private BoundExpression RewritePointerElementAccess(BoundPointerElementAccess node, BoundExpression rewrittenExpression, BoundExpression rewrittenIndex)
        {
            // Optimization: p[0] == *p
            if (rewrittenIndex.IsDefaultValue())
            {
                return(new BoundPointerIndirectionOperator(
                           node.Syntax,
                           rewrittenExpression,
                           node.Type));
            }

            BinaryOperatorKind additionKind = BinaryOperatorKind.Addition;

            switch (rewrittenIndex.Type.SpecialType)
            {
            case SpecialType.System_Int32:
                additionKind |= BinaryOperatorKind.PointerAndIntAddition;
                break;

            case SpecialType.System_UInt32:
                additionKind |= BinaryOperatorKind.PointerAndUIntAddition;
                break;

            case SpecialType.System_Int64:
                additionKind |= BinaryOperatorKind.PointerAndLongAddition;
                break;

            case SpecialType.System_UInt64:
                additionKind |= BinaryOperatorKind.PointerAndULongAddition;
                break;

            default:
                throw ExceptionUtilities.UnexpectedValue(rewrittenIndex.Type.SpecialType);
            }

            if (node.Checked)
            {
                additionKind |= BinaryOperatorKind.Checked;
            }

            return(new BoundPointerIndirectionOperator(
                       node.Syntax,
                       MakeBinaryOperator(
                           node.Syntax,
                           additionKind,
                           rewrittenExpression,
                           rewrittenIndex,
                           rewrittenExpression.Type,
                           method: null,
                           isPointerElementAccess: true), //see RewriterPointerNumericOperator
                       node.Type));
        }
        private BoundExpression RewritePointerElementAccess(BoundPointerElementAccess node, BoundExpression rewrittenExpression, BoundExpression rewrittenIndex)
        {
            // Optimization: p[0] == *p
            if (rewrittenIndex.IsDefaultValue())
            {
                return(new BoundPointerIndirectionOperator(
                           node.Syntax,
                           rewrittenExpression,
                           node.Type));
            }

            BinaryOperatorKind additionKind = BinaryOperatorKind.Addition;

            Debug.Assert(rewrittenExpression.Type is { });
        private BoundExpression RewritePointerElementAccess(BoundPointerElementAccess node, BoundExpression rewrittenExpression, BoundExpression rewrittenIndex)
        {
            // Optimization: p[0] == *p
            if (rewrittenIndex.IsDefaultValue())
            {
                return new BoundPointerIndirectionOperator(
                    node.Syntax,
                    rewrittenExpression,
                    node.Type);
            }

            BinaryOperatorKind additionKind = BinaryOperatorKind.Addition;

            switch (rewrittenIndex.Type.SpecialType)
            {
                case SpecialType.System_Int32:
                    additionKind |= BinaryOperatorKind.PointerAndIntAddition;
                    break;
                case SpecialType.System_UInt32:
                    additionKind |= BinaryOperatorKind.PointerAndUIntAddition;
                    break;
                case SpecialType.System_Int64:
                    additionKind |= BinaryOperatorKind.PointerAndLongAddition;
                    break;
                case SpecialType.System_UInt64:
                    additionKind |= BinaryOperatorKind.PointerAndULongAddition;
                    break;
                default:
                    throw ExceptionUtilities.UnexpectedValue(rewrittenIndex.Type.SpecialType);
            }

            if (node.Checked)
            {
                additionKind |= BinaryOperatorKind.Checked;
            }

            return new BoundPointerIndirectionOperator(
                node.Syntax,
                MakeBinaryOperator(
                    node.Syntax,
                    additionKind,
                    rewrittenExpression,
                    rewrittenIndex,
                    rewrittenExpression.Type,
                    method: null,
                    isPointerElementAccess: true), //see RewriterPointerNumericOperator
                node.Type);
        }
Ejemplo n.º 4
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        // a simple check for common non-side-effecting expressions
        internal static bool ReadIsSideeffecting(
            BoundExpression expression)
        {
            if (expression.ConstantValue != null)
            {
                return(false);
            }

            if (expression.IsDefaultValue())
            {
                return(false);
            }

            switch (expression.Kind)
            {
            case BoundKind.ThisReference:
            case BoundKind.BaseReference:
            case BoundKind.Literal:
            case BoundKind.Parameter:
            case BoundKind.Local:
            case BoundKind.Lambda:
                return(false);

            case BoundKind.Conversion:
                var conv = (BoundConversion)expression;
                return(conv.ConversionHasSideEffects() ||
                       ReadIsSideeffecting(conv.Operand));

            case BoundKind.ObjectCreationExpression:
                // common production of lowered conversions to nullable
                // new S?(arg)
                if (expression.Type.IsNullableType())
                {
                    var objCreation = (BoundObjectCreationExpression)expression;
                    return(objCreation.Arguments.Length == 1 && ReadIsSideeffecting(objCreation.Arguments[0]));
                }

                return(false);

            default:
                return(true);
            }
        }
        /// <summary>
        /// Variables local to current frame do not need temps when re-read multiple times
        /// as long as there is no code that may write to locals in between accesses and they
        /// are not captured.
        ///
        /// Example:
        ///        l += goo(ref l);
        ///
        /// even though l is a local, we must access it via a temp since "goo(ref l)" may change it
        /// on between accesses.
        ///
        /// Note: In <c>this.x++</c>, <c>this</c> cannot change between reads. But in <c>(this, ...) == (..., this.Mutate())</c> it can.
        /// </summary>
        internal static bool CanChangeValueBetweenReads(
            BoundExpression expression,
            bool localsMayBeAssignedOrCaptured        = true,
            bool structThisCanChangeValueBetweenReads = false)
        {
            if (expression.IsDefaultValue())
            {
                return(false);
            }

            if (expression.ConstantValue != null)
            {
                var type = expression.Type;
                return(!ConstantValueIsTrivial(type));
            }

            switch (expression.Kind)
            {
            case BoundKind.ThisReference:
                return(structThisCanChangeValueBetweenReads && ((BoundThisReference)expression).Type.IsStructType());

            case BoundKind.BaseReference:
                return(false);

            case BoundKind.Literal:
                var type = expression.Type;
                return(!ConstantValueIsTrivial(type));

            case BoundKind.Parameter:
                return(localsMayBeAssignedOrCaptured || ((BoundParameter)expression).ParameterSymbol.RefKind != RefKind.None);

            case BoundKind.Local:
                return(localsMayBeAssignedOrCaptured || ((BoundLocal)expression).LocalSymbol.RefKind != RefKind.None);

            case BoundKind.TypeExpression:
                return(false);

            default:
                return(true);
            }
        }
Ejemplo n.º 6
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        /// <summary>
        /// Returns true if the initializer is a field initializer which should be optimized out
        /// </summary>
        private static bool ShouldOptimizeOutInitializer(BoundStatement initializer)
        {
            BoundStatement statement = initializer;

            if (initializer.Kind == BoundKind.SequencePointWithSpan)
            {
                statement = ((BoundSequencePointWithSpan)initializer).StatementOpt;
            }
            else if (initializer.Kind == BoundKind.SequencePoint)
            {
                statement = ((BoundSequencePoint)initializer).StatementOpt;
            }

            if (statement == null || statement.Kind != BoundKind.ExpressionStatement)
            {
                return(false);
            }

