/// <summary>
/// Marshals an array. Expects the array reference on the stack. Pushes a pinned
/// managed reference to the first element on the stack or null if the array was
/// null or empty.
/// </summary>
/// <returns>Type the array was marshalled into.</returns>
private TypeDesc EmitArrayMarshalling(ArrayType arrayType)
{
Debug.Assert(arrayType.IsSzArray);
ILLocalVariable vPinnedFirstElement = _emitter.NewLocal(arrayType.ParameterType.MakeByRefType(), true);
ILLocalVariable vArray = _emitter.NewLocal(arrayType);
ILCodeLabel lNullArray = _emitter.NewCodeLabel();
// Check for null array, or 0 element array.
_marshallingCodeStream.Emit(ILOpcode.dup);
_marshallingCodeStream.EmitStLoc(vArray);
_marshallingCodeStream.Emit(ILOpcode.brfalse, lNullArray);
_marshallingCodeStream.EmitLdLoc(vArray);
_marshallingCodeStream.Emit(ILOpcode.ldlen);
_marshallingCodeStream.Emit(ILOpcode.conv_i4);
_marshallingCodeStream.Emit(ILOpcode.brfalse, lNullArray);
// Array has elements.
_marshallingCodeStream.EmitLdLoc(vArray);
_marshallingCodeStream.EmitLdc(0);
_marshallingCodeStream.Emit(ILOpcode.ldelema, _emitter.NewToken(arrayType.ElementType));
_marshallingCodeStream.EmitStLoc(vPinnedFirstElement);
// Fall through. If array didn't have elements, vPinnedFirstElement is zeroinit.
_marshallingCodeStream.EmitLabel(lNullArray);
_marshallingCodeStream.EmitLdLoc(vPinnedFirstElement);
_marshallingCodeStream.Emit(ILOpcode.conv_i);
return(_context.GetWellKnownType(WellKnownType.IntPtr));
}
private MethodIL EmitIL()
{
// Temp workaround to disable PInvoke stubs that require marshalling.
// https://github.com/dotnet/runtime/issues/248
{
if (Marshaller.IsMarshallingRequired(_targetMethod))
{
throw new NotSupportedException();
}
}
if (!_importMetadata.Flags.PreserveSig)
{
throw new NotSupportedException();
}
if (_targetMethod.HasCustomAttribute("System.Runtime.InteropServices", "LCIDConversionAttribute"))
{
throw new NotSupportedException();
}
PInvokeILCodeStreams pInvokeILCodeStreams = new PInvokeILCodeStreams();
ILEmitter emitter = pInvokeILCodeStreams.Emitter;
ILCodeStream marshallingCodestream = pInvokeILCodeStreams.MarshallingCodeStream;
ILCodeStream unmarshallingCodestream = pInvokeILCodeStreams.UnmarshallingCodestream;
ILCodeStream cleanupCodestream = pInvokeILCodeStreams.CleanupCodeStream;
/* Temp workaround: disable EH blocks because of https://github.com/dotnet/runtime/issues/248
*
* // Marshalling is wrapped in a finally block to guarantee cleanup
* ILExceptionRegionBuilder tryFinally = emitter.NewFinallyRegion();
*
* marshallingCodestream.BeginTry(tryFinally);
* cleanupCodestream.BeginHandler(tryFinally);*/
// Marshal the arguments
for (int i = 0; i < _marshallers.Length; i++)
{
_marshallers[i].EmitMarshallingIL(pInvokeILCodeStreams);
}
EmitPInvokeCall(pInvokeILCodeStreams);
ILCodeLabel lReturn = emitter.NewCodeLabel();
/* Temp workaround: disable EH blocks because of https://github.com/dotnet/runtime/issues/248
* unmarshallingCodestream.Emit(ILOpcode.leave, lReturn);
* unmarshallingCodestream.EndTry(tryFinally);
*
* cleanupCodestream.Emit(ILOpcode.endfinally);
* cleanupCodestream.EndHandler(tryFinally);*/
cleanupCodestream.EmitLabel(lReturn);
_marshallers[0].LoadReturnValue(cleanupCodestream);
cleanupCodestream.Emit(ILOpcode.ret);
return(new PInvokeILStubMethodIL((ILStubMethodIL)emitter.Link(_targetMethod)));
}
private MethodIL EmitIL()
{
PInvokeILCodeStreams pInvokeILCodeStreams = new PInvokeILCodeStreams();
ILEmitter emitter = pInvokeILCodeStreams.Emitter;
ILCodeStream marshallingCodestream = pInvokeILCodeStreams.MarshallingCodeStream;
ILCodeStream unmarshallingCodestream = pInvokeILCodeStreams.UnmarshallingCodestream;
ILCodeStream cleanupCodestream = pInvokeILCodeStreams.CleanupCodeStream;
// Marshalling is wrapped in a finally block to guarantee cleanup
ILExceptionRegionBuilder tryFinally = emitter.NewFinallyRegion();
marshallingCodestream.BeginTry(tryFinally);
cleanupCodestream.BeginHandler(tryFinally);
// Marshal the arguments
bool isHRSwappedRetVal = !_flags.PreserveSig && !_targetMethod.Signature.ReturnType.IsVoid;
for (int i = isHRSwappedRetVal ? 1 : 0; i < _marshallers.Length; i++)
{
_marshallers[i].EmitMarshallingIL(pInvokeILCodeStreams);
}
if (isHRSwappedRetVal)
{
_marshallers[0].EmitMarshallingIL(pInvokeILCodeStreams);
}
// make the call
switch (_targetMethod)
{
case DelegateMarshallingMethodThunk delegateMethod:
EmitDelegateCall(delegateMethod, pInvokeILCodeStreams);
break;
case CalliMarshallingMethodThunk calliMethod:
EmitCalli(pInvokeILCodeStreams, calliMethod);
break;
default:
EmitPInvokeCall(pInvokeILCodeStreams);
break;
}
ILCodeLabel lReturn = emitter.NewCodeLabel();
unmarshallingCodestream.Emit(ILOpcode.leave, lReturn);
unmarshallingCodestream.EndTry(tryFinally);
cleanupCodestream.Emit(ILOpcode.endfinally);
cleanupCodestream.EndHandler(tryFinally);
cleanupCodestream.EmitLabel(lReturn);
_marshallers[0].LoadReturnValue(cleanupCodestream);
cleanupCodestream.Emit(ILOpcode.ret);
return(new PInvokeILStubMethodIL((ILStubMethodIL)emitter.Link(_targetMethod), IsStubRequired()));
}
private MethodIL EmitIL()
{
if (!_importMetadata.Flags.PreserveSig)
{
throw new NotSupportedException();
}
if (MarshalHelpers.ShouldCheckForPendingException(_targetMethod.Context.Target, _importMetadata))
{
throw new NotSupportedException();
}
if (_targetMethod.IsUnmanagedCallersOnly)
{
throw new NotSupportedException();
