Beispiel #1
0
        /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/

        /** Add a singleton item, merging lookahead sets if the item is already
         *  part of the Set.  returns the element of the Set that was added or
         *  merged into.
         * @param itm the item being added.
         */
        public lalr_item add(lalr_item itm)
        {
            lalr_item other;

            not_null(itm);

            /* see if an item with a matching core is already there */
            other = (lalr_item)_all[itm];

            /* if so, merge this lookahead into the original and leave it */
            if (other != null)
            {
                other.lookahead().add(itm.lookahead());
                return(other);
            }
            /* otherwise we just go in the Set */
            else
            {
                /* invalidate cached hashcode */
                is_cached = false;

                _all.Add(itm, itm);
                return(itm);
            }
        }
Beispiel #2
0
        /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/

        /** Equality comparison -- here we only require the cores to be equal since
         *   we need to do sets of items based only on core equality (ignoring
         *   lookahead sets).
         */
        public bool Equals(lalr_item other)
        {
            if (other == null)
            {
                return(false);
            }
            return(base.Equals(other));
        }
Beispiel #3
0
        /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/

        /** Remove a single item if it is in the Set.
         * @param itm the item to remove.
         */
        public void remove(lalr_item itm)
        {
            not_null(itm);

            /* invalidate cached hashcode */
            is_cached = false;

            /* remove it from hash table implementing Set */
            _all.Remove(itm);
        }
Beispiel #4
0
        /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/

        /** Produce the new lalr_item that results from shifting the dot one position
         *  to the right.
         */
        public lalr_item shift()
        {
            lalr_item result;

            /* can't shift if we have dot already at the end */
            if (dot_at_end())
            {
                throw new internal_error("Attempt to shift past end of an lalr_item");
            }

            /* create the new item w/ the dot shifted by one */
            result = new lalr_item(the_production(), dot_pos() + 1,
                                   new terminal_set(lookahead()));

            /* change in our lookahead needs to be propagated to this item */
            add_propagate(result);

            return(result);
        }
Beispiel #5
0
        /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/

        /** Produce a warning message for one reduce/reduce conflict.
         *
         * @param itm1 first item in conflict.
         * @param itm2 second item in conflict.
         */
        protected void report_reduce_reduce(lalr_item itm1, lalr_item itm2)

        {
            bool comma_flag = false;

            System.Console.Error.WriteLine("*** Reduce/Reduce conflict found in state #" + index());
            System.Console.Error.Write("  between ");
            System.Console.Error.WriteLine(itm1.to_simple_string());
            System.Console.Error.Write("  and     ");
            System.Console.Error.WriteLine(itm2.to_simple_string());
            System.Console.Error.Write("  under symbols: {");
            for (int t = 0; t < terminal.number(); t++)
            {
                if (itm1.lookahead().contains(t) && itm2.lookahead().contains(t))
                {
                    if (comma_flag)
                    {
                        System.Console.Error.Write(", ");
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        comma_flag = true;
                    }
                    System.Console.Error.Write(terminal.find(t).name());
                }
            }
            System.Console.Error.WriteLine("}");
            System.Console.Error.Write("  Resolved in favor of ");
            if (itm1.the_production().index() < itm2.the_production().index())
            {
                System.Console.Error.WriteLine("the first production.\n");
            }
            else
            {
                System.Console.Error.WriteLine("the second production.\n");
            }

            /* count the conflict */
            emit.num_conflicts++;
            lexer.warning_count++;
        }
Beispiel #6
0
        /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/

        /** Produce a warning message for one shift/reduce conflict.
         *
         * @param red_itm      the item with the reduce.
         * @param conflict_sym the index of the symbol conflict occurs under.
         */
        protected void report_shift_reduce(
            lalr_item red_itm,
            int conflict_sym)

        {
            lalr_item itm;
            symbol    shift_sym;

            /* emit top part of message including the reduce item */
            System.Console.Error.WriteLine("*** Shift/Reduce conflict found in state #" + index());
            System.Console.Error.Write("  between ");
            System.Console.Error.WriteLine(red_itm.to_simple_string());