            BoundAssignmentOperator assignment = ((BoundExpressionStatement)statement).Expression as BoundAssignmentOperator;

            if (assignment == null)
            {
                return(false);
            }

            Debug.Assert(assignment.Left.Kind == BoundKind.FieldAccess);

            var lhsField = ((BoundFieldAccess)assignment.Left).FieldSymbol;

            if (!lhsField.IsStatic && lhsField.ContainingType.IsStructType())
            {
                return(false);
            }

            BoundExpression rhs = assignment.Right;

            return(rhs.IsDefaultValue());
        }
        /// <summary>
        /// Helper method to generate a lowered conversion.
        /// </summary>
        private BoundExpression MakeConversion(
            BoundConversion oldNode,
            CSharpSyntaxNode syntax,
            BoundExpression rewrittenOperand,
            ConversionKind conversionKind,
            MethodSymbol symbolOpt,
            bool @checked,
            bool explicitCastInCode,
            bool isExtensionMethod,
            bool isArrayIndex,
            ConstantValue constantValueOpt,
            TypeSymbol rewrittenType)
        {
            Debug.Assert(oldNode == null || oldNode.Syntax == syntax);
            Debug.Assert((object)rewrittenType != null);
            @checked = @checked &&
                (inExpressionLambda && (explicitCastInCode || DistinctSpecialTypes(rewrittenOperand.Type, rewrittenType)) ||
                NeedsChecked(rewrittenOperand.Type, rewrittenType));

            switch (conversionKind)
            {
                case ConversionKind.Identity:

                    // Spec 6.1.1:
                    //   An identity conversion converts from any type to the same type. 
                    //   This conversion exists such that an entity that already has a required type can be said to be convertible to that type.
                    //   Because object and dynamic are considered equivalent there is an identity conversion between object and dynamic, 
                    //   and between constructed types that are the same when replacing all occurrences of dynamic with object.

                    // Why ignoreDynamic: false?
                    // Lowering phase treats object and dynamic as equivalent types. So we don't need to produce any conversion here,
                    // but we need to change the Type property on the resulting BoundExpression to match the rewrittenType.
                    // This is necessary so that subsequent lowering transformations see that the expression is dynamic.

                    if (inExpressionLambda || !rewrittenOperand.Type.Equals(rewrittenType, ignoreCustomModifiers: false, ignoreDynamic: false))
                    {
                        break;
                    }

                    // 4.1.6 C# spec: To force a value of a floating point type to the exact precision of its type, an explicit cast can be used.
                    // If this is not an identity conversion of a float with unknown precision, strip away the identity conversion.
                    if (!(explicitCastInCode && IsFloatPointExpressionOfUnknownPrecision(rewrittenOperand)))
                    {
                        return rewrittenOperand;
                    }

                    break;

                case ConversionKind.ExplicitUserDefined:
                case ConversionKind.ImplicitUserDefined:
                    return RewriteUserDefinedConversion(
                        syntax: syntax,
                        rewrittenOperand: rewrittenOperand,
                        method: symbolOpt,
                        rewrittenType: rewrittenType,
                        conversionKind: conversionKind);

                case ConversionKind.IntPtr:
                    return RewriteIntPtrConversion(oldNode, syntax, rewrittenOperand, conversionKind, symbolOpt, @checked,
                        explicitCastInCode, isExtensionMethod, isArrayIndex, constantValueOpt, rewrittenType);

                case ConversionKind.ImplicitNullable:
                case ConversionKind.ExplicitNullable:
                    return RewriteNullableConversion(
                        syntax: syntax,
                        rewrittenOperand: rewrittenOperand,
                        conversionKind: conversionKind,
                        @checked: @checked,
                        explicitCastInCode: explicitCastInCode,
                        rewrittenType: rewrittenType);

                case ConversionKind.Boxing:

                    if (!inExpressionLambda)
                    {
                        // We can perform some optimizations if we have a nullable value type
                        // as the operand and we know its nullability:

                        // * (object)new int?() is the same as (object)null
                        // * (object)new int?(123) is the same as (object)123

                        if (NullableNeverHasValue(rewrittenOperand))
                        {
                            return new BoundDefaultOperator(syntax, rewrittenType);
                        }

                        BoundExpression nullableValue = NullableAlwaysHasValue(rewrittenOperand);
                        if (nullableValue != null)
                        {
                            // Recurse, eliminating the unnecessary ctor.
                            return MakeConversion(oldNode, syntax, nullableValue, conversionKind,
                                symbolOpt, @checked, explicitCastInCode, isExtensionMethod, isArrayIndex,
                                constantValueOpt, rewrittenType);
                        }
                    }
                    break;

                case ConversionKind.NullLiteral:
                    if (!inExpressionLambda || !explicitCastInCode)
                    {
                        return new BoundDefaultOperator(syntax, rewrittenType);
                    }

                    break;

                case ConversionKind.ImplicitReference:
                case ConversionKind.ExplicitReference:
                    if (rewrittenOperand.IsDefaultValue() && (!inExpressionLambda || !explicitCastInCode))
                    {
                        return new BoundDefaultOperator(syntax, rewrittenType);
                    }

                    break;

                case ConversionKind.ImplicitNumeric:
                case ConversionKind.ExplicitNumeric:
                    if (rewrittenOperand.IsDefaultValue() && (!inExpressionLambda || !explicitCastInCode))
                    {
                        return new BoundDefaultOperator(syntax, rewrittenType);
                    }

                    if (rewrittenType.SpecialType == SpecialType.System_Decimal || rewrittenOperand.Type.SpecialType == SpecialType.System_Decimal)
                    {
                        return RewriteDecimalConversion(oldNode, syntax, rewrittenOperand, rewrittenOperand.Type, rewrittenType);
                    }
                    break;

                case ConversionKind.ImplicitEnumeration:
                    // A conversion from constant zero to nullable is actually classified as an 
                    // implicit enumeration conversion, not an implicit nullable conversion. 
                    // Lower it to (E?)(E)0.
                    if (rewrittenType.IsNullableType())
                    {
                        var operand = MakeConversion(
                            oldNode,
                            syntax,
                            rewrittenOperand,
                            ConversionKind.ImplicitEnumeration,
                            symbolOpt,
                            @checked,
                            explicitCastInCode,
                            isExtensionMethod,
                            false,
                            constantValueOpt,
                            rewrittenType.GetNullableUnderlyingType());

                        return MakeConversion(
                            oldNode,
                            syntax,
                            operand,
                            ConversionKind.ImplicitNullable,
                            symbolOpt,
                            @checked,
                            explicitCastInCode,
                            isExtensionMethod,
                            isArrayIndex,
                            constantValueOpt,
                            rewrittenType);
                    }

                    goto case ConversionKind.ExplicitEnumeration;

                case ConversionKind.ExplicitEnumeration:
                    if (!rewrittenType.IsNullableType() &&
                        rewrittenOperand.IsDefaultValue() &&
                        (!inExpressionLambda || !explicitCastInCode))
                    {
                        return new BoundDefaultOperator(syntax, rewrittenType);
                    }

                    if (rewrittenType.SpecialType == SpecialType.System_Decimal)
                    {
                        Debug.Assert(rewrittenOperand.Type.IsEnumType());
                        var underlyingTypeFrom = rewrittenOperand.Type.GetEnumUnderlyingType();
                        rewrittenOperand = MakeConversion(rewrittenOperand, underlyingTypeFrom, false);
                        return RewriteDecimalConversion(oldNode, syntax, rewrittenOperand, underlyingTypeFrom, rewrittenType);
                    }
                    else if (rewrittenOperand.Type.SpecialType == SpecialType.System_Decimal)
                    {
                        // This is where we handle conversion from Decimal to Enum: e.g., E e = (E) d;
                        // where 'e' is of type Enum E and 'd' is of type Decimal.
                        // Conversion can be simply done by applying its underlying numeric type to RewriteDecimalConversion(). 