}
if (_targetMethod.HasCustomAttribute("System.Runtime.InteropServices", "LCIDConversionAttribute"))
{
throw new NotSupportedException();
}
PInvokeILCodeStreams pInvokeILCodeStreams = new PInvokeILCodeStreams();
ILEmitter emitter = pInvokeILCodeStreams.Emitter;
ILCodeStream marshallingCodestream = pInvokeILCodeStreams.MarshallingCodeStream;
ILCodeStream unmarshallingCodestream = pInvokeILCodeStreams.UnmarshallingCodestream;
ILCodeStream cleanupCodestream = pInvokeILCodeStreams.CleanupCodeStream;
// Marshalling is wrapped in a finally block to guarantee cleanup
ILExceptionRegionBuilder tryFinally = emitter.NewFinallyRegion();
marshallingCodestream.BeginTry(tryFinally);
cleanupCodestream.BeginHandler(tryFinally);
// Marshal the arguments
for (int i = 0; i < _marshallers.Length; i++)
{
_marshallers[i].EmitMarshallingIL(pInvokeILCodeStreams);
}
EmitPInvokeCall(pInvokeILCodeStreams);
ILCodeLabel lReturn = emitter.NewCodeLabel();
unmarshallingCodestream.Emit(ILOpcode.leave, lReturn);
unmarshallingCodestream.EndTry(tryFinally);
cleanupCodestream.Emit(ILOpcode.endfinally);
cleanupCodestream.EndHandler(tryFinally);
cleanupCodestream.EmitLabel(lReturn);
_marshallers[0].LoadReturnValue(cleanupCodestream);
cleanupCodestream.Emit(ILOpcode.ret);
return(new PInvokeILStubMethodIL((ILStubMethodIL)emitter.Link(_targetMethod)));
}
public static MethodIL EmitIL(MethodDesc method)
{
Debug.Assert(((MetadataType)method.OwningType).Name == "Stream");
bool isRead = method.Name == "HasOverriddenBeginEndRead";
if (!isRead && method.Name != "HasOverriddenBeginEndWrite")
{
return(null);
}
TypeDesc streamClass = method.OwningType;
MethodDesc beginMethod = streamClass.GetMethod(isRead ? "BeginRead" : "BeginWrite", null);
MethodDesc endMethod = streamClass.GetMethod(isRead ? "EndRead" : "EndWrite", null);
ILEmitter emitter = new ILEmitter();
ILCodeStream codestream = emitter.NewCodeStream();
ILCodeLabel lOverriden = emitter.NewCodeLabel();
ILToken beginMethodToken = emitter.NewToken(beginMethod);
codestream.EmitLdArg(0);
codestream.Emit(ILOpcode.ldvirtftn, beginMethodToken);
codestream.Emit(ILOpcode.ldftn, beginMethodToken);
codestream.Emit(ILOpcode.bne_un, lOverriden);
ILToken endMethodToken = emitter.NewToken(endMethod);
codestream.EmitLdArg(0);
codestream.Emit(ILOpcode.ldvirtftn, endMethodToken);
codestream.Emit(ILOpcode.ldftn, endMethodToken);
codestream.Emit(ILOpcode.bne_un, lOverriden);
codestream.EmitLdc(0);
codestream.Emit(ILOpcode.ret);
codestream.EmitLabel(lOverriden);
codestream.EmitLdc(1);
codestream.Emit(ILOpcode.ret);
return(emitter.Link(method));
}
public override MethodIL EmitIL()
{
ILEmitter emitter = new ILEmitter();
ILCodeStream codeStream = emitter.NewCodeStream();
// InstantiateAsOpen covers the weird case of generic enums
TypeDesc owningTypeAsOpen = _owningType.InstantiateAsOpen();
ILCodeLabel lNotEqual = emitter.NewCodeLabel();
// if (!(obj is {enumtype}))
// return false;
codeStream.EmitLdArg(1);
codeStream.Emit(ILOpcode.isinst, emitter.NewToken(owningTypeAsOpen));
codeStream.Emit(ILOpcode.dup);
codeStream.Emit(ILOpcode.brfalse, lNotEqual);
// return ({underlyingtype})this == ({underlyingtype})obj;
// PREFER: ILOpcode.unbox, but the codegen for that is pretty bad
codeStream.Emit(ILOpcode.ldflda, emitter.NewToken(Context.GetWellKnownType(WellKnownType.Object).GetKnownField("m_pEEType")));
codeStream.EmitLdc(Context.Target.PointerSize);
codeStream.Emit(ILOpcode.add);
codeStream.EmitLdInd(owningTypeAsOpen);
codeStream.EmitLdArg(0);
codeStream.EmitLdInd(owningTypeAsOpen);
codeStream.Emit(ILOpcode.ceq);
codeStream.Emit(ILOpcode.ret);
codeStream.EmitLabel(lNotEqual);
codeStream.Emit(ILOpcode.pop);
codeStream.EmitLdc(0);
codeStream.Emit(ILOpcode.ret);
return(emitter.Link(this));
}
public override MethodIL EmitIL()
{
ILEmitter emitter = new ILEmitter();
ILCodeStream codeStream = emitter.NewCodeStream();
ArrayType invocationListArrayType = SystemDelegateType.MakeArrayType();
ILLocalVariable delegateArrayLocal = emitter.NewLocal(invocationListArrayType);
ILLocalVariable invocationCountLocal = emitter.NewLocal(Context.GetWellKnownType(WellKnownType.Int32));
ILLocalVariable iteratorLocal = emitter.NewLocal(Context.GetWellKnownType(WellKnownType.Int32));
ILLocalVariable delegateToCallLocal = emitter.NewLocal(SystemDelegateType);
ILLocalVariable returnValueLocal = 0;
if (!Signature.ReturnType.IsVoid)
{
returnValueLocal = emitter.NewLocal(Signature.ReturnType);
}
// Fill in delegateArrayLocal
// Delegate[] delegateArrayLocal = (Delegate[])this.m_helperObject
// ldarg.0 (this pointer)
// ldfld Delegate.HelperObjectField
// castclass Delegate[]
// stloc delegateArrayLocal
codeStream.EmitLdArg(0);
codeStream.Emit(ILOpcode.ldfld, emitter.NewToken(HelperObjectField));
codeStream.Emit(ILOpcode.castclass, emitter.NewToken(invocationListArrayType));
codeStream.EmitStLoc(delegateArrayLocal);
// Fill in invocationCountLocal
// int invocationCountLocal = this.m_extraFunctionPointerOrData
// ldarg.0 (this pointer)
// ldfld Delegate.m_extraFunctionPointerOrData
// stloc invocationCountLocal
codeStream.EmitLdArg(0);
codeStream.Emit(ILOpcode.ldfld, emitter.NewToken(ExtraFunctionPointerOrDataField));
codeStream.EmitStLoc(invocationCountLocal);
// Fill in iteratorLocal
// int iteratorLocal = 0;
// ldc.0
// stloc iteratorLocal
codeStream.EmitLdc(0);
codeStream.EmitStLoc(iteratorLocal);
// Loop across every element of the array.
