/// <summary>
        ///     Returns an existing, or gets a new connection using the details in the specified
        ///     <paramref name="connectToPeerResponse"/> and pierces the remote peer's firewall.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>
        ///     This method will be invoked from <see cref="Messaging.Handlers.ServerMessageHandler"/> upon receipt of an
        ///     unsolicited <see cref="ConnectToPeerResponse"/> of type 'P' only. This connection should only be initiated if
        ///     there is no existing connection; superseding should be avoided if possible.
        /// </remarks>
        /// <param name="connectToPeerResponse">The response that solicited the connection.</param>
        /// <returns>The operation context, including the new or updated connection.</returns>
        public async Task <IMessageConnection> GetOrAddMessageConnectionAsync(ConnectToPeerResponse connectToPeerResponse)
        {
            bool cached = true;
            var  r      = connectToPeerResponse;

            try
            {
                var connection = await MessageConnectionDictionary.GetOrAdd(
                    r.Username,
                    key => new Lazy <Task <IMessageConnection> >(() => GetConnection())).Value.ConfigureAwait(false);

                if (cached)
                {
                    Diagnostic.Debug($"Retrieved cached message connection to {r.Username} ({r.IPEndPoint}) (type: {connection.Type}, id: {connection.Id})");
                }

                return(connection);
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                var msg = $"Failed to establish an inbound indirect message connection to {r.Username} ({r.IPEndPoint}): {ex.Message}";
                Diagnostic.Debug(msg);
                Diagnostic.Debug($"Purging message connection cache of failed connection to {r.Username} ({r.IPEndPoint}).");
                MessageConnectionDictionary.TryRemove(r.Username, out _);

                throw new ConnectionException(msg, ex);
            }

            async Task <IMessageConnection> GetConnection()
            {
                cached = false;

                Diagnostic.Debug($"Attempting inbound indirect message connection to {r.Username} ({r.IPEndPoint}) for token {r.Token}");

                var connection = ConnectionFactory.GetMessageConnection(
                    r.Username,
                    r.IPEndPoint,
                    SoulseekClient.Options.PeerConnectionOptions);

                connection.Type             = ConnectionTypes.Inbound | ConnectionTypes.Indirect;
                connection.MessageRead     += SoulseekClient.PeerMessageHandler.HandleMessageRead;
                connection.MessageReceived += SoulseekClient.PeerMessageHandler.HandleMessageReceived;
                connection.MessageWritten  += SoulseekClient.PeerMessageHandler.HandleMessageWritten;
                connection.Disconnected    += MessageConnection_Disconnected;

                using (var cts = new CancellationTokenSource())
                {
                    // add a record to the pending dictionary so we can tell whether the following code is waiting
                    PendingInboundIndirectConnectionDictionary.AddOrUpdate(r.Username, cts, (username, existingCts) => cts);

                    try
                    {
                        await connection.ConnectAsync(cts.Token).ConfigureAwait(false);

                        var request = new PierceFirewall(r.Token);
                        await connection.WriteAsync(request, cts.Token).ConfigureAwait(false);
                    }
                    catch
                    {
                        connection.Dispose();
                        throw;
                    }
                    finally
                    {
                        // let everyone know this code is done executing and that .Value of the containing cache is safe to await with no delay.
                        PendingInboundIndirectConnectionDictionary.TryRemove(r.Username, out _);
                    }
                }

                Diagnostic.Debug($"Message connection to {r.Username} ({r.IPEndPoint}) established. (type: {connection.Type}, id: {connection.Id})");
                return(connection);
            }
        }
        /// <summary>
        ///     Returns an existing, or gets a new connection using the details in the specified
        ///     <paramref name="connectToPeerResponse"/> and pierces the remote peer's firewall.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>
        ///     This method will be invoked from <see cref="Messaging.Handlers.ServerMessageHandler"/> upon receipt of an
        ///     unsolicited <see cref="ConnectToPeerResponse"/> of type 'P' only. This connection should only be initiated if
        ///     there is no existing connection; superseding should be avoided if possible.
        /// </remarks>
        /// <param name="connectToPeerResponse">The response that solicited the connection.</param>
        /// <returns>The operation context, including the new or updated connection.</returns>
        public async Task <IMessageConnection> GetOrAddMessageConnectionAsync(ConnectToPeerResponse connectToPeerResponse)
        {
            bool cached = true;
            var  r      = connectToPeerResponse;