                        Debug.Assert(rewrittenType.IsEnumType());
                        var underlyingTypeTo = rewrittenType.GetEnumUnderlyingType();
                        var rewrittenNode = RewriteDecimalConversion(oldNode, syntax, rewrittenOperand, rewrittenOperand.Type, underlyingTypeTo);

                        // However, the type of the rewritten node becomes underlying numeric type, not Enum type,
                        // which violates the overall constraint saying the type cannot be changed during rewriting (see LocalRewriter.cs).

                        // Instead of loosening this constraint, we return BoundConversion from underlying numeric type to Enum type,
                        // which will be eliminated during emitting (see EmitEnumConversion): e.g., E e = (E)(int) d;

                        return new BoundConversion(
                            syntax,
                            rewrittenNode,
                            conversionKind,
                            LookupResultKind.Viable,
                            isBaseConversion: false,
                            symbolOpt: symbolOpt,
                            @checked: false,
                            explicitCastInCode: explicitCastInCode,
                            isExtensionMethod: isExtensionMethod,
                            isArrayIndex: false,
                            constantValueOpt: constantValueOpt,
                            type: rewrittenType);
                    }

                    break;

                case ConversionKind.ImplicitDynamic:
                case ConversionKind.ExplicitDynamic:
                    Debug.Assert((object)symbolOpt == null);
                    Debug.Assert(!isExtensionMethod);
                    Debug.Assert(constantValueOpt == null);
                    return dynamicFactory.MakeDynamicConversion(rewrittenOperand, explicitCastInCode || conversionKind == ConversionKind.ExplicitDynamic, isArrayIndex, @checked, rewrittenType).ToExpression();

                default:
                    break;
            }

            return oldNode != null ?
                oldNode.Update(
                    rewrittenOperand,
                    conversionKind,
                    oldNode.ResultKind,
                    isBaseConversion: oldNode.IsBaseConversion,
                    symbolOpt: symbolOpt,
                    @checked: @checked,
                    explicitCastInCode: explicitCastInCode,
                    isExtensionMethod: isExtensionMethod,
                    isArrayIndex: isArrayIndex,
                    constantValueOpt: constantValueOpt,
                    type: rewrittenType) :
                new BoundConversion(
                    syntax,
                    rewrittenOperand,
                    conversionKind,
                    LookupResultKind.Viable,
                    isBaseConversion: false,
                    symbolOpt: symbolOpt,
                    @checked: @checked,
                    explicitCastInCode: explicitCastInCode,
                    isExtensionMethod: isExtensionMethod,
                    isArrayIndex: isArrayIndex,
                    constantValueOpt: constantValueOpt,
                    type: rewrittenType);
        }
Ejemplo n.º 8
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 private static bool IsNullOrEmptyStringConstant(BoundExpression operand)
 {
     return((operand.ConstantValue != null && string.IsNullOrEmpty(operand.ConstantValue.StringValue)) ||
            operand.IsDefaultValue());
 }
 private static bool IsNullOrEmptyStringConstant(BoundExpression operand)
 {
     return (operand.ConstantValue != null && string.IsNullOrEmpty(operand.ConstantValue.StringValue)) ||
             operand.IsDefaultValue();
 }
        private BoundExpression MakeNullCoalescingOperator(
            CSharpSyntaxNode syntax,
            BoundExpression rewrittenLeft,
            BoundExpression rewrittenRight,
            Conversion leftConversion,
            TypeSymbol rewrittenResultType)
        {
            Debug.Assert(rewrittenLeft != null);
            Debug.Assert(rewrittenRight != null);
            Debug.Assert(leftConversion.IsValid);
            Debug.Assert((object)rewrittenResultType != null);
            Debug.Assert(rewrittenRight.Type.Equals(rewrittenResultType, ignoreDynamic: true));

            if (_inExpressionLambda)
            {
                TypeSymbol strippedLeftType = rewrittenLeft.Type.StrippedType();
                Conversion rewrittenConversion = MakeConversion(syntax, leftConversion, strippedLeftType, rewrittenResultType);
                return new BoundNullCoalescingOperator(syntax, rewrittenLeft, rewrittenRight, rewrittenConversion, rewrittenResultType);
            }

            // first we can make a small optimization:
            // If left is a constant then we already know whether it is null or not. If it is null then we 
            // can simply generate "right". If it is not null then we can simply generate
            // MakeConversion(left).

            if (rewrittenLeft.IsDefaultValue())
            {
                return rewrittenRight;
            }

            if (rewrittenLeft.ConstantValue != null)
            {
                Debug.Assert(!rewrittenLeft.ConstantValue.IsNull);

                return GetConvertedLeftForNullCoalescingOperator(rewrittenLeft, leftConversion, rewrittenResultType);
            }

            // if left conversion is intrinsic implicit (always succeeds) and results in a reference type
            // we can apply conversion before doing the null check that allows for a more efficient IL emit.
            if (rewrittenLeft.Type.IsReferenceType &&
                leftConversion.IsImplicit &&
                !leftConversion.IsUserDefined)
            {
                if (!leftConversion.IsIdentity)
                {
                    rewrittenLeft = MakeConversionNode(rewrittenLeft.Syntax, rewrittenLeft, leftConversion, rewrittenResultType, @checked: false);
                }
                return new BoundNullCoalescingOperator(syntax, rewrittenLeft, rewrittenRight, Conversion.Identity, rewrittenResultType);
            }

            if (leftConversion.IsIdentity || leftConversion.Kind == ConversionKind.ExplicitNullable)
            {
                var conditionalAccess = rewrittenLeft as BoundLoweredConditionalAccess;
                if (conditionalAccess != null &&
                    (conditionalAccess.WhenNullOpt == null || NullableNeverHasValue(conditionalAccess.WhenNullOpt)))
                {
                    var notNullAccess = NullableAlwaysHasValue(conditionalAccess.WhenNotNull);
                    if (notNullAccess != null)
                    {
                        var whenNullOpt = rewrittenRight;

                        if (whenNullOpt.Type.IsNullableType())
                        {
                            notNullAccess = conditionalAccess.WhenNotNull;
                        }

