private static async Task BurnerThread(IFdbDatabase db, CancellationToken ct)
        {
            var folder = await db.ReadWriteAsync(async tr =>
            {
                var x = await db.Root["Benchmarks"]["Burner"]["Sequential"].CreateOrOpenAsync(tr);
                tr.ClearRange(x);
                return(x);
            }, ct);

            long pos = 0;

            Random rnd;

            lock (Rnd)
            {
                rnd = new Random(Rnd.Next());
            }

            using (var tr = await db.BeginTransactionAsync(ct))
            {
                while (!ct.IsCancellationRequested)
                {
                    FdbException error = null;
                    try
                    {
                        tr.Reset();

                        for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
                        {
                            long x = Randomized
                                                                ? rnd.Next()
                                                                : pos + i;

                            tr.Set(folder.Encode(x, Suffix), Value);
                            Interlocked.Increment(ref Keys);
                        }
                        pos += N;

                        await tr.CommitAsync();

                        Interlocked.Increment(ref Transactions);
                        Interlocked.Add(ref Bytes, tr.Size);
                    }
                    catch (FdbException e)
                    {
                        error = e;
                    }

                    if (error != null && !ct.IsCancellationRequested)
                    {
                        await tr.OnErrorAsync(error.Code);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        public static async Task Sampling(string[] path, IVarTuple extras, IFdbDatabase db, TextWriter log, CancellationToken ct)
        {
            double ratio = 0.1d;
            bool   auto  = true;

            if (extras.Count > 0)
            {
                double x = extras.Get <double>(0);
                if (x > 0 && x <= 1)
                {
                    ratio = x;
                }
                auto = false;
            }

            var folder = await TryOpenCurrentDirectoryAsync(path, db, ct);

            KeyRange span;

            if (folder is FdbDirectorySubspace)
            {
                span = KeyRange.StartsWith((folder as FdbDirectorySubspace).Copy().GetPrefix());
                log.WriteLine($"Reading list of shards for /{String.Join("/", path)} under {FdbKey.Dump(span.Begin)} ...");
            }
            else
            {
                log.WriteLine("Reading list of shards for the whole cluster ...");
                span = KeyRange.All;
            }

            // dump keyServers
            var ranges = await Fdb.System.GetChunksAsync(db, span, ct);

            log.WriteLine($"> Found {ranges.Count:N0} shard(s)");

            // take a sample
            var samples = new List <KeyRange>();

            if (ranges.Count <= 32)
            {             // small enough to scan it all
                samples.AddRange(ranges);
                log.WriteLine($"Sampling all {samples.Count:N0} shards ...");
            }
            else
            {             // need to take a random subset
                var rnd = new Random();
                int sz  = Math.Max((int)Math.Ceiling(ratio * ranges.Count), 1);
                if (auto)
                {
                    if (sz > 100)
                    {
                        sz = 100;                               //SAFETY
                    }
                    if (sz < 32)
                    {
                        sz = Math.Max(sz, Math.Min(32, ranges.Count));
                    }
                }

                var population = new List <KeyRange>(ranges);
                for (int i = 0; i < sz; i++)
                {
                    int p = rnd.Next(population.Count);
                    samples.Add(population[p]);
                    population.RemoveAt(p);
                }
                log.WriteLine($"Sampling {samples.Count:N0} out of {ranges.Count:N0} shards ({(100.0 * samples.Count / ranges.Count):N1}%) ...");
            }

            log.WriteLine();
            const string FORMAT_STRING = "{0,9} ║{1,10}{6,6} {2,-29} ║{3,10}{7,7} {4,-37} ║{5,10}";
            const string SCALE_KEY     = "....--------========########M";
            const string SCALE_VAL     = "....--------========########@@@@@@@@M";

            log.WriteLine(FORMAT_STRING, "Count", "Keys", SCALE_KEY, "Values", SCALE_VAL, "Total", "med.", "med.");

            var rangeOptions = new FdbRangeOptions {
                Mode = FdbStreamingMode.WantAll
            };

            samples = samples.OrderBy(x => x.Begin).ToList();

            long globalSize  = 0;
            long globalCount = 0;
            int  workers     = 8;        // Math.Max(4, Environment.ProcessorCount);

            var sw    = Stopwatch.StartNew();
            var tasks = new List <Task>();
            int n     = samples.Count;

            while (samples.Count > 0)
            {
                while (tasks.Count < workers && samples.Count > 0)
                {
                    var range = samples[0];
                    samples.RemoveAt(0);
                    tasks.Add(Task.Run(async() =>
                    {
                        var kk = new RobustHistogram(RobustHistogram.TimeScale.Ticks);
                        var vv = new RobustHistogram(RobustHistogram.TimeScale.Ticks);

                        #region Method 1: get_range everything...

