count > 0 && createdFromNonDefaultConstructor)
          throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Cannot call OnSerializing on an array or readonly list, or list created from a non-default constructor: {0}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.UnderlyingType));

        if (contract.OnErrorCallbacks.Count > 0 && createdFromNonDefaultConstructor)
          throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Cannot call OnError on an array or readonly list, or list created from a non-default constructor: {0}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.UnderlyingType));

        if (!arrayContract.IsMultidimensionalArray)
          PopulateList(list, reader, arrayContract, member, id);
        else
          PopulateMultidimensionalArray(list, reader, arrayContract, member, id);

        if (createdFromNonDefaultConstructor)
        {
          if (arrayContract.IsMultidimensionalArray)
          {
            list = CollectionUtils.ToMultidimensionalArray(list, arrayContract.CollectionItemType, contract.CreatedType.GetArrayRank());
          }
          else if (contract.CreatedType.IsArray)
          {
            Array a = Array.CreateInstance(arrayContract.CollectionItemType, list.Count);
            list.CopyTo(a, 0);
            list = a;
          }
          else
          {
            // call constructor that takes IEnumerable<T>
            return arrayContract.ParametrizedConstructor.Invoke(new object[] { list });
          }
        }
        else if (list is IWrappedCollection)
        {
          return ((IWrappedCollection)list).UnderlyingCollection;
        }

        value = list;
      }
      else
      {
        value = PopulateList((arrayContract.ShouldCreateWrapper) ? arrayContract.CreateWrapper(existingValue) : (IList) existingValue, reader, arrayContract, member, id);
      }

      return value;
    }
    private object PopulateList(IList list, JsonReader reader, JsonArrayContract contract, JsonProperty containerProperty, string id)
    {
      IWrappedCollection wrappedCollection = list as IWrappedCollection;
      object underlyingList = wrappedCollection != null ? wrappedCollection.UnderlyingCollection : list;

      if (id != null)
        AddReference(reader, id, underlyingList);

      // can't populate an existing array
      if (list.IsFixedSize)
      {
        reader.Skip();
        return underlyingList;
      }

      OnDeserializing(reader, contract, underlyingList);

      int initialDepth = reader.Depth;

      JsonContract collectionItemContract = GetContractSafe(contract.CollectionItemType);
      JsonConverter collectionItemConverter = GetConverter(collectionItemContract, null, contract, containerProperty);

      int? previousErrorIndex = null;

      bool finished = false;
      do
      {
        try
        {
          if (ReadForType(reader, collectionItemContract, collectionItemConverter != null))
          {
            switch (reader.TokenType)
            {
              case JsonToken.EndArray:
                finished = true;
                break;
              case JsonToken.Comment:
                break;
              default:
                object value;

                if (collectionItemConverter != null && collectionItemConverter.CanRead)
                  value = DeserializeConvertable(collectionItemConverter, reader, contract.CollectionItemType, null);
                else
                  value = CreateValueInternal(reader, contract.CollectionItemType, collectionItemContract, null, contract, containerProperty, null);

                list.Add(value);
                break;
            }
          }
          else
          {
            break;
          }
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
          JsonPosition errorPosition = reader.GetPosition(initialDepth);

          if (IsErrorHandled(underlyingList, contract, errorPosition.Position, reader as IJsonLineInfo, reader.Path, ex))
          {
            HandleError(reader, true, initialDepth);

            if (previousErrorIndex != null && previousErrorIndex == errorPosition.Position)
            {
              // reader index has not moved since previous error handling
              // break out of reading array to prevent infinite loop
              throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Infinite loop detected from error handling.", ex);
            }
            else
            {
              previousErrorIndex = errorPosition.Position;
            }
          }
          else
          {
            throw;
          }
        }
      } while (!finished);

      if (!finished)
        ThrowUnexpectedEndException(reader, contract, underlyingList, "Unexpected end when deserializing array.");

      OnDeserialized(reader, contract, underlyingList);
      return underlyingList;
    }
    private bool CalculatePropertyDetails(JsonProperty property, ref JsonConverter propertyConverter, JsonContainerContract containerContract, JsonProperty containerProperty, JsonReader reader, object target, out bool useExistingValue, out object currentValue, out JsonContract propertyContract, out bool gottenCurrentValue)
    {
      currentValue = null;
      useExistingValue = false;
      propertyContract = null;
      gottenCurrentValue = false;

      if (property.Ignored)
        return true;

      JsonToken tokenType = reader.TokenType;

      if (property.PropertyContract == null)
        property.PropertyContract = GetContractSafe(property.PropertyType);