                        if (whenNullOpt.IsDefaultValue() && whenNullOpt.Type.SpecialType != SpecialType.System_Decimal)
                        {
                            whenNullOpt = null;
                        }

                        return conditionalAccess.Update(
                            conditionalAccess.Receiver,
                            conditionalAccess.HasValueMethodOpt,
                            whenNotNull: notNullAccess,
                            whenNullOpt: whenNullOpt,
                            id: conditionalAccess.Id,
                            type: rewrittenResultType
                        );
                    }
                }
            }

            // We lower left ?? right to 
            //
            // var temp = left;
            // (temp != null) ? MakeConversion(temp) : right
            //

            BoundAssignmentOperator tempAssignment;
            BoundLocal boundTemp = _factory.StoreToTemp(rewrittenLeft, out tempAssignment);

            // temp != null
            BoundExpression nullCheck = MakeNullCheck(syntax, boundTemp, BinaryOperatorKind.NotEqual);

            // MakeConversion(temp, rewrittenResultType)
            BoundExpression convertedLeft = GetConvertedLeftForNullCoalescingOperator(boundTemp, leftConversion, rewrittenResultType);
            Debug.Assert(convertedLeft.Type.Equals(rewrittenResultType, ignoreDynamic: true));

            // (temp != null) ? MakeConversion(temp, LeftConversion) : RightOperand
            BoundExpression conditionalExpression = RewriteConditionalOperator(
                syntax: syntax,
                rewrittenCondition: nullCheck,
                rewrittenConsequence: convertedLeft,
                rewrittenAlternative: rewrittenRight,
                constantValueOpt: null,
                rewrittenType: rewrittenResultType);

            Debug.Assert(conditionalExpression.ConstantValue == null); // we shouldn't have hit this else case otherwise
            Debug.Assert(conditionalExpression.Type.Equals(rewrittenResultType, ignoreDynamic: true));

            return new BoundSequence(
                syntax: syntax,
                locals: ImmutableArray.Create(boundTemp.LocalSymbol),
                sideEffects: ImmutableArray.Create<BoundExpression>(tempAssignment),
                value: conditionalExpression,
                type: rewrittenResultType);
        }
        // a simple check for common non-side-effecting expressions
        internal static bool ReadIsSideeffecting(
            BoundExpression expression)
        {
            if (expression.ConstantValue != null)
            {
                return false;
            }

            if (expression.IsDefaultValue())
            {
                return false;
            }

            switch (expression.Kind)
            {
                case BoundKind.ThisReference:
                case BoundKind.BaseReference:
                case BoundKind.Literal:
                case BoundKind.Parameter:
                case BoundKind.Local:
                case BoundKind.Lambda:
                    return false;

                case BoundKind.Conversion:
                    var conv = (BoundConversion)expression;
                    return conv.ConversionHasSideEffects() ||
                        ReadIsSideeffecting(conv.Operand);

                case BoundKind.ObjectCreationExpression:
                    // common production of lowered conversions to nullable
                    // new S?(arg)
                    if (expression.Type.IsNullableType())
                    {
                        var objCreation = (BoundObjectCreationExpression)expression;
                        return objCreation.Arguments.Length == 1 && ReadIsSideeffecting(objCreation.Arguments[0]);
                    }

                    return true;

                case BoundKind.Call:
                    var call = (BoundCall)expression;
                    var method = call.Method;

                    // common production of lowered lifted operators
                    // GetValueOrDefault is known to be not sideeffecting.
                    if (method.ContainingType?.IsNullableType() == true)
                    {
                        if (IsSpecialMember(method, SpecialMember.System_Nullable_T_GetValueOrDefault) ||
                            IsSpecialMember(method, SpecialMember.System_Nullable_T_get_HasValue))
                        {
                            return ReadIsSideeffecting(call.ReceiverOpt);
                        }
                    }

                    return true;

                default:
                    return true;
            }
        }
        /// <summary>
        /// Variables local to current frame do not need temps when re-read multiple times
        /// as long as there is no code that may write to locals in between accesses and they
        /// are not captured.
        /// 
        /// Example:
        ///        l += foo(ref l);
        /// 
        /// even though l is a local, we must access it via a temp since "foo(ref l)" may change it
        /// on between accesses. 
        /// </summary>
        internal static bool CanChangeValueBetweenReads(
            BoundExpression expression,
            bool localsMayBeAssignedOrCaptured = true)
        {
            if (expression.IsDefaultValue())
            {
                return false;
            }

            if (expression.ConstantValue != null)
            {
                var type = expression.Type;
                return !ConstantValueIsTrivial(type);
            }

            switch (expression.Kind)
            {
                case BoundKind.ThisReference:
                case BoundKind.BaseReference:
                    return false;

                case BoundKind.Literal:
                    var type = expression.Type;
                    return !ConstantValueIsTrivial(type);

                case BoundKind.Parameter:
                    return localsMayBeAssignedOrCaptured || ((BoundParameter)expression).ParameterSymbol.RefKind != RefKind.None;

                case BoundKind.Local:
                    return localsMayBeAssignedOrCaptured || ((BoundLocal)expression).LocalSymbol.RefKind != RefKind.None;

                default:
                    return true;
            }
        }
        // a simple check for common nonsideeffecting expressions
        internal static bool ReadIsSideeffecting(
            BoundExpression expression)
        {
            if (expression.ConstantValue != null)
            {
                return false;
            }

            if (expression.IsDefaultValue())
            {
                return false;
            }

            switch (expression.Kind)
            {
                case BoundKind.ThisReference:
                case BoundKind.BaseReference:
                case BoundKind.Literal:
                case BoundKind.Parameter:
                case BoundKind.Local:
                case BoundKind.Lambda:
                    return false;

                case BoundKind.Conversion:
                    var conv = (BoundConversion)expression;
                    return conv.ConversionHasSideEffects() ||
                        ReadIsSideeffecting(conv.Operand);

                case BoundKind.ObjectCreationExpression:
                    // common production of lowered conversions to nullable
                    // new S?(arg)
                    if (expression.Type.IsNullableType())
                    {
                        var objCreation = (BoundObjectCreationExpression)expression;
                        return objCreation.Arguments.Length == 1 && ReadIsSideeffecting(objCreation.Arguments[0]);
                    }

                    return false;

                default:
                    return true;
            }
        }
Ejemplo n.º 14
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        // a simple check for common non-side-effecting expressions
        internal static bool ReadIsSideeffecting(
            BoundExpression expression)
        {
            if (expression.ConstantValue != null)
            {
                return(false);
            }

            if (expression.IsDefaultValue())
            {
                return(false);
            }

            switch (expression.Kind)
            {
            case BoundKind.ThisReference:
            case BoundKind.BaseReference:
            case BoundKind.Literal:
            case BoundKind.Parameter:
            case BoundKind.Local:
            case BoundKind.Lambda:
                return(false);

            case BoundKind.Conversion:
                var conv = (BoundConversion)expression;
                return(conv.ConversionHasSideEffects() ||
                       ReadIsSideeffecting(conv.Operand));

            case BoundKind.PassByCopy:
                return(ReadIsSideeffecting(((BoundPassByCopy)expression).Expression));

            case BoundKind.ObjectCreationExpression:
                // common production of lowered conversions to nullable
                // new S?(arg)
                if (expression.Type.IsNullableType())
                {
                    var objCreation = (BoundObjectCreationExpression)expression;
                    return(objCreation.Arguments.Length == 1 && ReadIsSideeffecting(objCreation.Arguments[0]));
                }

                return(true);

            case BoundKind.Call:
                var call   = (BoundCall)expression;
                var method = call.Method;