                        using (var tr = db.BeginTransaction(ct))
                        {
                            long keySize   = 0;
                            long valueSize = 0;
                            long count     = 0;

                            int iter          = 0;
                            var beginSelector = KeySelector.FirstGreaterOrEqual(range.Begin);
                            var endSelector   = KeySelector.FirstGreaterOrEqual(range.End);
                            while (true)
                            {
                                FdbRangeChunk data = default(FdbRangeChunk);
                                FdbException error = null;
                                try
                                {
                                    data = await tr.Snapshot.GetRangeAsync(
                                        beginSelector,
                                        endSelector,
                                        rangeOptions,
                                        iter
                                        ).ConfigureAwait(false);
                                }
                                catch (FdbException e)
                                {
                                    error = e;
                                }

                                if (error != null)
                                {
                                    await tr.OnErrorAsync(error.Code).ConfigureAwait(false);
                                    continue;
                                }

                                if (data.Count == 0)
                                {
                                    break;
                                }

                                count += data.Count;
                                foreach (var kvp in data)
                                {
                                    keySize   += kvp.Key.Count;
                                    valueSize += kvp.Value.Count;

                                    kk.Add(TimeSpan.FromTicks(kvp.Key.Count));
                                    vv.Add(TimeSpan.FromTicks(kvp.Value.Count));
                                }

                                if (!data.HasMore)
                                {
                                    break;
                                }

                                beginSelector = KeySelector.FirstGreaterThan(data.Last);
                                ++iter;
                            }

                            long totalSize = keySize + valueSize;
                            Interlocked.Add(ref globalSize, totalSize);
                            Interlocked.Add(ref globalCount, count);

                            lock (log)
                            {
                                log.WriteLine(FORMAT_STRING, count.ToString("N0"), FormatSize(keySize), kk.GetDistribution(begin: 1, end: 12000, fold: 2), FormatSize(valueSize), vv.GetDistribution(begin: 1, end: 120000, fold: 2), FormatSize(totalSize), FormatSize((int)Math.Ceiling(kk.Median)), FormatSize((int)Math.Ceiling(vv.Median)));
                            }
                        }
                        #endregion

                        #region Method 2: estimate the count using key selectors...

                        //long counter = await Fdb.System.EstimateCountAsync(db, range, ct);
                        //Console.WriteLine("COUNT = " + counter.ToString("N0"));

                        #endregion
                    }, ct));
                }

                var done = await Task.WhenAny(tasks);

                tasks.Remove(done);
            }

            await Task.WhenAll(tasks);

            sw.Stop();

            log.WriteLine();
            if (n != ranges.Count)
            {
                log.WriteLine($"Sampled {FormatSize(globalSize)} ({globalSize:N0} bytes) and {globalCount:N0} keys in {sw.Elapsed.TotalSeconds:N1} sec");
                log.WriteLine($"> Estimated total size is {FormatSize(globalSize * ranges.Count / n)}");
            }
            else
            {
                log.WriteLine($"Found {FormatSize(globalSize)} ({globalSize:N0} bytes) and {globalCount:N0} keys in {sw.Elapsed.TotalSeconds:N1} sec");
                // compare to the whole cluster
                ranges = await Fdb.System.GetChunksAsync(db, FdbKey.MinValue, FdbKey.MaxValue, ct);

                log.WriteLine($"> This directory contains ~{(100.0 * n / ranges.Count):N2}% of all data");
            }
            log.WriteLine();
        }
        public async Task Run(IFdbDatabase db, TextWriter log, CancellationToken ct)
        {
            // estimate the number of machines...
            Console.WriteLine("# Detecting cluster topology...");
            var servers = await db.QueryAsync(tr => tr
                                              .WithReadAccessToSystemKeys()
                                              .GetRange(FdbKeyRange.StartsWith(Fdb.System.ServerList))
                                              .Select(kvp => new
            {
                Node       = kvp.Value.Substring(8, 16).ToHexaString(),
                Machine    = kvp.Value.Substring(24, 16).ToHexaString(),
                DataCenter = kvp.Value.Substring(40, 16).ToHexaString()
            }),
                                              ct
                                              );

            var numNodes    = servers.Select(s => s.Node).Distinct().Count();
            var numMachines = servers.Select(s => s.Machine).Distinct().Count();
            var numDCs      = servers.Select(s => s.DataCenter).Distinct().Count();