      ObjectCreationHandling objectCreationHandling =
        property.ObjectCreationHandling.GetValueOrDefault(Serializer._objectCreationHandling);

      if ((objectCreationHandling != ObjectCreationHandling.Replace)
          && (tokenType == JsonToken.StartArray || tokenType == JsonToken.StartObject)
          && property.Readable)
      {
        currentValue = property.ValueProvider.GetValue(target);
        gottenCurrentValue = true;

        if (currentValue != null)
        {
          propertyContract = GetContractSafe(currentValue.GetType());

          useExistingValue = (!propertyContract.IsReadOnlyOrFixedSize && !propertyContract.UnderlyingType.IsValueType());
        }
      }

      if (!property.Writable && !useExistingValue)
        return true;

      // test tokentype here because null might not be convertable to some types, e.g. ignoring null when applied to DateTime
      if (property.NullValueHandling.GetValueOrDefault(Serializer._nullValueHandling) == NullValueHandling.Ignore && tokenType == JsonToken.Null)
        return true;

      // test tokentype here because default value might not be convertable to actual type, e.g. default of "" for DateTime
      if (HasFlag(property.DefaultValueHandling.GetValueOrDefault(Serializer._defaultValueHandling), DefaultValueHandling.Ignore)
          && !HasFlag(property.DefaultValueHandling.GetValueOrDefault(Serializer._defaultValueHandling), DefaultValueHandling.Populate)
          && JsonReader.IsPrimitiveToken(tokenType)
          && MiscellaneousUtils.ValueEquals(reader.Value, property.GetResolvedDefaultValue()))
        return true;

      if (currentValue == null)
      {
        propertyContract = property.PropertyContract;
      }
      else
      {
        propertyContract = GetContractSafe(currentValue.GetType());

        if (propertyContract != property.PropertyContract)
          propertyConverter = GetConverter(propertyContract, property.MemberConverter, containerContract, containerProperty);
      }

      return false;
    }
    private object CreateDynamic(JsonReader reader, JsonDynamicContract contract, JsonProperty member, string id)
    {
      IDynamicMetaObjectProvider newObject;

      if (!contract.IsInstantiable)
        throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Could not create an instance of type {0}. Type is an interface or abstract class and cannot be instantiated.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.UnderlyingType));

      if (contract.DefaultCreator != null &&
        (!contract.DefaultCreatorNonPublic || Serializer._constructorHandling == ConstructorHandling.AllowNonPublicDefaultConstructor))
        newObject = (IDynamicMetaObjectProvider) contract.DefaultCreator();
      else
        throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unable to find a default constructor to use for type {0}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.UnderlyingType));

      if (id != null)
        AddReference(reader, id, newObject);

      OnDeserializing(reader, contract, newObject);

      int initialDepth = reader.Depth;

      bool finished = false;
      do
      {
        switch (reader.TokenType)
        {
          case JsonToken.PropertyName:
            string memberName = reader.Value.ToString();

            try
            {
              if (!reader.Read())
                throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected end when setting {0}'s value.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, memberName));

              // first attempt to find a settable property, otherwise fall back to a dynamic set without type
              JsonProperty property = contract.Properties.GetClosestMatchProperty(memberName);

              if (property != null && property.Writable && !property.Ignored)
              {
                if (property.PropertyContract == null)
                  property.PropertyContract = GetContractSafe(property.PropertyType);

                JsonConverter propertyConverter = GetConverter(property.PropertyContract, property.MemberConverter, null, null);

                if (!SetPropertyValue(property, propertyConverter, null, member, reader, newObject))
                  reader.Skip();
              }
              else
              {
                Type t = (JsonReader.IsPrimitiveToken(reader.TokenType)) ? reader.ValueType : typeof (IDynamicMetaObjectProvider);

                JsonContract dynamicMemberContract = GetContractSafe(t);
                JsonConverter dynamicMemberConverter = GetConverter(dynamicMemberContract, null, null, member);

                object value;
                if (dynamicMemberConverter != null && dynamicMemberConverter.CanRead)
                  value = DeserializeConvertable(dynamicMemberConverter, reader, t, null);
                else
                  value = CreateValueInternal(reader, t, dynamicMemberContract, null, null, member, null);

                contract.TrySetMember(newObject, memberName, value);
              }
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
              if (IsErrorHandled(newObject, contract, memberName, reader as IJsonLineInfo, reader.Path, ex))
                HandleError(reader, true, initialDepth);
              else
                throw;
            }
            break;
          case JsonToken.EndObject:
            finished = true;
            break;
          default:
            throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected token when deserializing object: " + reader.TokenType);
        }
      } while (!finished && reader.Read());

      if (!finished)
        ThrowUnexpectedEndException(reader, contract, newObject, "Unexpected end when deserializing object.");

