// XXX 4-23-03: Temporary work around (see comment above)
//
// Checks for intersection of the given spherical obstacle with a
// volume of "likely future vehicle positions": a cylinder along the
// current path, extending minTimeToCollision seconds along the
// forward axis from current position.
//
// If they intersect, a collision is imminent and this function returns
// a steering force pointing laterally away from the obstacle's center.
//
// Returns a zero vector if the obstacle is outside the cylinder
//
// xxx couldn't this be made more compact using localizePosition?
Vector3 steerToAvoid(AbstractVehicle v, float minTimeToCollision)
{
// minimum distance to obstacle before avoidance is required
float minDistanceToCollision = minTimeToCollision * v.Speed();
float minDistanceToCenter = minDistanceToCollision + radius;
// contact distance: sum of radii of obstacle and vehicle
float totalRadius = radius + v.Radius();
// obstacle center relative to vehicle position
Vector3 localOffset = center - v.Position;
// distance along vehicle's forward axis to obstacle's center
float forwardComponent = Vector3.Dot(localOffset, v.Forward());
Vector3 forwardOffset = forwardComponent * v.Forward();
// offset from forward axis to obstacle's center
Vector3 offForwardOffset = localOffset - forwardOffset;
// test to see if sphere overlaps with obstacle-free corridor
bool inCylinder = offForwardOffset.magnitude < totalRadius;
bool nearby = forwardComponent < minDistanceToCenter;
bool inFront = forwardComponent > 0;
// if all three conditions are met, steer away from sphere center
if (inCylinder && nearby && inFront)
{
return(offForwardOffset * -1);
}
else
{
return(Vector3.zero);
}
}
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Alignment behavior: steer to head in same direction as neighbors
public Vector3 steerForAlignment(float maxDistance, float cosMaxAngle, ArrayList flock)
{
// steering accumulator and count of neighbors, both initially zero
Vector3 steering = Vector3.zero;
int neighbors = 0;
// for each of the other vehicles...
//for (AVIterator other = flock.begin(); other != flock.end(); other++)
for (int i = 0; i < flock.Count; i++)
{
AbstractVehicle other = (AbstractVehicle)flock[i];
if (inBoidNeighborhood(other, Radius() * 3, maxDistance, cosMaxAngle))
{
// accumulate sum of neighbor's heading
steering += other.Forward();
// count neighbors
neighbors++;
}
}
// divide by neighbors, subtract off current heading to get error-
// correcting direction, then normalize to pure direction
if (neighbors > 0)
{
steering = ((steering / (float)neighbors) - Forward());
steering.Normalize();
}
return(steering);
}
// Given the time until nearest approach (predictNearestApproachTime)
// determine position of each vehicle at that time, and the distance
// between them
float computeNearestApproachPositions(AbstractVehicle other, float time)
{
Vector3 myTravel = Forward() * Speed() * time;
Vector3 otherTravel = other.Forward() * other.Speed() * time;
Vector3 myFinal = Position + myTravel;
Vector3 otherFinal = other.Position + otherTravel;
// xxx for annotation
ourPositionAtNearestApproach = myFinal;
hisPositionAtNearestApproach = otherFinal;
return((myFinal - otherFinal).magnitude);
}
public Vector3 steerForPursuit(AbstractVehicle quarry, float maxPredictionTime)
{
// offset from this to quarry, that distance, unit vector toward quarry
Vector3 offset = quarry.Position - Position;
float distance = offset.magnitude;
Vector3 unitOffset = offset / distance;
// how parallel are the paths of "this" and the quarry
// (1 means parallel, 0 is pependicular, -1 is anti-parallel)
float parallelness = Vector3.Dot(Forward(), quarry.Forward());
// how "forward" is the direction to the quarry
// (1 means dead ahead, 0 is directly to the side, -1 is straight back)
float forwardness = Vector3.Dot(Forward(), unitOffset);
float directTravelTime = distance / Speed();
int f = intervalComparison(forwardness, -0.707f, 0.707f);
int p = intervalComparison(parallelness, -0.707f, 0.707f);
float timeFactor = 0; // to be filled in below
Vector3 color = OpenSteerColours.gBlack; // to be filled in below (xxx just for debugging)
// Break the pursuit into nine cases, the cross product of the
// quarry being [ahead, aside, or behind] us and heading
// [parallel, perpendicular, or anti-parallel] to us.