                // common production of lowered lifted operators
                // GetValueOrDefault is known to be not sideeffecting.
                if (method.ContainingType?.IsNullableType() == true)
                {
                    if (IsSpecialMember(method, SpecialMember.System_Nullable_T_GetValueOrDefault) ||
                        IsSpecialMember(method, SpecialMember.System_Nullable_T_get_HasValue))
                    {
                        return(ReadIsSideeffecting(call.ReceiverOpt));
                    }
                }

                return(true);

            default:
                return(true);
            }
        }
        private BoundExpression MakeNullCoalescingOperator(
            SyntaxNode syntax,
            BoundExpression rewrittenLeft,
            BoundExpression rewrittenRight,
            Conversion leftConversion,
            BoundNullCoalescingOperatorResultKind resultKind,
            TypeSymbol rewrittenResultType)
        {
            Debug.Assert(rewrittenLeft != null);
            Debug.Assert(rewrittenRight != null);
            Debug.Assert(leftConversion.IsValid);
            Debug.Assert((object)rewrittenResultType != null);
            Debug.Assert(rewrittenRight.Type.Equals(rewrittenResultType, TypeCompareKind.IgnoreDynamicAndTupleNames | TypeCompareKind.IgnoreNullableModifiersForReferenceTypes));

            if (_inExpressionLambda)
            {
                TypeSymbol strippedLeftType    = rewrittenLeft.Type.StrippedType();
                Conversion rewrittenConversion = TryMakeConversion(syntax, leftConversion, strippedLeftType, rewrittenResultType);
                if (!rewrittenConversion.Exists)
                {
                    return(BadExpression(syntax, rewrittenResultType, rewrittenLeft, rewrittenRight));
                }

                return(new BoundNullCoalescingOperator(syntax, rewrittenLeft, rewrittenRight, rewrittenConversion, resultKind, rewrittenResultType));
            }

            var isUnconstrainedTypeParameter = (object)rewrittenLeft.Type != null && !rewrittenLeft.Type.IsReferenceType && !rewrittenLeft.Type.IsValueType;

            // first we can make a small optimization:
            // If left is a constant then we already know whether it is null or not. If it is null then we
            // can simply generate "right". If it is not null then we can simply generate
            // MakeConversion(left). This does not hold when the left is an unconstrained type parameter: at runtime,
            // it can be either left or right depending on the runtime type of T
            if (!isUnconstrainedTypeParameter)
            {
                if (rewrittenLeft.IsDefaultValue())
                {
                    return(rewrittenRight);
                }

                if (rewrittenLeft.ConstantValue != null)
                {
                    Debug.Assert(!rewrittenLeft.ConstantValue.IsNull);

                    return(GetConvertedLeftForNullCoalescingOperator(rewrittenLeft, leftConversion, rewrittenResultType));
                }
            }

            // string concatenation is never null.
            // interpolated string lowering may introduce redundant null coalescing, which we have to remove.
            if (IsStringConcat(rewrittenLeft))
            {
                return(GetConvertedLeftForNullCoalescingOperator(rewrittenLeft, leftConversion, rewrittenResultType));
            }

            // if left conversion is intrinsic implicit (always succeeds) and results in a reference type
            // we can apply conversion before doing the null check that allows for a more efficient IL emit.
            if (rewrittenLeft.Type.IsReferenceType &&
                leftConversion.IsImplicit &&
                !leftConversion.IsUserDefined)
            {
                if (!leftConversion.IsIdentity)
                {
                    rewrittenLeft = MakeConversionNode(rewrittenLeft.Syntax, rewrittenLeft, leftConversion, rewrittenResultType, @checked: false);
                }
                return(new BoundNullCoalescingOperator(syntax, rewrittenLeft, rewrittenRight, Conversion.Identity, resultKind, rewrittenResultType));
            }

            if (leftConversion.IsIdentity || leftConversion.Kind == ConversionKind.ExplicitNullable)
            {
                var conditionalAccess = rewrittenLeft as BoundLoweredConditionalAccess;
                if (conditionalAccess != null &&
                    (conditionalAccess.WhenNullOpt == null || NullableNeverHasValue(conditionalAccess.WhenNullOpt)))
                {
                    var notNullAccess = NullableAlwaysHasValue(conditionalAccess.WhenNotNull);
                    if (notNullAccess != null)
                    {
                        var whenNullOpt = rewrittenRight;

                        if (whenNullOpt.Type.IsNullableType())
                        {
                            notNullAccess = conditionalAccess.WhenNotNull;
                        }

                        if (whenNullOpt.IsDefaultValue() && whenNullOpt.Type.SpecialType != SpecialType.System_Decimal)
                        {
                            whenNullOpt = null;
                        }

                        return(conditionalAccess.Update(
                                   conditionalAccess.Receiver,
                                   conditionalAccess.HasValueMethodOpt,
                                   whenNotNull: notNullAccess,
                                   whenNullOpt: whenNullOpt,
                                   id: conditionalAccess.Id,
                                   type: rewrittenResultType
                                   ));
                    }
                }
            }

            // Optimize left ?? right to left.GetValueOrDefault() when left is T? and right is the default value of T
            if (rewrittenLeft.Type.IsNullableType() &&
                RemoveIdentityConversions(rewrittenRight).IsDefaultValue() &&
                rewrittenRight.Type.Equals(rewrittenLeft.Type.GetNullableUnderlyingType(), TypeCompareKind.AllIgnoreOptions) &&
                TryGetNullableMethod(rewrittenLeft.Syntax, rewrittenLeft.Type, SpecialMember.System_Nullable_T_GetValueOrDefault, out MethodSymbol getValueOrDefault))
            {
                return(BoundCall.Synthesized(rewrittenLeft.Syntax, rewrittenLeft, getValueOrDefault));
            }

            // We lower left ?? right to
            //
            // var temp = left;
            // (temp != null) ? MakeConversion(temp) : right
            //

            BoundAssignmentOperator tempAssignment;
            BoundLocal boundTemp = _factory.StoreToTemp(rewrittenLeft, out tempAssignment);

            // temp != null
            BoundExpression nullCheck = MakeNullCheck(syntax, boundTemp, BinaryOperatorKind.NotEqual);

            // MakeConversion(temp, rewrittenResultType)
            BoundExpression convertedLeft = GetConvertedLeftForNullCoalescingOperator(boundTemp, leftConversion, rewrittenResultType);

            Debug.Assert(convertedLeft.HasErrors || convertedLeft.Type.Equals(rewrittenResultType, TypeCompareKind.IgnoreDynamicAndTupleNames | TypeCompareKind.IgnoreNullableModifiersForReferenceTypes));