            Console.WriteLine("# > Found " + numNodes + " process(es) on " + numMachines + " machine(s) in " + numDCs + " datacenter(s)");
            Console.WriteLine("# Reading list of shards...");
            // dump keyServers
            var ranges = await Fdb.System.GetChunksAsync(db, FdbKey.MinValue, FdbKey.MaxValue, ct);

            Console.WriteLine("# > Found " + ranges.Count + " shards:");

            // take a sample
            var rnd = new Random(1234);
            int sz  = Math.Max((int)Math.Ceiling(this.Ratio * ranges.Count), 1);

            if (sz > 500)
            {
                sz = 500;                       //SAFETY
            }
            if (sz < 50)
            {
                sz = Math.Max(sz, Math.Min(50, ranges.Count));
            }

            var samples = new List <FdbKeyRange>();

            for (int i = 0; i < sz; i++)
            {
                int p = rnd.Next(ranges.Count);
                samples.Add(ranges[p]);
                ranges.RemoveAt(p);
            }

            Console.WriteLine("# Sampling " + sz + " out of " + ranges.Count + " shards (" + (100.0 * sz / ranges.Count).ToString("N1") + "%) ...");
            Console.WriteLine("{0,9}{1,10}{2,10}{3,10} : K+V size distribution", "Count", "Keys", "Values", "Total");

            var rangeOptions = new FdbRangeOptions {
                Mode = FdbStreamingMode.WantAll
            };

            samples = samples.OrderBy(x => x.Begin).ToList();

            long total   = 0;
            int  workers = Math.Min(numMachines, 8);

            var sw    = Stopwatch.StartNew();
            var tasks = new List <Task>();

            while (samples.Count > 0)
            {
                while (tasks.Count < workers && samples.Count > 0)
                {
                    var range = samples[0];
                    samples.RemoveAt(0);
                    tasks.Add(Task.Run(async() =>
                    {
                        var hh = new RobustHistogram(RobustHistogram.TimeScale.Ticks);

                        #region Method 1: get_range everything...

                        using (var tr = db.BeginTransaction(ct))
                        {
                            long keySize   = 0;
                            long valueSize = 0;
                            long count     = 0;

                            int iter          = 0;
                            var beginSelector = FdbKeySelector.FirstGreaterOrEqual(range.Begin);
                            var endSelector   = FdbKeySelector.FirstGreaterOrEqual(range.End);
                            while (true)
                            {
                                FdbRangeChunk data = default(FdbRangeChunk);
                                FdbException error = null;
                                try
                                {
                                    data = await tr.Snapshot.GetRangeAsync(
                                        beginSelector,
                                        endSelector,
                                        rangeOptions,
                                        iter
                                        ).ConfigureAwait(false);
                                }
                                catch (FdbException e)
                                {
                                    error = e;
                                }

                                if (error != null)
                                {
                                    await tr.OnErrorAsync(error.Code).ConfigureAwait(false);
                                    continue;
                                }

                                if (data.Count == 0)
                                {
                                    break;
                                }

                                count += data.Count;
                                foreach (var kvp in data.Chunk)
                                {
                                    keySize   += kvp.Key.Count;
                                    valueSize += kvp.Value.Count;

                                    hh.Add(TimeSpan.FromTicks(kvp.Key.Count + kvp.Value.Count));
                                }

                                if (!data.HasMore)
                                {
                                    break;
                                }

                                beginSelector = FdbKeySelector.FirstGreaterThan(data.Last.Key);
                                ++iter;
                            }

                            long totalSize = keySize + valueSize;
                            Interlocked.Add(ref total, totalSize);

                            Console.WriteLine("{0,9}{1,10}{2,10}{3,10} : {4}", count.ToString("N0"), FormatSize(keySize), FormatSize(valueSize), FormatSize(totalSize), hh.GetDistribution(begin: 1, end: 10000, fold: 2));
                        }
                        #endregion

                        #region Method 2: estimate the count using key selectors...