switch (f)
{
case +1:
switch (p)
{
case +1: // ahead, parallel
timeFactor = 4;
color = OpenSteerColours.gBlack;
break;
case 0: // ahead, perpendicular
timeFactor = 1.8f;
color = OpenSteerColours.gGray50;
break;
case -1: // ahead, anti-parallel
timeFactor = 0.85f;
color = OpenSteerColours.gWhite;
break;
}
break;
case 0:
switch (p)
{
case +1: // aside, parallel
timeFactor = 1;
color = OpenSteerColours.gRed;
break;
case 0: // aside, perpendicular
timeFactor = 0.8f;
color = OpenSteerColours.gYellow;
break;
case -1: // aside, anti-parallel
timeFactor = 4;
color = OpenSteerColours.gGreen;
break;
}
break;
case -1:
switch (p)
{
case +1: // behind, parallel
timeFactor = 0.5f;
color = OpenSteerColours.gCyan;
break;
case 0: // behind, perpendicular
timeFactor = 2;
color = OpenSteerColours.gBlue;
break;
case -1: // behind, anti-parallel
timeFactor = 2;
color = OpenSteerColours.gMagenta;
break;
}
break;
}
// estimated time until intercept of quarry
float et = directTravelTime * timeFactor;
// xxx experiment, if kept, this limit should be an argument
float etl = (et > maxPredictionTime) ? maxPredictionTime : et;
// estimated position of quarry at intercept
Vector3 target = quarry.PredictFuturePosition(etl);
// annotation
annotationLine(Position,
target,
gaudyPursuitAnnotation ? color : OpenSteerColours.gGray40);
return(steerForSeek(target));
}
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Unaligned collision avoidance behavior: avoid colliding with other nearby
// vehicles moving in unconstrained directions. Determine which (if any)
// other other vehicle we would collide with first, then steers to avoid the
// site of that potential collision. Returns a steering force vector, which
// is zero length if there is no impending collision.
public Vector3 steerToAvoidNeighbors(float minTimeToCollision, ArrayList others)
{
// first priority is to prevent immediate interpenetration
Vector3 separation = steerToAvoidCloseNeighbors(0, others);
if (separation != Vector3.zero)
{
return(separation);
}
// otherwise, go on to consider potential future collisions
float steer = 0;
AbstractVehicle threat = null;
// Time (in seconds) until the most immediate collision threat found
// so far. Initial value is a threshold: don't look more than this
// many frames into the future.
float minTime = minTimeToCollision;
// xxx solely for annotation
Vector3 xxxThreatPositionAtNearestApproach = new Vector3();
Vector3 xxxOurPositionAtNearestApproach = new Vector3();
// for each of the other vehicles, determine which (if any)
// pose the most immediate threat of collision.
//for (AVIterator i = others.begin(); i != others.end(); i++)
for (int i = 0; i < others.Count; i++)
{
AbstractVehicle other = (AbstractVehicle)others[i];
if (other != this)
{
// avoid when future positions are this close (or less)
float collisionDangerThreshold = Radius() * 2;
// predicted time until nearest approach of "this" and "other"
float time = predictNearestApproachTime(other);
// If the time is in the future, sooner than any other
// threatened collision...
if ((time >= 0) && (time < minTime))
{
// if the two will be close enough to collide,
// make a note of it
if (computeNearestApproachPositions(other, time)
< collisionDangerThreshold)
{
minTime = time;
threat = other;
xxxThreatPositionAtNearestApproach
= hisPositionAtNearestApproach;
xxxOurPositionAtNearestApproach
= ourPositionAtNearestApproach;
}
}
}
}
// if a potential collision was found, compute steering to avoid
if (threat != null)
{
// parallel: +1, perpendicular: 0, anti-parallel: -1
float parallelness = Vector3.Dot(Forward(), threat.Forward());
float angle = 0.707f;
if (parallelness < -angle)
{
// anti-parallel "head on" paths:
// steer away from future threat position
Vector3 offset = xxxThreatPositionAtNearestApproach - Position;
float sideDot = Vector3.Dot(offset, Side());
steer = (sideDot > 0) ? -1.0f : 1.0f;
}
else
{
if (parallelness > angle)
{
// parallel paths: steer away from threat
Vector3 offset = threat.Position - Position;
float sideDot = Vector3.Dot(offset, Side());
steer = (sideDot > 0) ? -1.0f : 1.0f;
}
else
{
// perpendicular paths: steer behind threat
// (only the slower of the two does this)
if (threat.Speed() <= Speed())
{
float sideDot = Vector3.Dot(Side(), threat.Velocity());
steer = (sideDot > 0) ? -1.0f : 1.0f;
}
}
}
annotateAvoidNeighbor(threat,
steer,
xxxOurPositionAtNearestApproach,
xxxThreatPositionAtNearestApproach);
}
return(Side() * steer);
}