ILCodeLabel startOfLoopLabel = emitter.NewCodeLabel();
codeStream.EmitLabel(startOfLoopLabel);
// Implement as do/while loop. We only have this stub in play if we're in the multicast situation
// Find the delegate to call
// Delegate = delegateToCallLocal = delegateArrayLocal[iteratorLocal];
// ldloc delegateArrayLocal
// ldloc iteratorLocal
// ldelem System.Delegate
// stloc delegateToCallLocal
codeStream.EmitLdLoc(delegateArrayLocal);
codeStream.EmitLdLoc(iteratorLocal);
codeStream.Emit(ILOpcode.ldelem, emitter.NewToken(SystemDelegateType));
codeStream.EmitStLoc(delegateToCallLocal);
// Call the delegate
// returnValueLocal = delegateToCallLocal(...);
// ldloc delegateToCallLocal
// ldfld System.Delegate.m_firstParameter
// ldarg 1, n
// ldloc delegateToCallLocal
// ldfld System.Delegate.m_functionPointer
// calli returnValueType thiscall (all the params)
// IF there is a return value
// stloc returnValueLocal
codeStream.EmitLdLoc(delegateToCallLocal);
codeStream.Emit(ILOpcode.ldfld, emitter.NewToken(FirstParameterField));
for (int i = 0; i < Signature.Length; i++)
{
codeStream.EmitLdArg(i + 1);
}
codeStream.EmitLdLoc(delegateToCallLocal);
codeStream.Emit(ILOpcode.ldfld, emitter.NewToken(FunctionPointerField));
codeStream.Emit(ILOpcode.calli, emitter.NewToken(Signature));
if (returnValueLocal != 0)
{
codeStream.EmitStLoc(returnValueLocal);
}
// Increment iteratorLocal
// ++iteratorLocal;
// ldloc iteratorLocal
// ldc.i4.1
// add
// stloc iteratorLocal
codeStream.EmitLdLoc(iteratorLocal);
codeStream.EmitLdc(1);
codeStream.Emit(ILOpcode.add);
codeStream.EmitStLoc(iteratorLocal);
// Check to see if the loop is done
codeStream.EmitLdLoc(invocationCountLocal);
codeStream.EmitLdLoc(iteratorLocal);
codeStream.Emit(ILOpcode.bne_un, startOfLoopLabel);
// Return to caller. If the delegate has a return value, be certain to return that.
// return returnValueLocal;
// ldloc returnValueLocal
// ret
if (returnValueLocal != 0)
{
codeStream.EmitLdLoc(returnValueLocal);
}
codeStream.Emit(ILOpcode.ret);
return(emitter.Link(this));
}
public override MethodIL EmitIL()
{
ILEmitter emitter = new ILEmitter();
ILCodeStream argSetupStream = emitter.NewCodeStream();
ILCodeStream thisCallSiteSetupStream = emitter.NewCodeStream();
ILCodeStream staticCallSiteSetupStream = emitter.NewCodeStream();
// This function will look like
//
// !For each parameter to the method
// !if (parameter is In Parameter)
// localX is TypeOfParameterX&
// ldtoken TypeOfParameterX
// call DynamicInvokeParamHelperIn(RuntimeTypeHandle)
// stloc localX
// !else
// localX is TypeOfParameter
// ldtoken TypeOfParameterX
// call DynamicInvokeParamHelperRef(RuntimeTypeHandle)
// stloc localX
// ldarg.2
// call DynamicInvokeArgSetupComplete(ref ArgSetupState)
// *** Thiscall instruction stream starts here ***
// ldarg.3 // Load targetIsThisCall
// brfalse Not_this_call
// ldarg.0 // Load this pointer
// !For each parameter
// !if (parameter is In Parameter)
// ldloc localX
// ldobj TypeOfParameterX
// !else
// ldloc localX
// ldarg.1
// calli ReturnType thiscall(TypeOfParameter1, ...)
// !if ((ReturnType == void)
// ldnull
// !elif (ReturnType is pointer)
// System.Reflection.Pointer.Box(ReturnType)
// !else
// box ReturnType
// ret
// *** Static call instruction stream starts here ***
// Not_this_call:
// !For each parameter
// !if (parameter is In Parameter)
// ldloc localX
// ldobj TypeOfParameterX
// !else
// ldloc localX
// ldarg.1
// calli ReturnType (TypeOfParameter1, ...)