            /* find and report on all items that shift under our conflict symbol */
            IEnumerator itms = items().all();

            while (itms.MoveNext())
            {
                itm = (lalr_item)itms.Current;

                /* only look if its not the same item and not a reduce */
                if (itm != red_itm && !itm.dot_at_end())
                {
                    /* is it a shift on our conflicting terminal */
                    shift_sym = itm.symbol_after_dot();
                    if (!shift_sym.is_non_term() && shift_sym.index() == conflict_sym)
                    {
                        /* yes, report on it */
                        System.Console.Error.WriteLine("  and     " + itm.to_simple_string());
                    }
                }
            }
            System.Console.Error.WriteLine("  under symbol " + terminal.find(conflict_sym).name());
            System.Console.Error.WriteLine("  Resolved in favor of shifting.\n");

            /* count the conflict */
            emit.num_conflicts++;
            lexer.warning_count++;
        }
Beispiel #7
0
        /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/

        /** Compute the closure of the Set using the LALR closure rules.  Basically
         *  for every item of the form: <pre>
         *    [L ::= a *N alpha, l]
         *  </pre>
         *  (where N is a a non terminal and alpha is a string of symbols) make
         *  sure there are also items of the form:  <pre>
         *    [N ::= *beta, first(alpha l)]
         *  </pre>
         *  corresponding to each production of N.  Items with identical cores but
         *  differing lookahead sets are merged by creating a new item with the same
         *  core and the union of the lookahead sets (the LA in LALR stands for
         *  "lookahead merged" and this is where the merger is).  This routine
         *  assumes that nullability and first sets have been computed for all
         *  productions before it is called.
         */
        public void compute_closure()

        {
            lalr_item_set consider;
            lalr_item     itm, new_itm, add_itm;
            non_terminal  nt;
            terminal_set  new_lookaheads;
            IEnumerator   p;
            production    prod;
            bool          need_prop;



            /* invalidate cached hashcode */
            is_cached = false;

            /* each current element needs to be considered */
            consider = new lalr_item_set(this);

            /* repeat this until there is nothing else to consider */
            while (consider.size() > 0)
            {
                /* get one item to consider */
                itm = consider.get_one();

                /* do we have a dot before a non terminal */
                nt = itm.dot_before_nt();
                if (nt != null)
                {
                    /* create the lookahead Set based on first after dot */
                    new_lookaheads = itm.calc_lookahead(itm.lookahead());

                    /* are we going to need to propagate our lookahead to new item */
                    need_prop = itm.lookahead_visible();

                    /* create items for each production of that non term */
                    p = nt.productions();
                    while (p.MoveNext())
                    {
                        prod = (production)p.Current;

                        /* create new item with dot at start and that lookahead */
                        new_itm = new lalr_item(prod,
                                                new terminal_set(new_lookaheads));

                        /* add/merge item into the Set */
                        add_itm = add(new_itm);
                        /* if propagation is needed link to that item */
                        if (need_prop)
                        {
                            itm.add_propagate(add_itm);
                        }

                        /* was this was a new item*/
                        if (add_itm == new_itm)
                        {
                            /* that may need further closure, consider it also */
                            consider.add(new_itm);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
Beispiel #8
0
        /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/

        /** Add a new item to the Set of items we propagate to. */
        public void add_propagate(lalr_item prop_to)
        {
            _propagate_items.Push(prop_to);
            needs_propagation = true;
        }
Beispiel #9
0
        /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/