            // (temp != null) ? MakeConversion(temp, LeftConversion) : RightOperand
            BoundExpression conditionalExpression = RewriteConditionalOperator(
                syntax: syntax,
                rewrittenCondition: nullCheck,
                rewrittenConsequence: convertedLeft,
                rewrittenAlternative: rewrittenRight,
                constantValueOpt: null,
                rewrittenType: rewrittenResultType,
                isRef: false);

            Debug.Assert(conditionalExpression.ConstantValue == null); // we shouldn't have hit this else case otherwise
            Debug.Assert(conditionalExpression.Type.Equals(rewrittenResultType, TypeCompareKind.IgnoreDynamicAndTupleNames | TypeCompareKind.IgnoreNullableModifiersForReferenceTypes));

            return(new BoundSequence(
                       syntax: syntax,
                       locals: ImmutableArray.Create(boundTemp.LocalSymbol),
                       sideEffects: ImmutableArray.Create <BoundExpression>(tempAssignment),
                       value: conditionalExpression,
                       type: rewrittenResultType));
        }
Ejemplo n.º 16
0
        private BoundExpression MakeBinaryOperator(
            BoundBinaryOperator oldNode,
            CSharpSyntaxNode syntax,
            BinaryOperatorKind operatorKind,
            BoundExpression loweredLeft,
            BoundExpression loweredRight,
            TypeSymbol type,
            MethodSymbol method,
            bool isPointerElementAccess = false,
            bool isCompoundAssignment = false,
            BoundUnaryOperator applyParentUnaryOperator = null)
        {
            Debug.Assert(oldNode == null || (oldNode.Syntax == syntax));

            if (_inExpressionLambda)
            {
                switch (operatorKind.Operator() | operatorKind.OperandTypes())
                {
                    case BinaryOperatorKind.ObjectAndStringConcatenation:
                    case BinaryOperatorKind.StringAndObjectConcatenation:
                    case BinaryOperatorKind.StringConcatenation:
                        return RewriteStringConcatenation(syntax, operatorKind, loweredLeft, loweredRight, type);
                    case BinaryOperatorKind.DelegateCombination:
                        return RewriteDelegateOperation(syntax, operatorKind, loweredLeft, loweredRight, type, SpecialMember.System_Delegate__Combine);
                    case BinaryOperatorKind.DelegateRemoval:
                        return RewriteDelegateOperation(syntax, operatorKind, loweredLeft, loweredRight, type, SpecialMember.System_Delegate__Remove);
                    case BinaryOperatorKind.DelegateEqual:
                        return RewriteDelegateOperation(syntax, operatorKind, loweredLeft, loweredRight, type, SpecialMember.System_Delegate__op_Equality);
                    case BinaryOperatorKind.DelegateNotEqual:
                        return RewriteDelegateOperation(syntax, operatorKind, loweredLeft, loweredRight, type, SpecialMember.System_Delegate__op_Inequality);
                }
            }
            else
            // try to lower the expression.
            {
                if (operatorKind.IsDynamic())
                {
                    Debug.Assert(!isPointerElementAccess);

                    if (operatorKind.IsLogical())
                    {
                        return MakeDynamicLogicalBinaryOperator(syntax, operatorKind, loweredLeft, loweredRight, method, type, isCompoundAssignment, applyParentUnaryOperator);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        Debug.Assert((object)method == null);
                        return _dynamicFactory.MakeDynamicBinaryOperator(operatorKind, loweredLeft, loweredRight, isCompoundAssignment, type).ToExpression();
                    }
                }

                if (operatorKind.IsLifted())
                {
                    return RewriteLiftedBinaryOperator(syntax, operatorKind, loweredLeft, loweredRight, type, method);
                }

                if (operatorKind.IsUserDefined())
                {
                    return LowerUserDefinedBinaryOperator(syntax, operatorKind, loweredLeft, loweredRight, type, method);
                }

                switch (operatorKind.OperatorWithLogical() | operatorKind.OperandTypes())
                {
                    case BinaryOperatorKind.NullableNullEqual:
                    case BinaryOperatorKind.NullableNullNotEqual:
                        return RewriteNullableNullEquality(syntax, operatorKind, loweredLeft, loweredRight, type);

                    case BinaryOperatorKind.ObjectAndStringConcatenation:
                    case BinaryOperatorKind.StringAndObjectConcatenation:
                    case BinaryOperatorKind.StringConcatenation:
                        return RewriteStringConcatenation(syntax, operatorKind, loweredLeft, loweredRight, type);

                    case BinaryOperatorKind.StringEqual:
                        return RewriteStringEquality(oldNode, syntax, operatorKind, loweredLeft, loweredRight, type, SpecialMember.System_String__op_Equality);

                    case BinaryOperatorKind.StringNotEqual:
                        return RewriteStringEquality(oldNode, syntax, operatorKind, loweredLeft, loweredRight, type, SpecialMember.System_String__op_Inequality);

                    case BinaryOperatorKind.DelegateCombination:
                        return RewriteDelegateOperation(syntax, operatorKind, loweredLeft, loweredRight, type, SpecialMember.System_Delegate__Combine);

                    case BinaryOperatorKind.DelegateRemoval:
                        return RewriteDelegateOperation(syntax, operatorKind, loweredLeft, loweredRight, type, SpecialMember.System_Delegate__Remove);

                    case BinaryOperatorKind.DelegateEqual:
                        return RewriteDelegateOperation(syntax, operatorKind, loweredLeft, loweredRight, type, SpecialMember.System_Delegate__op_Equality);

                    case BinaryOperatorKind.DelegateNotEqual:
                        return RewriteDelegateOperation(syntax, operatorKind, loweredLeft, loweredRight, type, SpecialMember.System_Delegate__op_Inequality);

                    case BinaryOperatorKind.LogicalBoolAnd:
                        if (loweredRight.ConstantValue == ConstantValue.True) return loweredLeft;
                        if (loweredLeft.ConstantValue == ConstantValue.True) return loweredRight;
                        if (loweredLeft.ConstantValue == ConstantValue.False) return loweredLeft;

                        if (loweredRight.Kind == BoundKind.Local || loweredRight.Kind == BoundKind.Parameter)
                        {
                            operatorKind &= ~BinaryOperatorKind.Logical;
                        }

                        goto default;

                    case BinaryOperatorKind.LogicalBoolOr:
                        if (loweredRight.ConstantValue == ConstantValue.False) return loweredLeft;
                        if (loweredLeft.ConstantValue == ConstantValue.False) return loweredRight;
                        if (loweredLeft.ConstantValue == ConstantValue.True) return loweredLeft;

                        if (loweredRight.Kind == BoundKind.Local || loweredRight.Kind == BoundKind.Parameter)
                        {
                            operatorKind &= ~BinaryOperatorKind.Logical;
                        }