// !if ((ReturnType == void)
// ldnull
// !elif (ReturnType is pointer)
// System.Reflection.Pointer.Box(ReturnType)
// !else
// box ReturnType
// ret
ILCodeLabel lStaticCall = emitter.NewCodeLabel();
thisCallSiteSetupStream.EmitLdArg(3); // targetIsThisCall
thisCallSiteSetupStream.Emit(ILOpcode.brfalse, lStaticCall);
staticCallSiteSetupStream.EmitLabel(lStaticCall);
thisCallSiteSetupStream.EmitLdArg(0); // thisPtr
ILToken tokDynamicInvokeParamHelperRef =
emitter.NewToken(InvokeUtilsType.GetKnownMethod("DynamicInvokeParamHelperRef", null));
ILToken tokDynamicInvokeParamHelperIn =
emitter.NewToken(InvokeUtilsType.GetKnownMethod("DynamicInvokeParamHelperIn", null));
TypeDesc[] targetMethodSignature = new TypeDesc[_targetSignature.Length];
for (int paramIndex = 0; paramIndex < _targetSignature.Length; paramIndex++)
{
TypeDesc paramType = Context.GetSignatureVariable(paramIndex, true);
DynamicInvokeMethodParameterKind paramKind = _targetSignature[paramIndex];
if (paramKind == DynamicInvokeMethodParameterKind.Pointer)
{
for (int i = 0; i < _targetSignature.GetNumberOfParameterPointerIndirections(paramIndex); i++)
{
paramType = paramType.MakePointerType();
}
}
ILToken tokParamType = emitter.NewToken(paramType);
ILLocalVariable local = emitter.NewLocal(paramType.MakeByRefType());
thisCallSiteSetupStream.EmitLdLoc(local);
staticCallSiteSetupStream.EmitLdLoc(local);
argSetupStream.Emit(ILOpcode.ldtoken, tokParamType);
if (paramKind == DynamicInvokeMethodParameterKind.Reference)
{
argSetupStream.Emit(ILOpcode.call, tokDynamicInvokeParamHelperRef);
targetMethodSignature[paramIndex] = paramType.MakeByRefType();
}
else
{
argSetupStream.Emit(ILOpcode.call, tokDynamicInvokeParamHelperIn);
thisCallSiteSetupStream.Emit(ILOpcode.ldobj, tokParamType);
staticCallSiteSetupStream.Emit(ILOpcode.ldobj, tokParamType);
targetMethodSignature[paramIndex] = paramType;
}
argSetupStream.EmitStLoc(local);
}
argSetupStream.EmitLdArg(2); // argSetupState
argSetupStream.Emit(ILOpcode.call, emitter.NewToken(InvokeUtilsType.GetKnownMethod("DynamicInvokeArgSetupComplete", null)));
thisCallSiteSetupStream.EmitLdArg(1); // methodToCall
staticCallSiteSetupStream.EmitLdArg(1); // methodToCall
DynamicInvokeMethodParameterKind returnKind = _targetSignature.ReturnType;
TypeDesc returnType = returnKind != DynamicInvokeMethodParameterKind.None ?
Context.GetSignatureVariable(_targetSignature.Length, true) :
Context.GetWellKnownType(WellKnownType.Void);
if (returnKind == DynamicInvokeMethodParameterKind.Pointer)
{
for (int i = 0; i < _targetSignature.GetNumerOfReturnTypePointerIndirections(); i++)
{
returnType = returnType.MakePointerType();
}
}
MethodSignature thisCallMethodSig = new MethodSignature(0, 0, returnType, targetMethodSignature);
thisCallSiteSetupStream.Emit(ILOpcode.calli, emitter.NewToken(thisCallMethodSig));
MethodSignature staticCallMethodSig = new MethodSignature(MethodSignatureFlags.Static, 0, returnType, targetMethodSignature);
staticCallSiteSetupStream.Emit(ILOpcode.calli, emitter.NewToken(staticCallMethodSig));
if (returnKind == DynamicInvokeMethodParameterKind.None)
{
thisCallSiteSetupStream.Emit(ILOpcode.ldnull);
staticCallSiteSetupStream.Emit(ILOpcode.ldnull);
}
else if (returnKind == DynamicInvokeMethodParameterKind.Pointer)
{
thisCallSiteSetupStream.Emit(ILOpcode.ldtoken, emitter.NewToken(returnType));
staticCallSiteSetupStream.Emit(ILOpcode.ldtoken, emitter.NewToken(returnType));
MethodDesc getTypeFromHandleMethod =
Context.SystemModule.GetKnownType("System", "Type").GetKnownMethod("GetTypeFromHandle", null);
thisCallSiteSetupStream.Emit(ILOpcode.call, emitter.NewToken(getTypeFromHandleMethod));
staticCallSiteSetupStream.Emit(ILOpcode.call, emitter.NewToken(getTypeFromHandleMethod));
MethodDesc pointerBoxMethod =
Context.SystemModule.GetKnownType("System.Reflection", "Pointer").GetKnownMethod("Box", null);
thisCallSiteSetupStream.Emit(ILOpcode.call, emitter.NewToken(pointerBoxMethod));
staticCallSiteSetupStream.Emit(ILOpcode.call, emitter.NewToken(pointerBoxMethod));
}
else
{
Debug.Assert(returnKind == DynamicInvokeMethodParameterKind.Value);
ILToken tokReturnType = emitter.NewToken(returnType);
thisCallSiteSetupStream.Emit(ILOpcode.box, tokReturnType);
staticCallSiteSetupStream.Emit(ILOpcode.box, tokReturnType);
}
thisCallSiteSetupStream.Emit(ILOpcode.ret);
staticCallSiteSetupStream.Emit(ILOpcode.ret);
return(emitter.Link(this));
}
public override MethodIL EmitIL()
{
// We will generate the following code:
//
// object ret;
// object[] args = new object[parameterCount];
// args[0] = param0;
// args[1] = param1;
// ...
