/// <summary>
        /// Prepare an unsigned identity certificate.
        /// </summary>
        ///
        /// <param name="keyName">The key name, e.g., `/{identity_name}/ksk-123456`.</param>
        /// <param name="publicKey">The public key to sign.</param>
        /// <param name="signingIdentity">The signing identity.</param>
        /// <param name="notBefore">See IdentityCertificate.</param>
        /// <param name="notAfter">See IdentityCertificate.</param>
        /// <param name="subjectDescription">on the keyName.</param>
        /// <param name="certPrefix">signingIdentity and the subject identity. If the signingIdentity is a prefix of the subject identity, `KEY` will be inserted after the signingIdentity, otherwise `KEY` is inserted after subject identity (i.e., before `ksk-...`).</param>
        /// <returns>The unsigned IdentityCertificate, or null if the inputs are invalid.</returns>
        public IdentityCertificate prepareUnsignedIdentityCertificate(
				Name keyName, PublicKey publicKey, Name signingIdentity,
				double notBefore, double notAfter, IList subjectDescription,
				Name certPrefix)
        {
            if (keyName.size() < 1)
                return null;

            String tempKeyIdPrefix = keyName.get(-1).toEscapedString();
            if (tempKeyIdPrefix.Length < 4)
                return null;
            String keyIdPrefix = tempKeyIdPrefix.Substring(0,(4)-(0));
            if (!keyIdPrefix.equals("ksk-") && !keyIdPrefix.equals("dsk-"))
                return null;

            IdentityCertificate certificate = new IdentityCertificate();
            Name certName = new Name();

            if (certPrefix == null) {
                // No certificate prefix hint, so infer the prefix.
                if (signingIdentity.match(keyName))
                    certName.append(signingIdentity).append("KEY")
                            .append(keyName.getSubName(signingIdentity.size()))
                            .append("ID-CERT")
                            .appendVersion((long) net.named_data.jndn.util.Common.getNowMilliseconds());
                else
                    certName.append(keyName.getPrefix(-1)).append("KEY")
                            .append(keyName.get(-1)).append("ID-CERT")
                            .appendVersion((long) net.named_data.jndn.util.Common.getNowMilliseconds());
            } else {
                // A cert prefix hint is supplied, so determine the cert name.
                if (certPrefix.match(keyName) && !certPrefix.equals(keyName))
                    certName.append(certPrefix).append("KEY")
                            .append(keyName.getSubName(certPrefix.size()))
                            .append("ID-CERT")
                            .appendVersion((long) net.named_data.jndn.util.Common.getNowMilliseconds());
                else
                    return null;
            }

            certificate.setName(certName);
            certificate.setNotBefore(notBefore);
            certificate.setNotAfter(notAfter);
            certificate.setPublicKeyInfo(publicKey);

            if (subjectDescription == null || (subjectDescription.Count==0))
                certificate
                        .addSubjectDescription(new CertificateSubjectDescription(
                                "2.5.4.41", keyName.getPrefix(-1).toUri()));
            else {
                for (int i = 0; i < subjectDescription.Count; ++i)
                    certificate
                            .addSubjectDescription((CertificateSubjectDescription) subjectDescription[i]);
            }

            try {
                certificate.encode();
            } catch (DerEncodingException ex) {
                throw new SecurityException("DerEncodingException: " + ex);
            } catch (DerDecodingException ex_0) {
                throw new SecurityException("DerDecodingException: " + ex_0);
            }

            return certificate;
        }
        /// <summary>
        /// Generate a self-signed certificate for a public key.
        /// </summary>
        ///
        /// <param name="keyName">The name of the public key.</param>
        /// <returns>The generated certificate.</returns>
        public IdentityCertificate selfSign(Name keyName)
        {
            IdentityCertificate certificate = new IdentityCertificate();

            Blob keyBlob = identityStorage_.getKey(keyName);
            PublicKey publicKey = new PublicKey(keyBlob);