            try
            {
                var connection = await MessageConnectionDictionary.GetOrAdd(
                    r.Username,
                    key => new Lazy <Task <IMessageConnection> >(() => GetConnection())).Value.ConfigureAwait(false);

                if (cached)
                {
                    Diagnostic.Debug($"Retrieved cached message connection to {r.Username} ({r.IPEndPoint}) (type: {connection.Type}, id: {connection.Id})");
                }

                return(connection);
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                var msg = $"Failed to establish an inbound indirect message connection to {r.Username} ({r.IPEndPoint}): {ex.Message}";
                Diagnostic.Debug(msg);

                // only purge the connection if the thrown exception is something other than OperationCanceledException. if this
                // is thrown then a direct connection superseded this connection while it was being established, and
                // ChildConnectionDictionary contains the new, direct connection.
                if (!(ex is OperationCanceledException))
                {
                    Diagnostic.Debug($"Purging message connection cache of failed connection to {r.Username} ({r.IPEndPoint}).");

                    // remove the current record, which *should* be the one we added above.
                    MessageConnectionDictionary.TryRemove(r.Username, out var removed);

                    try
                    {
                        var connection = await removed.Value.ConfigureAwait(false);

                        // if the connection we removed is Direct, then a direct connection managed to come in after this attempt
                        // had timed out or failed, but before that connection was able to cancel the pending token this should be
                        // an extreme edge case, but log it as a warning so we can see how common it is.
                        if (connection.Type.HasFlag(ConnectionTypes.Direct))
                        {
                            Diagnostic.Warning($"Erroneously purged direct message connection to {r.Username} upon indirect failure");
                            MessageConnectionDictionary.TryAdd(r.Username, removed);
                        }
                    }
                    catch
                    {
                        // noop
                    }
                }

                throw new ConnectionException(msg, ex);
            }

            async Task <IMessageConnection> GetConnection()
            {
                cached = false;

                Diagnostic.Debug($"Attempting inbound indirect message connection to {r.Username} ({r.IPEndPoint}) for token {r.Token}");

                var connection = ConnectionFactory.GetMessageConnection(
                    r.Username,
                    r.IPEndPoint,
                    SoulseekClient.Options.PeerConnectionOptions);

                connection.Type             = ConnectionTypes.Inbound | ConnectionTypes.Indirect;
                connection.MessageRead     += SoulseekClient.PeerMessageHandler.HandleMessageRead;
                connection.MessageReceived += SoulseekClient.PeerMessageHandler.HandleMessageReceived;
                connection.MessageWritten  += SoulseekClient.PeerMessageHandler.HandleMessageWritten;

                using (var cts = new CancellationTokenSource())
                {
                    // add a record to the pending dictionary so we can tell whether the following code is waiting
                    PendingInboundIndirectConnectionDictionary.AddOrUpdate(r.Username, cts, (username, existingCts) => cts);

                    try
                    {
                        await connection.ConnectAsync(cts.Token).ConfigureAwait(false);

                        var request = new PierceFirewall(r.Token);
                        await connection.WriteAsync(request.ToByteArray(), cts.Token).ConfigureAwait(false);
                    }
                    catch
                    {
                        connection.Dispose();
                        throw;
                    }
                    finally
                    {
                        // let everyone know this code is done executing and that .Value of the containing cache is safe to await
                        // with no delay.
                        PendingInboundIndirectConnectionDictionary.TryRemove(r.Username, out _);
                    }
                }

                connection.Disconnected += MessageConnection_Disconnected;

                Diagnostic.Debug($"Message connection to {r.Username} ({r.IPEndPoint}) established. (type: {connection.Type}, id: {connection.Id})");
                return(connection);
            }
        }