// try {
// ret = ((Func<object[], object>)dlg.m_helperObject)(args);
// } finally {
// param0 = (T0)args[0]; // only generated for each byref argument
// }
// return (TRet)ret;
ILEmitter emitter = new ILEmitter();
ILCodeStream codeStream = emitter.NewCodeStream();
TypeDesc objectType = Context.GetWellKnownType(WellKnownType.Object);
TypeDesc objectArrayType = objectType.MakeArrayType();
ILLocalVariable argsLocal = emitter.NewLocal(objectArrayType);
bool hasReturnValue = !Signature.ReturnType.IsVoid;
bool hasRefArgs = false;
if (Signature.Length > 0)
{
codeStream.EmitLdc(Signature.Length);
codeStream.Emit(ILOpcode.newarr, emitter.NewToken(objectType));
codeStream.EmitStLoc(argsLocal);
for (int i = 0; i < Signature.Length; i++)
{
TypeDesc paramType = Signature[i];
bool paramIsByRef = false;
if (paramType.IsByRef)
{
hasRefArgs |= paramType.IsByRef;
paramIsByRef = true;
paramType = ((ByRefType)paramType).ParameterType;
}
hasRefArgs |= paramType.IsByRef;
codeStream.EmitLdLoc(argsLocal);
codeStream.EmitLdc(i);
codeStream.EmitLdArg(i + 1);
ILToken paramToken = emitter.NewToken(paramType);
if (paramIsByRef)
{
codeStream.Emit(ILOpcode.ldobj, paramToken);
}
codeStream.Emit(ILOpcode.box, paramToken);
codeStream.Emit(ILOpcode.stelem_ref);
}
}
else
{
MethodDesc emptyObjectArrayMethod = Context.GetHelperEntryPoint("DelegateHelpers", "GetEmptyObjectArray");
codeStream.Emit(ILOpcode.call, emitter.NewToken(emptyObjectArrayMethod));
codeStream.EmitStLoc(argsLocal);
}
ILExceptionRegionBuilder tryFinallyRegion = null;
if (hasRefArgs)
{
// we emit a try/finally to update the args array even if an exception is thrown
tryFinallyRegion = emitter.NewFinallyRegion();
codeStream.BeginTry(tryFinallyRegion);
}
codeStream.EmitLdArg(0);
codeStream.Emit(ILOpcode.ldfld, emitter.NewToken(HelperObjectField));
MetadataType funcType = Context.SystemModule.GetKnownType("System", "Func`2");
TypeDesc instantiatedFunc = funcType.MakeInstantiatedType(objectArrayType, objectType);
codeStream.Emit(ILOpcode.castclass, emitter.NewToken(instantiatedFunc));
codeStream.EmitLdLoc(argsLocal);
MethodDesc invokeMethod = instantiatedFunc.GetKnownMethod("Invoke", null);
codeStream.Emit(ILOpcode.callvirt, emitter.NewToken(invokeMethod));
ILLocalVariable retLocal = (ILLocalVariable)(-1);
if (hasReturnValue)
{
retLocal = emitter.NewLocal(objectType);
codeStream.EmitStLoc(retLocal);
}
else
{
codeStream.Emit(ILOpcode.pop);
}
if (hasRefArgs)
{
ILCodeLabel returnLabel = emitter.NewCodeLabel();
codeStream.Emit(ILOpcode.leave, returnLabel);
codeStream.EndTry(tryFinallyRegion);
// copy back ref/out args
codeStream.BeginHandler(tryFinallyRegion);
for (int i = 0; i < Signature.Length; i++)
{
TypeDesc paramType = Signature[i];
if (paramType.IsByRef)
{
paramType = ((ByRefType)paramType).ParameterType;
ILToken paramToken = emitter.NewToken(paramType);
// Update parameter
codeStream.EmitLdArg(i + 1);
codeStream.EmitLdLoc(argsLocal);
codeStream.EmitLdc(i);
codeStream.Emit(ILOpcode.ldelem_ref);
codeStream.Emit(ILOpcode.unbox_any, paramToken);
codeStream.Emit(ILOpcode.stobj, paramToken);
}
}
codeStream.Emit(ILOpcode.endfinally);
codeStream.EndHandler(tryFinallyRegion);
codeStream.EmitLabel(returnLabel);
}
if (hasReturnValue)
{
codeStream.EmitLdLoc(retLocal);
codeStream.Emit(ILOpcode.unbox_any, emitter.NewToken(Signature.ReturnType));
}
codeStream.Emit(ILOpcode.ret);
return(emitter.Link(this));
}
/// <summary>
/// Generates a calli sequence that is aware of fat function pointers and can unwrap them into
/// a function pointer + instantiation argument if necessary.
/// </summary>
public static void EmitTransformedCalli(ILEmitter emitter, ILCodeStream codestream, MethodSignature targetSignature)
{
TypeSystemContext context = targetSignature.ReturnType.Context;
int thisPointerParamDelta = 0;
if (!targetSignature.IsStatic)
{
thisPointerParamDelta = 1;
}
// Start by saving the pointer to call and all the args into locals
ILLocalVariable vPointerToCall = emitter.NewLocal(context.GetWellKnownType(WellKnownType.IntPtr));
codestream.EmitStLoc(vPointerToCall);
ILLocalVariable[] vParameters = new ILLocalVariable[targetSignature.Length + thisPointerParamDelta];
for (int i = thisPointerParamDelta; i < vParameters.Length; i++)
{
vParameters[vParameters.Length - i - 1 + thisPointerParamDelta] = emitter.NewLocal(targetSignature[targetSignature.Length - (i - thisPointerParamDelta) - 1]);
codestream.EmitStLoc(vParameters[vParameters.Length - i - 1 + thisPointerParamDelta]);
}
if (!targetSignature.IsStatic)
{
vParameters[0] = emitter.NewLocal(context.GetWellKnownType(WellKnownType.Object));
codestream.EmitStLoc(vParameters[0]);
}
// Is this a fat pointer?
codestream.EmitLdLoc(vPointerToCall);
Debug.Assert(((FatFunctionPointerConstants.Offset - 1) & FatFunctionPointerConstants.Offset) == 0);
codestream.EmitLdc(FatFunctionPointerConstants.Offset);
codestream.Emit(ILOpcode.and);
ILCodeLabel notAFatPointer = emitter.NewCodeLabel();
codestream.Emit(ILOpcode.brfalse, notAFatPointer);
//
// Fat pointer case
//
codestream.EmitLdLoc(vPointerToCall);
codestream.EmitLdc(FatFunctionPointerConstants.Offset);
codestream.Emit(ILOpcode.sub);
// Get the pointer to call from the fat pointer
codestream.Emit(ILOpcode.dup);
codestream.Emit(ILOpcode.ldind_i);
codestream.EmitStLoc(vPointerToCall);
// Get the instantiation argument
codestream.EmitLdc(context.Target.PointerSize);
codestream.Emit(ILOpcode.add);
codestream.Emit(ILOpcode.ldind_i);
codestream.Emit(ILOpcode.ldind_i);
ILLocalVariable instArg = emitter.NewLocal(context.GetWellKnownType(WellKnownType.IntPtr));
codestream.EmitStLoc(instArg);
// Load this
int firstRealParameter = 0;
if (!targetSignature.IsStatic)
{
codestream.EmitLdLoc(vParameters[0]);
firstRealParameter = 1;
}
// Load hidden arg
codestream.EmitLdLoc(instArg);
// Load rest of args
for (int i = firstRealParameter; i < vParameters.Length; i++)
{
codestream.EmitLdLoc(vParameters[i]);
}
codestream.EmitLdLoc(vPointerToCall);
// The signature has a hidden argument
TypeDesc[] newParameters = new TypeDesc[targetSignature.Length + 1];
for (int i = 0; i < targetSignature.Length; i++)
{
newParameters[i + 1] = targetSignature[i];
}
newParameters[0] = context.GetWellKnownType(WellKnownType.IntPtr);
MethodSignature newMethodSignature = new MethodSignature(targetSignature.Flags,
targetSignature.GenericParameterCount, targetSignature.ReturnType, newParameters);
codestream.Emit(ILOpcode.calli, emitter.NewToken(newMethodSignature));
ILCodeLabel done = emitter.NewCodeLabel();
codestream.Emit(ILOpcode.br, done);
//
// Not a fat pointer case
//
codestream.EmitLabel(notAFatPointer);
for (int i = 0; i < vParameters.Length; i++)
{
codestream.EmitLdLoc(vParameters[i]);
}
codestream.EmitLdLoc(vPointerToCall);
codestream.Emit(ILOpcode.calli, emitter.NewToken(targetSignature));
codestream.EmitLabel(done);
// Workaround for https://github.com/dotnet/corert/issues/2073
codestream.Emit(ILOpcode.nop);
}
/// <summary>
/// Generates a calli sequence that is aware of fat function pointers and can unwrap them into
/// a function pointer + instantiation argument if necessary.