                        goto default;

                    case BinaryOperatorKind.BoolAnd:
                        if (loweredRight.ConstantValue == ConstantValue.True) return loweredLeft;
                        if (loweredLeft.ConstantValue == ConstantValue.True) return loweredRight;
                        goto default;

                    case BinaryOperatorKind.BoolOr:
                        if (loweredRight.ConstantValue == ConstantValue.False) return loweredLeft;
                        if (loweredLeft.ConstantValue == ConstantValue.False) return loweredRight;
                        goto default;

                    case BinaryOperatorKind.BoolEqual:
                        if (loweredLeft.ConstantValue == ConstantValue.True) return loweredRight;
                        if (loweredRight.ConstantValue == ConstantValue.True) return loweredLeft;

                        if (loweredLeft.ConstantValue == ConstantValue.False)
                            return MakeUnaryOperator(UnaryOperatorKind.BoolLogicalNegation, syntax, null, loweredRight, loweredRight.Type);

                        if (loweredRight.ConstantValue == ConstantValue.False)
                            return MakeUnaryOperator(UnaryOperatorKind.BoolLogicalNegation, syntax, null, loweredLeft, loweredLeft.Type);

                        goto default;

                    case BinaryOperatorKind.BoolNotEqual:
                        if (loweredLeft.ConstantValue == ConstantValue.False) return loweredRight;
                        if (loweredRight.ConstantValue == ConstantValue.False) return loweredLeft;

                        if (loweredLeft.ConstantValue == ConstantValue.True)
                            return MakeUnaryOperator(UnaryOperatorKind.BoolLogicalNegation, syntax, null, loweredRight, loweredRight.Type);

                        if (loweredRight.ConstantValue == ConstantValue.True)
                            return MakeUnaryOperator(UnaryOperatorKind.BoolLogicalNegation, syntax, null, loweredLeft, loweredLeft.Type);

                        goto default;

                    case BinaryOperatorKind.BoolXor:
                        if (loweredLeft.ConstantValue == ConstantValue.False) return loweredRight;
                        if (loweredRight.ConstantValue == ConstantValue.False) return loweredLeft;

                        if (loweredLeft.ConstantValue == ConstantValue.True)
                            return MakeUnaryOperator(UnaryOperatorKind.BoolLogicalNegation, syntax, null, loweredRight, loweredRight.Type);

                        if (loweredRight.ConstantValue == ConstantValue.True)
                            return MakeUnaryOperator(UnaryOperatorKind.BoolLogicalNegation, syntax, null, loweredLeft, loweredLeft.Type);

                        goto default;

                    case BinaryOperatorKind.IntLeftShift:
                    case BinaryOperatorKind.UIntLeftShift:
                    case BinaryOperatorKind.IntRightShift:
                    case BinaryOperatorKind.UIntRightShift:
                        return RewriteBuiltInShiftOperation(oldNode, syntax, operatorKind, loweredLeft, loweredRight, type, 0x1F);

                    case BinaryOperatorKind.LongLeftShift:
                    case BinaryOperatorKind.ULongLeftShift:
                    case BinaryOperatorKind.LongRightShift:
                    case BinaryOperatorKind.ULongRightShift:
                        return RewriteBuiltInShiftOperation(oldNode, syntax, operatorKind, loweredLeft, loweredRight, type, 0x3F);

                    case BinaryOperatorKind.DecimalAddition:
                    case BinaryOperatorKind.DecimalSubtraction:
                    case BinaryOperatorKind.DecimalMultiplication:
                    case BinaryOperatorKind.DecimalDivision:
                    case BinaryOperatorKind.DecimalRemainder:
                    case BinaryOperatorKind.DecimalEqual:
                    case BinaryOperatorKind.DecimalNotEqual:
                    case BinaryOperatorKind.DecimalLessThan:
                    case BinaryOperatorKind.DecimalLessThanOrEqual:
                    case BinaryOperatorKind.DecimalGreaterThan:
                    case BinaryOperatorKind.DecimalGreaterThanOrEqual:
                        return RewriteDecimalBinaryOperation(syntax, loweredLeft, loweredRight, operatorKind);

                    case BinaryOperatorKind.PointerAndIntAddition:
                    case BinaryOperatorKind.PointerAndUIntAddition:
                    case BinaryOperatorKind.PointerAndLongAddition:
                    case BinaryOperatorKind.PointerAndULongAddition:
                    case BinaryOperatorKind.PointerAndIntSubtraction:
                    case BinaryOperatorKind.PointerAndUIntSubtraction:
                    case BinaryOperatorKind.PointerAndLongSubtraction:
                    case BinaryOperatorKind.PointerAndULongSubtraction:
                        if (loweredRight.IsDefaultValue())
                        {
                            return loweredLeft;
                        }
                        return RewritePointerNumericOperator(syntax, operatorKind, loweredLeft, loweredRight, type, isPointerElementAccess, isLeftPointer: true);

                    case BinaryOperatorKind.IntAndPointerAddition:
                    case BinaryOperatorKind.UIntAndPointerAddition:
                    case BinaryOperatorKind.LongAndPointerAddition:
                    case BinaryOperatorKind.ULongAndPointerAddition:
                        if (loweredLeft.IsDefaultValue())
                        {
                            return loweredRight;
                        }
                        return RewritePointerNumericOperator(syntax, operatorKind, loweredLeft, loweredRight, type, isPointerElementAccess, isLeftPointer: false);

                    case BinaryOperatorKind.PointerSubtraction:
                        return RewritePointerSubtraction(operatorKind, loweredLeft, loweredRight, type);

                    case BinaryOperatorKind.IntAddition:
                    case BinaryOperatorKind.UIntAddition:
                    case BinaryOperatorKind.LongAddition:
                    case BinaryOperatorKind.ULongAddition:
                        if (loweredLeft.IsDefaultValue())
                        {
                            return loweredRight;
                        }
                        if (loweredRight.IsDefaultValue())
                        {
                            return loweredLeft;
                        }
                        goto default;

                    case BinaryOperatorKind.IntSubtraction:
                    case BinaryOperatorKind.LongSubtraction:
                    case BinaryOperatorKind.UIntSubtraction:
                    case BinaryOperatorKind.ULongSubtraction:
                        if (loweredRight.IsDefaultValue())
                        {
                            return loweredLeft;
                        }
                        goto default;

                    case BinaryOperatorKind.IntMultiplication:
                    case BinaryOperatorKind.LongMultiplication:
                    case BinaryOperatorKind.UIntMultiplication:
                    case BinaryOperatorKind.ULongMultiplication:
                        if (loweredLeft.IsDefaultValue())
                        {
                            return loweredLeft;
                        }
                        if (loweredRight.IsDefaultValue())
                        {
                            return loweredRight;
                        }
                        if (loweredLeft.ConstantValue?.UInt64Value == 1)
                        {
                            return loweredRight;
                        }
                        if (loweredRight.ConstantValue?.UInt64Value == 1)
                        {
                            return loweredLeft;
                        }
                        goto default;

                    case BinaryOperatorKind.IntGreaterThan:
                    case BinaryOperatorKind.IntLessThanOrEqual:
                        if (loweredLeft.Kind == BoundKind.ArrayLength && loweredRight.IsDefaultValue())
                        {
                            //array length is never negative
                            var newOp = operatorKind == BinaryOperatorKind.IntGreaterThan ?
                                                        BinaryOperatorKind.NotEqual :
                                                        BinaryOperatorKind.Equal;