            Calendar calendar = ILOG.J2CsMapping.Util.Calendar.getInstance();
            double notBefore = (double) calendar.getTimeInMillis();
            calendar.add(ILOG.J2CsMapping.Util.Calendar.YEAR, 2);
            double notAfter = (double) calendar.getTimeInMillis();

            certificate.setNotBefore(notBefore);
            certificate.setNotAfter(notAfter);

            Name certificateName = keyName.getPrefix(-1).append("KEY")
                    .append(keyName.get(-1)).append("ID-CERT")
                    .appendVersion((long) certificate.getNotBefore());
            certificate.setName(certificateName);

            certificate.setPublicKeyInfo(publicKey);
            certificate.addSubjectDescription(new CertificateSubjectDescription(
                    "2.5.4.41", keyName.toUri()));
            try {
                certificate.encode();
            } catch (DerEncodingException ex) {
                // We don't expect this to happen.
                ILOG.J2CsMapping.Util.Logging.Logger.getLogger(typeof(IdentityManager).FullName).log(ILOG.J2CsMapping.Util.Logging.Level.SEVERE,
                        null, ex);
                return null;
            } catch (DerDecodingException ex_0) {
                // We don't expect this to happen.
                ILOG.J2CsMapping.Util.Logging.Logger.getLogger(typeof(IdentityManager).FullName).log(ILOG.J2CsMapping.Util.Logging.Level.SEVERE,
                        null, ex_0);
                return null;
            }

            signByCertificate(certificate, certificate.getName());

            return certificate;
        }
        /// <summary>
        /// Create an identity certificate for a public key supplied by the caller.
        /// </summary>
        ///
        /// <param name="certificatePrefix">The name of public key to be signed.</param>
        /// <param name="publicKey">The public key to be signed.</param>
        /// <param name="signerCertificateName">The name of signing certificate.</param>
        /// <param name="notBefore">The notBefore value in the validity field of the generated certificate.</param>
        /// <param name="notAfter">The notAfter vallue in validity field of the generated certificate.</param>
        /// <returns>The generated identity certificate.</returns>
        public IdentityCertificate createIdentityCertificate(
				Name certificatePrefix, PublicKey publicKey,
				Name signerCertificateName, double notBefore, double notAfter)
        {
            IdentityCertificate certificate = new IdentityCertificate();
            Name keyName = getKeyNameFromCertificatePrefix(certificatePrefix);

            Name certificateName = new Name(certificatePrefix);
            certificateName.append("ID-CERT").appendVersion(
                    (long) net.named_data.jndn.util.Common.getNowMilliseconds());

            certificate.setName(certificateName);
            certificate.setNotBefore(notBefore);
            certificate.setNotAfter(notAfter);
            certificate.setPublicKeyInfo(publicKey);
            certificate.addSubjectDescription(new CertificateSubjectDescription(
                    "2.5.4.41", keyName.toUri()));
            try {
                certificate.encode();
            } catch (DerEncodingException ex) {
                throw new SecurityException("DerDecodingException: " + ex);
            } catch (DerDecodingException ex_0) {
                throw new SecurityException("DerEncodingException: " + ex_0);
            }

            Sha256WithRsaSignature sha256Sig = new Sha256WithRsaSignature();

            KeyLocator keyLocator = new KeyLocator();
            keyLocator.setType(net.named_data.jndn.KeyLocatorType.KEYNAME);
            keyLocator.setKeyName(signerCertificateName);

            sha256Sig.setKeyLocator(keyLocator);

            certificate.setSignature(sha256Sig);

            SignedBlob unsignedData = certificate.wireEncode();

            IdentityCertificate signerCertificate;
            try {
                signerCertificate = getCertificate(signerCertificateName);
            } catch (DerDecodingException ex_1) {
                throw new SecurityException("DerDecodingException: " + ex_1);
            }
            Name signerkeyName = signerCertificate.getPublicKeyName();

            Blob sigBits = privateKeyStorage_.sign(unsignedData.signedBuf(),
                    signerkeyName);

            sha256Sig.setSignature(sigBits);

            return certificate;
        }