/// </summary>
public static void EmitTransformedCalli(ILEmitter emitter, ILCodeStream codestream, MethodSignature targetSignature)
{
TypeSystemContext context = targetSignature.ReturnType.Context;
int thisPointerParamDelta = 0;
if (!targetSignature.IsStatic)
thisPointerParamDelta = 1;
// Start by saving the pointer to call and all the args into locals
ILLocalVariable vPointerToCall = emitter.NewLocal(context.GetWellKnownType(WellKnownType.IntPtr));
codestream.EmitStLoc(vPointerToCall);
ILLocalVariable[] vParameters = new ILLocalVariable[targetSignature.Length + thisPointerParamDelta];
for (int i = thisPointerParamDelta; i < vParameters.Length; i++)
{
vParameters[vParameters.Length - i - 1 + thisPointerParamDelta] = emitter.NewLocal(targetSignature[targetSignature.Length - (i - thisPointerParamDelta) - 1]);
codestream.EmitStLoc(vParameters[vParameters.Length - i - 1 + thisPointerParamDelta]);
}
if (!targetSignature.IsStatic)
{
vParameters[0] = emitter.NewLocal(context.GetWellKnownType(WellKnownType.Object));
codestream.EmitStLoc(vParameters[0]);
}
// Is this a fat pointer?
codestream.EmitLdLoc(vPointerToCall);
Debug.Assert(((FatFunctionPointerConstants.Offset - 1) & FatFunctionPointerConstants.Offset) == 0);
codestream.EmitLdc(FatFunctionPointerConstants.Offset);
codestream.Emit(ILOpcode.and);
ILCodeLabel notAFatPointer = emitter.NewCodeLabel();
codestream.Emit(ILOpcode.brfalse, notAFatPointer);
//
// Fat pointer case
//
codestream.EmitLdLoc(vPointerToCall);
codestream.EmitLdc(FatFunctionPointerConstants.Offset);
codestream.Emit(ILOpcode.sub);
// Get the pointer to call from the fat pointer
codestream.Emit(ILOpcode.dup);
codestream.Emit(ILOpcode.ldind_i);
codestream.EmitStLoc(vPointerToCall);
// Get the instantiation argument
codestream.EmitLdc(context.Target.PointerSize);
codestream.Emit(ILOpcode.add);
codestream.Emit(ILOpcode.ldind_i);
codestream.Emit(ILOpcode.ldind_i);
ILLocalVariable instArg = emitter.NewLocal(context.GetWellKnownType(WellKnownType.IntPtr));
codestream.EmitStLoc(instArg);
// Load this
int firstRealParameter = 0;
if (!targetSignature.IsStatic)
{
codestream.EmitLdLoc(vParameters[0]);
firstRealParameter = 1;
}
// Load hidden arg
codestream.EmitLdLoc(instArg);
// Load rest of args
for (int i = firstRealParameter; i < vParameters.Length; i++)
{
codestream.EmitLdLoc(vParameters[i]);
}
codestream.EmitLdLoc(vPointerToCall);
// The signature has a hidden argument
TypeDesc[] newParameters = new TypeDesc[targetSignature.Length + 1];
for (int i = 0; i < targetSignature.Length; i++)
newParameters[i + 1] = targetSignature[i];
newParameters[0] = context.GetWellKnownType(WellKnownType.IntPtr);
MethodSignature newMethodSignature = new MethodSignature(targetSignature.Flags,
targetSignature.GenericParameterCount, targetSignature.ReturnType, newParameters);
codestream.Emit(ILOpcode.calli, emitter.NewToken(newMethodSignature));
ILCodeLabel done = emitter.NewCodeLabel();
codestream.Emit(ILOpcode.br, done);
//
// Not a fat pointer case
//
codestream.EmitLabel(notAFatPointer);
for (int i = 0; i < vParameters.Length; i++)
{
codestream.EmitLdLoc(vParameters[i]);
}
codestream.EmitLdLoc(vPointerToCall);
codestream.Emit(ILOpcode.calli, emitter.NewToken(targetSignature));
codestream.EmitLabel(done);
}
public override MethodIL EmitIL()
{
ILEmitter emitter = new ILEmitter();
ILCodeStream argSetupStream = emitter.NewCodeStream();
ILCodeStream thisCallSiteSetupStream = emitter.NewCodeStream();
ILCodeStream staticCallSiteSetupStream = emitter.NewCodeStream();
ILCodeStream returnCodeStream = emitter.NewCodeStream();
// This function will look like
//
// !For each parameter to the method
// !if (parameter is In Parameter)
// localX is TypeOfParameterX&
// ldarg.2
// ldtoken TypeOfParameterX
// call DynamicInvokeParamHelperIn(ref ArgSetupState, RuntimeTypeHandle)
// stloc localX
// !else
// localX is TypeOfParameter
// ldarg.2
// ldtoken TypeOfParameterX
// call DynamicInvokeParamHelperRef(ref ArgSetupState, RuntimeTypeHandle)
// stloc localX
// ldarg.2
// call DynamicInvokeArgSetupComplete(ref ArgSetupState)
// *** Thiscall instruction stream starts here ***
// ldarg.3 // Load targetIsThisCall
// brfalse Not_this_call
// ldarg.0 // Load this pointer
// !For each parameter
// !if (parameter is In Parameter)
// ldloc localX
// ldobj TypeOfParameterX
// !else
// ldloc localX
// ldarg.1
// calli ReturnType thiscall(TypeOfParameter1, ...)