                            operatorKind &= ~BinaryOperatorKind.OpMask;
                            operatorKind |= newOp;
                            loweredLeft = UnconvertArrayLength((BoundArrayLength)loweredLeft);
                        }
                        goto default;

                    case BinaryOperatorKind.IntLessThan:
                    case BinaryOperatorKind.IntGreaterThanOrEqual:
                        if (loweredRight.Kind == BoundKind.ArrayLength && loweredLeft.IsDefaultValue())
                        {
                            //array length is never negative
                            var newOp = operatorKind == BinaryOperatorKind.IntLessThan ?
                                                        BinaryOperatorKind.NotEqual :
                                                        BinaryOperatorKind.Equal;

                            operatorKind &= ~BinaryOperatorKind.OpMask;
                            operatorKind |= newOp;
                            loweredRight = UnconvertArrayLength((BoundArrayLength)loweredRight);
                        }
                        goto default;

                    case BinaryOperatorKind.IntEqual:
                    case BinaryOperatorKind.IntNotEqual:
                        if (loweredLeft.Kind == BoundKind.ArrayLength && loweredRight.IsDefaultValue())
                        {
                            loweredLeft = UnconvertArrayLength((BoundArrayLength)loweredLeft);
                        }
                        else if (loweredRight.Kind == BoundKind.ArrayLength && loweredLeft.IsDefaultValue())
                        {
                            loweredRight = UnconvertArrayLength((BoundArrayLength)loweredRight);
                        }

                        goto default;

                    default:
                        break;
                }
            }

            return (oldNode != null) ?
                oldNode.Update(operatorKind, loweredLeft, loweredRight, oldNode.ConstantValueOpt, oldNode.MethodOpt, oldNode.ResultKind, type) :
                new BoundBinaryOperator(syntax, operatorKind, loweredLeft, loweredRight, null, null, LookupResultKind.Viable, type);
        }
        private BoundExpression MakeNullCoalescingOperator(
            SyntaxNode syntax,
            BoundExpression rewrittenLeft,
            BoundExpression rewrittenRight,
            Conversion leftConversion,
            TypeSymbol rewrittenResultType)
        {
            Debug.Assert(rewrittenLeft != null);
            Debug.Assert(rewrittenRight != null);
            Debug.Assert(leftConversion.IsValid);
            Debug.Assert((object)rewrittenResultType != null);
            Debug.Assert(rewrittenRight.Type.Equals(rewrittenResultType, TypeCompareKind.IgnoreDynamicAndTupleNames));

            if (_inExpressionLambda)
            {
                TypeSymbol strippedLeftType    = rewrittenLeft.Type.StrippedType();
                Conversion rewrittenConversion = MakeConversion(syntax, leftConversion, strippedLeftType, rewrittenResultType);
                return(new BoundNullCoalescingOperator(syntax, rewrittenLeft, rewrittenRight, rewrittenConversion, rewrittenResultType));
            }

            // first we can make a small optimization:
            // If left is a constant then we already know whether it is null or not. If it is null then we
            // can simply generate "right". If it is not null then we can simply generate
            // MakeConversion(left).

            if (rewrittenLeft.IsDefaultValue())
            {
                return(rewrittenRight);
            }

            if (rewrittenLeft.ConstantValue != null)
            {
                Debug.Assert(!rewrittenLeft.ConstantValue.IsNull);

                return(GetConvertedLeftForNullCoalescingOperator(rewrittenLeft, leftConversion, rewrittenResultType));
            }

            // if left conversion is intrinsic implicit (always succeeds) and results in a reference type
            // we can apply conversion before doing the null check that allows for a more efficient IL emit.
            if (rewrittenLeft.Type.IsReferenceType &&
                leftConversion.IsImplicit &&
                !leftConversion.IsUserDefined)
            {
                if (!leftConversion.IsIdentity)
                {
                    rewrittenLeft = MakeConversionNode(rewrittenLeft.Syntax, rewrittenLeft, leftConversion, rewrittenResultType, @checked: false);
                }
                return(new BoundNullCoalescingOperator(syntax, rewrittenLeft, rewrittenRight, Conversion.Identity, rewrittenResultType));
            }

            if (leftConversion.IsIdentity || leftConversion.Kind == ConversionKind.ExplicitNullable)
            {
                var conditionalAccess = rewrittenLeft as BoundLoweredConditionalAccess;
                if (conditionalAccess != null &&
                    (conditionalAccess.WhenNullOpt == null || NullableNeverHasValue(conditionalAccess.WhenNullOpt)))
                {
                    var notNullAccess = NullableAlwaysHasValue(conditionalAccess.WhenNotNull);
                    if (notNullAccess != null)
                    {
                        var whenNullOpt = rewrittenRight;

                        if (whenNullOpt.Type.IsNullableType())
                        {
                            notNullAccess = conditionalAccess.WhenNotNull;
                        }

                        if (whenNullOpt.IsDefaultValue() && whenNullOpt.Type.SpecialType != SpecialType.System_Decimal)
                        {
                            whenNullOpt = null;
                        }

                        return(conditionalAccess.Update(
                                   conditionalAccess.Receiver,
                                   conditionalAccess.HasValueMethodOpt,
                                   whenNotNull: notNullAccess,
                                   whenNullOpt: whenNullOpt,
                                   id: conditionalAccess.Id,
                                   type: rewrittenResultType
                                   ));
                    }
                }
            }

            // We lower left ?? right to
            //
            // var temp = left;
            // (temp != null) ? MakeConversion(temp) : right
            //

            BoundAssignmentOperator tempAssignment;
            BoundLocal boundTemp = _factory.StoreToTemp(rewrittenLeft, out tempAssignment);

            // temp != null
            BoundExpression nullCheck = MakeNullCheck(syntax, boundTemp, BinaryOperatorKind.NotEqual);

            // MakeConversion(temp, rewrittenResultType)
            BoundExpression convertedLeft = GetConvertedLeftForNullCoalescingOperator(boundTemp, leftConversion, rewrittenResultType);

            Debug.Assert(convertedLeft.Type.Equals(rewrittenResultType, TypeCompareKind.IgnoreDynamicAndTupleNames));

            // (temp != null) ? MakeConversion(temp, LeftConversion) : RightOperand
            BoundExpression conditionalExpression = RewriteConditionalOperator(
                syntax: syntax,
                rewrittenCondition: nullCheck,
                rewrittenConsequence: convertedLeft,
                rewrittenAlternative: rewrittenRight,
                constantValueOpt: null,
                rewrittenType: rewrittenResultType);

            Debug.Assert(conditionalExpression.ConstantValue == null); // we shouldn't have hit this else case otherwise
            Debug.Assert(conditionalExpression.Type.Equals(rewrittenResultType, TypeCompareKind.IgnoreDynamicAndTupleNames));

            return(new BoundSequence(
                       syntax: syntax,
                       locals: ImmutableArray.Create(boundTemp.LocalSymbol),
                       sideEffects: ImmutableArray.Create <BoundExpression>(tempAssignment),
                       value: conditionalExpression,
                       type: rewrittenResultType));
        }