        /** Build an LALR viable prefix recognition machine given a start
         *  production.  This method operates by first building a start state
         *  from the start production (based on a single item with the dot at
         *  the beginning and EOF as expected lookahead).  Then for each state
         *  it attempts to extend the machine by creating transitions out of
         *  the state to new or existing states.  When considering extension
         *  from a state we make a transition on each symbol that appears before
         *  the dot in some item.  For example, if we have the items: <pre>
         *    [A ::= a b * X c, {d,e}]
         *    [B ::= a b * X d, {a,b}]
         *  </pre>
         *  in some state, then we would be making a transition under X to a new
         *  state.  This new state would be formed by a "kernel" of items
         *  corresponding to moving the dot past the X.  In this case: <pre>
         *    [A ::= a b X * c, {d,e}]
         *    [B ::= a b X * Y, {a,b}]
         *  </pre>
         *  The full state would then be formed by "closing" this kernel Set of
         *  items so that it included items that represented productions of things
         *  the parser was now looking for.  In this case we would items
         *  corresponding to productions of Y, since various forms of Y are expected
         *  next when in this state (see lalr_item_set.compute_closure() for details
         *  on closure). <p>
         *
         *  The process of building the viable prefix recognizer terminates when no
         *  new states can be added.  However, in order to build a smaller number of
         *  states (i.e., corresponding to LALR rather than canonical LR) the state
         *  building process does not maintain full loookaheads in all items.
         *  Consequently, after the machine is built, we go back and propagate
         *  lookaheads through the constructed machine using a call to
         *  propagate_all_lookaheads().  This makes use of propagation links
         *  constructed during the closure and transition process.
         *
         * @param start_prod the start production of the grammar
         * @see   java_cup.lalr_item_set#compute_closure
         * @see   java_cup.lalr_state#propagate_all_lookaheads
         */

        public static lalr_state build_machine(production start_prod)

        {
            lalr_state    start_state;
            lalr_item_set start_items;
            lalr_item_set new_items;
            lalr_item_set linked_items;
            lalr_item_set kernel;
            Stack         work_stack = new Stack();
            lalr_state    st, new_st;
            symbol_set    outgoing;
            lalr_item     itm, new_itm, existing, fix_itm;
            symbol        sym, sym2;
            IEnumerator   i, s, fix;

            /* sanity check */
            if (start_prod == null)
            {
                throw new internal_error(
                          "Attempt to build viable prefix recognizer using a null production");
            }

            /* build item with dot at front of start production and EOF lookahead */
            start_items = new lalr_item_set();

            itm = new lalr_item(start_prod);
            itm.lookahead().add(terminal.EOF);

            start_items.add(itm);

            /* create copy the item Set to form the kernel */
            kernel = new lalr_item_set(start_items);

            /* create the closure from that item Set */
            start_items.compute_closure();

            /* build a state out of that item Set and put it in our work Set */
            start_state = new lalr_state(start_items);
            work_stack.Push(start_state);

            /* enter the state using the kernel as the key */
            _all_kernels.Add(kernel, start_state);

            /* continue looking at new states until we have no more work to do */
            while (work_stack.Count != 0)
            {
                /* remove a state from the work Set */
                st = (lalr_state)work_stack.Pop();

                /* gather up all the symbols that appear before dots */
                outgoing = new symbol_set();
                i        = st.items().all();
                while (i.MoveNext())
                {
                    itm = (lalr_item)i.Current;

                    /* add the symbol before the dot (if any) to our collection */
                    sym = itm.symbol_after_dot();
                    if (sym != null)
                    {
                        outgoing.add(sym);
                    }
                }

                /* now create a transition out for each individual symbol */
                s = outgoing.all();
                while (s.MoveNext())
                {
                    sym = (symbol)s.Current;

                    /* will be keeping the Set of items with propagate links */
                    linked_items = new lalr_item_set();

                    /* gather up shifted versions of all the items that have this
                     * symbol before the dot */
                    new_items = new lalr_item_set();
                    i         = st.items().all();
                    while (i.MoveNext())
                    {
                        itm = (lalr_item)i.Current;

                        /* if this is the symbol we are working on now, add to Set */
                        sym2 = itm.symbol_after_dot();
                        if (sym.Equals(sym2))
                        {
                            /* add to the kernel of the new state */
                            new_items.add(itm.shift());