// br Process_return
// *** Static call instruction stream starts here ***
// Not_this_call:
// !For each parameter
// !if (parameter is In Parameter)
// ldloc localX
// ldobj TypeOfParameterX
// !else
// ldloc localX
// ldarg.1
// calli ReturnType (TypeOfParameter1, ...)
// *** Return code stream starts here ***
// Process_return:
// !if (ReturnType is Byref)
// dup
// brfalse ByRefNull
// ldobj ReturnType
// !if ((ReturnType == void)
// ldnull
// !elif (ReturnType is pointer)
// System.Reflection.Pointer.Box(ReturnType)
// !else
// box ReturnType
// ret
//
// !if (ReturnType is ByRef)
// ByRefNull:
// throw NullReferenceException
ILCodeLabel lStaticCall = emitter.NewCodeLabel();
ILCodeLabel lProcessReturn = emitter.NewCodeLabel();
thisCallSiteSetupStream.EmitLdArg(3); // targetIsThisCall
thisCallSiteSetupStream.Emit(ILOpcode.brfalse, lStaticCall);
staticCallSiteSetupStream.EmitLabel(lStaticCall);
thisCallSiteSetupStream.EmitLdArg(0); // thisPtr
ILToken tokDynamicInvokeParamHelperRef =
emitter.NewToken(InvokeUtilsType.GetKnownMethod("DynamicInvokeParamHelperRef", null));
ILToken tokDynamicInvokeParamHelperIn =
emitter.NewToken(InvokeUtilsType.GetKnownMethod("DynamicInvokeParamHelperIn", null));
TypeDesc[] targetMethodSignature = new TypeDesc[_targetSignature.Length];
for (int paramIndex = 0; paramIndex < _targetSignature.Length; paramIndex++)
{
TypeDesc paramType = Context.GetSignatureVariable(paramIndex, true);
DynamicInvokeMethodParameterKind paramKind = _targetSignature[paramIndex];
for (int i = 0; i < _targetSignature.GetNumberOfParameterPointerIndirections(paramIndex); i++)
{
paramType = paramType.MakePointerType();
}
ILToken tokParamType = emitter.NewToken(paramType);
ILLocalVariable local = emitter.NewLocal(paramType.MakeByRefType());
thisCallSiteSetupStream.EmitLdLoc(local);
staticCallSiteSetupStream.EmitLdLoc(local);
argSetupStream.EmitLdArg(2); // argSetupState
argSetupStream.Emit(ILOpcode.ldtoken, tokParamType);
if (paramKind == DynamicInvokeMethodParameterKind.Reference)
{
argSetupStream.Emit(ILOpcode.call, tokDynamicInvokeParamHelperRef);
targetMethodSignature[paramIndex] = paramType.MakeByRefType();
}
else
{
argSetupStream.Emit(ILOpcode.call, tokDynamicInvokeParamHelperIn);
thisCallSiteSetupStream.EmitLdInd(paramType);
staticCallSiteSetupStream.EmitLdInd(paramType);
targetMethodSignature[paramIndex] = paramType;
}
argSetupStream.EmitStLoc(local);
}
argSetupStream.EmitLdArg(2); // argSetupState
argSetupStream.Emit(ILOpcode.call, emitter.NewToken(InvokeUtilsType.GetKnownMethod("DynamicInvokeArgSetupComplete", null)));
thisCallSiteSetupStream.EmitLdArg(1); // methodToCall
staticCallSiteSetupStream.EmitLdArg(1); // methodToCall
DynamicInvokeMethodParameterKind returnKind = _targetSignature.ReturnType;
TypeDesc returnType = returnKind != DynamicInvokeMethodParameterKind.None ?
Context.GetSignatureVariable(_targetSignature.Length, true) :
Context.GetWellKnownType(WellKnownType.Void);
for (int i = 0; i < _targetSignature.GetNumerOfReturnTypePointerIndirections(); i++)
{
returnType = returnType.MakePointerType();
}
if (returnKind == DynamicInvokeMethodParameterKind.Reference)
{
returnType = returnType.MakeByRefType();
}
MethodSignature thisCallMethodSig = new MethodSignature(0, 0, returnType, targetMethodSignature);
thisCallSiteSetupStream.Emit(ILOpcode.calli, emitter.NewToken(thisCallMethodSig));
thisCallSiteSetupStream.Emit(ILOpcode.br, lProcessReturn);
MethodSignature staticCallMethodSig = new MethodSignature(MethodSignatureFlags.Static, 0, returnType, targetMethodSignature);
staticCallSiteSetupStream.Emit(ILOpcode.calli, emitter.NewToken(staticCallMethodSig));
returnCodeStream.EmitLabel(lProcessReturn);
ILCodeLabel lByRefReturnNull = null;
if (returnKind == DynamicInvokeMethodParameterKind.None)
{
returnCodeStream.Emit(ILOpcode.ldnull);
}
else
{
TypeDesc returnTypeForBoxing = returnType;
if (returnType.IsByRef)
{
// If this is a byref return, we need to dereference first
returnTypeForBoxing = ((ByRefType)returnType).ParameterType;
lByRefReturnNull = emitter.NewCodeLabel();
returnCodeStream.Emit(ILOpcode.dup);
returnCodeStream.Emit(ILOpcode.brfalse, lByRefReturnNull);
returnCodeStream.EmitLdInd(returnTypeForBoxing);
}
if (returnTypeForBoxing.IsPointer)
{
// Pointers box differently
returnCodeStream.Emit(ILOpcode.ldtoken, emitter.NewToken(returnTypeForBoxing));
MethodDesc getTypeFromHandleMethod =
Context.SystemModule.GetKnownType("System", "Type").GetKnownMethod("GetTypeFromHandle", null);
returnCodeStream.Emit(ILOpcode.call, emitter.NewToken(getTypeFromHandleMethod));
MethodDesc pointerBoxMethod =
Context.SystemModule.GetKnownType("System.Reflection", "Pointer").GetKnownMethod("Box", null);
returnCodeStream.Emit(ILOpcode.call, emitter.NewToken(pointerBoxMethod));
}
else
{
ILToken tokReturnType = emitter.NewToken(returnTypeForBoxing);