                        //long counter = await Fdb.System.EstimateCountAsync(db, range, ct);
                        //Console.WriteLine("COUNT = " + counter.ToString("N0"));

                        #endregion
                    }, ct));
                }

                var done = await Task.WhenAny(tasks);

                tasks.Remove(done);
            }

            await Task.WhenAll(tasks);

            sw.Stop();

            Console.WriteLine("> Sampled " + FormatSize(total) + " (" + total.ToString("N0") + " bytes) in " + sw.Elapsed.TotalSeconds.ToString("N1") + " sec");
            Console.WriteLine("> Estimated total size is " + FormatSize(total * ranges.Count / sz));
        }
        private async Task <Optional <T> > PopHighContentionAsync([NotNull] IFdbDatabase db, CancellationToken ct)
        {
            int   backOff = 10;
            Slice waitKey = Slice.Empty;

            ct.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();

            using (var tr = db.BeginTransaction(ct))
            {
#if DEBUG
                tr.Annotate("PopHighContention()");
#endif

                FdbException error = null;
                try
                {
                    // Check if there are other people waiting to be popped. If so, we cannot pop before them.
                    waitKey = await AddConflictedPopAsync(tr, forced : false).ConfigureAwait(false);

                    if (waitKey.IsNull)
                    {                     // No one else was waiting to be popped
                        var item = await PopSimpleAsync(tr).ConfigureAwait(false);

                        await tr.CommitAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);

                        return(item);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        await tr.CommitAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
                    }
                }
                catch (FdbException e)
                {
                    // note: cannot await inside a catch(..) block, so flag the error and process it below
                    error = e;
                }

                if (error != null)
                {                 // If we didn't succeed, then register our pop request
                    waitKey = await AddConflictedPopAsync(db, forced : true, ct : ct).ConfigureAwait(false);
                }

                // The result of the pop will be stored at this key once it has been fulfilled
                var resultKey = ConflictedItemKey(this.ConflictedPop.Keys.DecodeLast <Slice>(waitKey));

                tr.Reset();

                // Attempt to fulfill outstanding pops and then poll the database
                // checking if we have been fulfilled

                while (!ct.IsCancellationRequested)
                {
                    error = null;
                    try
                    {
                        while (!(await FulfillConflictedPops(db, ct).ConfigureAwait(false)))
                        {
                            //NOP ?
                        }
                    }
                    catch (FdbException e)
                    {
                        // cannot await in catch(..) block so process it below
                        error = e;
                    }

                    if (error != null && error.Code != FdbError.NotCommitted)
                    {
                        // If the error is 1020 (not_committed), then there is a good chance
                        // that somebody else has managed to fulfill some outstanding pops. In
                        // that case, we proceed to check whether our request has been fulfilled.
                        // Otherwise, we handle the error in the usual fashion.

                        await tr.OnErrorAsync(error.Code).ConfigureAwait(false);

                        continue;
                    }

                    error = null;
                    try
                    {
                        tr.Reset();

                        var sw = System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.StartNew();

                        var tmp = await tr.GetValuesAsync(new Slice[] { waitKey, resultKey }).ConfigureAwait(false);

                        var value  = tmp[0];
                        var result = tmp[1];

                        // If waitKey is present, then we have not been fulfilled
                        if (value.HasValue)
                        {
#if DEBUG
                            tr.Annotate("Wait {0} ms : {1} / {2}", backOff, Environment.TickCount, sw.ElapsedTicks);
#endif
                            //TODO: we should rewrite this using Watches !
                            await Task.Delay(backOff, ct).ConfigureAwait(false);

#if DEBUG
                            tr.Annotate("After wait : {0} / {1}", Environment.TickCount, sw.ElapsedTicks);
#endif
                            backOff = Math.Min(1000, backOff * 2);
                            continue;
                        }

                        if (result.IsNullOrEmpty)
                        {
                            return(default(Optional <T>));
                        }

                        tr.Clear(resultKey);
                        await tr.CommitAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);

                        return(this.Encoder.DecodeValue(result));
                    }
                    catch (FdbException e)
                    {
                        error = e;
                    }

                    if (error != null)
                    {
                        await tr.OnErrorAsync(error.Code).ConfigureAwait(false);
                    }
                }

                ct.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
                // make the compiler happy
                throw new InvalidOperationException();
            }
        }