      OnDeserialized(reader, contract, newObject);

      return newObject;
    }
    private object PopulateDictionary(IDictionary dictionary, JsonReader reader, JsonDictionaryContract contract, JsonProperty containerProperty, string id)
    {
      IWrappedDictionary wrappedDictionary = dictionary as IWrappedDictionary;
      object underlyingDictionary = wrappedDictionary != null ? wrappedDictionary.UnderlyingDictionary : dictionary;

      if (id != null)
        AddReference(reader, id, underlyingDictionary);

      OnDeserializing(reader, contract, underlyingDictionary);

      int initialDepth = reader.Depth;

      if (contract.KeyContract == null)
        contract.KeyContract = GetContractSafe(contract.DictionaryKeyType);

      if (contract.ItemContract == null)
        contract.ItemContract = GetContractSafe(contract.DictionaryValueType);

      JsonConverter dictionaryValueConverter = contract.ItemConverter ?? GetConverter(contract.ItemContract, null, contract, containerProperty);
      PrimitiveTypeCode keyTypeCode = (contract.KeyContract is JsonPrimitiveContract) ? ((JsonPrimitiveContract)contract.KeyContract).TypeCode : PrimitiveTypeCode.Empty;

      bool finished = false;
      do
      {
        switch (reader.TokenType)
        {
          case JsonToken.PropertyName:
            object keyValue = reader.Value;
            try
            {
              try
              {
                object dt;
                // this is for correctly reading ISO and MS formatted dictionary keys
                if ((keyTypeCode == PrimitiveTypeCode.DateTime || keyTypeCode == PrimitiveTypeCode.DateTimeNullable)
                  && DateTimeUtils.TryParseDateTime(keyValue.ToString(), DateParseHandling.DateTime, reader.DateTimeZoneHandling, out dt))
                {
                  keyValue = dt;
                }
#if !NET20
                else if ((keyTypeCode == PrimitiveTypeCode.DateTimeOffset || keyTypeCode == PrimitiveTypeCode.DateTimeOffsetNullable)
                  && DateTimeUtils.TryParseDateTime(keyValue.ToString(), DateParseHandling.DateTimeOffset, reader.DateTimeZoneHandling, out dt))
                {
                  keyValue = dt;
                }
#endif
                else
                {
                  keyValue = EnsureType(reader, keyValue, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.KeyContract, contract.DictionaryKeyType);
                }
              }
              catch (Exception ex)
              {
                throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Could not convert string '{0}' to dictionary key type '{1}'. Create a TypeConverter to convert from the string to the key type object.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, reader.Value, contract.DictionaryKeyType), ex);
              }

              if (!ReadForType(reader, contract.ItemContract, dictionaryValueConverter != null))
                throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected end when deserializing object.");

              object itemValue;
              if (dictionaryValueConverter != null && dictionaryValueConverter.CanRead)
                itemValue = DeserializeConvertable(dictionaryValueConverter, reader, contract.DictionaryValueType, null);
              else
                itemValue = CreateValueInternal(reader, contract.DictionaryValueType, contract.ItemContract, null, contract, containerProperty, null);

              dictionary[keyValue] = itemValue;
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
              if (IsErrorHandled(underlyingDictionary, contract, keyValue, reader as IJsonLineInfo, reader.Path, ex))
                HandleError(reader, true, initialDepth);
              else
                throw;
            }
            break;
          case JsonToken.Comment:
            break;
          case JsonToken.EndObject:
            finished = true;
            break;
          default:
            throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected token when deserializing object: " + reader.TokenType);
        }
      } while (!finished && reader.Read());

      if (!finished)
        ThrowUnexpectedEndException(reader, contract, underlyingDictionary, "Unexpected end when deserializing object.");

      OnDeserialized(reader, contract, underlyingDictionary);
      return underlyingDictionary;
    }
    private void WriteObjectStart(JsonWriter writer, object value, JsonContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract collectionContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
    {
      writer.WriteStartObject();

      bool isReference = ResolveIsReference(contract, member, collectionContract, containerProperty) ?? HasFlag(Serializer._preserveReferencesHandling, PreserveReferencesHandling.Objects);
      if (isReference)
      {
        WriteReferenceIdProperty(writer, contract.UnderlyingType, value);
      }
      if (ShouldWriteType(TypeNameHandling.Objects, contract, member, collectionContract, containerProperty))
      {
        WriteTypeProperty(writer, contract.UnderlyingType);
      }
    }