returnCodeStream.Emit(ILOpcode.box, tokReturnType);
}
}
returnCodeStream.Emit(ILOpcode.ret);
if (lByRefReturnNull != null)
{
returnCodeStream.EmitLabel(lByRefReturnNull);
MethodDesc nullReferencedExceptionHelper = Context.GetHelperEntryPoint("ThrowHelpers", "ThrowInvokeNullRefReturned");
returnCodeStream.EmitCallThrowHelper(emitter, nullReferencedExceptionHelper);
}
return(emitter.Link(this));
}
public override MethodIL EmitIL()
{
ILEmitter emitter = new ILEmitter();
ILCodeStream argSetupStream = emitter.NewCodeStream();
ILCodeStream thisCallSiteSetupStream = emitter.NewCodeStream();
ILCodeStream staticCallSiteSetupStream = emitter.NewCodeStream();
// This function will look like
//
// !For each parameter to the method
// !if (parameter is In Parameter)
// localX is TypeOfParameterX&
// ldtoken TypeOfParameterX
// call DynamicInvokeParamHelperIn(RuntimeTypeHandle)
// stloc localX
// !else
// localX is TypeOfParameter
// ldtoken TypeOfParameterX
// call DynamicInvokeParamHelperRef(RuntimeTypeHandle)
// stloc localX
// ldarg.2
// call DynamicInvokeArgSetupComplete(ref ArgSetupState)
// *** Thiscall instruction stream starts here ***
// ldarg.3 // Load targetIsThisCall
// brfalse Not_this_call
// ldarg.0 // Load this pointer
// !For each parameter
// !if (parameter is In Parameter)
// ldloc localX
// ldobj TypeOfParameterX
// !else
// ldloc localX
// ldarg.1
// calli ReturnType thiscall(TypeOfParameter1, ...)
// !if ((ReturnType == void)
// ldnull
// !else
// box ReturnType
// ret
// *** Static call instruction stream starts here ***
// Not_this_call:
// !For each parameter
// !if (parameter is In Parameter)
// ldloc localX
// ldobj TypeOfParameterX
// !else
// ldloc localX
// ldarg.1
// calli ReturnType (TypeOfParameter1, ...)
// !if ((ReturnType == void)
// ldnull
// !else
// box ReturnType
// ret
ILCodeLabel lStaticCall = emitter.NewCodeLabel();
thisCallSiteSetupStream.EmitLdArg(3); // targetIsThisCall
thisCallSiteSetupStream.Emit(ILOpcode.brfalse, lStaticCall);
staticCallSiteSetupStream.EmitLabel(lStaticCall);
thisCallSiteSetupStream.EmitLdArg(0); // thisPtr
ILToken tokDynamicInvokeParamHelperRef =
emitter.NewToken(InvokeUtilsType.GetKnownMethod("DynamicInvokeParamHelperRef", null));
ILToken tokDynamicInvokeParamHelperIn =
emitter.NewToken(InvokeUtilsType.GetKnownMethod("DynamicInvokeParamHelperIn", null));
TypeDesc[] targetMethodSignature = new TypeDesc[_targetSignature.Length];
for (int paramIndex = 0; paramIndex < _targetSignature.Length; paramIndex++)
{
TypeDesc paramType = Context.GetSignatureVariable(paramIndex, true);
ILToken tokParamType = emitter.NewToken(paramType);
ILLocalVariable local = emitter.NewLocal(paramType.MakeByRefType());
thisCallSiteSetupStream.EmitLdLoc(local);
staticCallSiteSetupStream.EmitLdLoc(local);
argSetupStream.Emit(ILOpcode.ldtoken, tokParamType);
if (_targetSignature[paramIndex] == DynamicInvokeMethodParameterKind.Reference)
{
argSetupStream.Emit(ILOpcode.call, tokDynamicInvokeParamHelperRef);
targetMethodSignature[paramIndex] = paramType.MakeByRefType();
}
else
{
argSetupStream.Emit(ILOpcode.call, tokDynamicInvokeParamHelperIn);
thisCallSiteSetupStream.Emit(ILOpcode.ldobj, tokParamType);
staticCallSiteSetupStream.Emit(ILOpcode.ldobj, tokParamType);
targetMethodSignature[paramIndex] = paramType;
}
argSetupStream.EmitStLoc(local);
}
argSetupStream.EmitLdArg(2); // argSetupState
argSetupStream.Emit(ILOpcode.call, emitter.NewToken(InvokeUtilsType.GetKnownMethod("DynamicInvokeArgSetupComplete", null)));
thisCallSiteSetupStream.EmitLdArg(1); // methodToCall
staticCallSiteSetupStream.EmitLdArg(1); // methodToCall
TypeDesc returnType = _targetSignature.HasReturnValue ?
Context.GetSignatureVariable(_targetSignature.Length, true) :
Context.GetWellKnownType(WellKnownType.Void);
MethodSignature thisCallMethodSig = new MethodSignature(0, 0, returnType, targetMethodSignature);
CalliIntrinsic.EmitTransformedCalli(emitter, thisCallSiteSetupStream, thisCallMethodSig);
//thisCallSiteSetupStream.Emit(ILOpcode.calli, emitter.NewToken(thisCallMethodSig));
MethodSignature staticCallMethodSig = new MethodSignature(MethodSignatureFlags.Static, 0, returnType, targetMethodSignature);
CalliIntrinsic.EmitTransformedCalli(emitter, staticCallSiteSetupStream, staticCallMethodSig);
//staticCallSiteSetupStream.Emit(ILOpcode.calli, emitter.NewToken(staticCallMethodSig));
if (_targetSignature.HasReturnValue)
{
ILToken tokReturnType = emitter.NewToken(returnType);
thisCallSiteSetupStream.Emit(ILOpcode.box, tokReturnType);
staticCallSiteSetupStream.Emit(ILOpcode.box, tokReturnType);
}
else
{
thisCallSiteSetupStream.Emit(ILOpcode.ldnull);
staticCallSiteSetupStream.Emit(ILOpcode.ldnull);
}
thisCallSiteSetupStream.Emit(ILOpcode.ret);
staticCallSiteSetupStream.Emit(ILOpcode.ret);
return(emitter.Link(this));
}