                            /* remember that itm has propagate link to it */
                            linked_items.add(itm);
                        }
                    }

                    /* use new items as state kernel */
                    kernel = new lalr_item_set(new_items);

                    /* have we seen this one already? */
                    new_st = (lalr_state)_all_kernels[kernel];

                    /* if we haven't, build a new state out of the item Set */
                    if (new_st == null)
                    {
                        /* compute closure of the kernel for the full item Set */
                        new_items.compute_closure();

                        /* build the new state */
                        new_st = new lalr_state(new_items);

                        /* add the new state to our work Set */
                        work_stack.Push(new_st);

                        /* put it in our kernel table */
                        _all_kernels.Add(kernel, new_st);
                    }
                    /* otherwise relink propagation to items in existing state */
                    else
                    {
                        /* walk through the items that have links to the new state */
                        fix = linked_items.all();
                        while (fix.MoveNext())
                        {
                            fix_itm = (lalr_item)fix.Current;

                            /* look at each propagate link out of that item */

                            for (int l = 0; l < fix_itm.propagate_items().Count; l++)
                            {
                                /* pull out item linked to in the new state */
                                new_itm = (lalr_item)fix_itm.propagate_items().ToArray()[l];

                                /* find corresponding item in the existing state */
                                existing = new_st.items().find(new_itm);

                                /* fix up the item so it points to the existing Set */

                                if (existing != null)
                                {
                                    fix_itm.set_propagate_item(existing, l);
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }

                    /* add a transition from current state to that state */
                    st.add_transition(sym, new_st);
                }
            }

            /* all done building states */

            /* propagate complete lookahead sets throughout the states */
            propagate_all_lookaheads();

            return(start_state);
        }
        /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/
        /** Produce a warning message for one reduce/reduce conflict.
           *
           * @param itm1 first item in conflict.
           * @param itm2 second item in conflict.
           */
        protected void report_reduce_reduce(lalr_item itm1, lalr_item itm2)
        {
            bool comma_flag = false;

              System.Console.Error.WriteLine("*** Reduce/Reduce conflict found in state #"+index());
              System.Console.Error.Write  ("  between ");
              System.Console.Error.WriteLine(itm1.to_simple_string());
              System.Console.Error.Write  ("  and     ");
              System.Console.Error.WriteLine(itm2.to_simple_string());
              System.Console.Error.Write("  under symbols: {" );
              for (int t = 0; t < terminal.number(); t++)
            {
              if (itm1.lookahead().contains(t) && itm2.lookahead().contains(t))
            {
              if (comma_flag) System.Console.Error.Write(", "); else comma_flag = true;
              System.Console.Error.Write(terminal.find(t).name());
            }
            }
              System.Console.Error.WriteLine("}");
              System.Console.Error.Write("  Resolved in favor of ");
              if (itm1.the_production().index() < itm2.the_production().index())
            System.Console.Error.WriteLine("the first production.\n");
              else
            System.Console.Error.WriteLine("the second production.\n");

              /* count the conflict */
              emit.num_conflicts++;
              lexer.warning_count++;
        }
Beispiel #11
0
        /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/

        /** Return the item in the Set matching a particular item (or null if not
         *  found)
         *  @param itm the item we are looking for.
         */
        public lalr_item find(lalr_item itm)
        {
            return((lalr_item)_all[itm]);
        }
        /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/
        /** Produce a warning message for one shift/reduce conflict.
           *
           * @param red_itm      the item with the reduce.
           * @param conflict_sym the index of the symbol conflict occurs under.
           */
        protected void report_shift_reduce(
    lalr_item red_itm, 
    int       conflict_sym)
        {
            lalr_item    itm;
              symbol       shift_sym;

              /* emit top part of message including the reduce item */
              System.Console.Error.WriteLine("*** Shift/Reduce conflict found in state #"+index());
              System.Console.Error.Write  ("  between ");
              System.Console.Error.WriteLine(red_itm.to_simple_string());

              /* find and report on all items that shift under our conflict symbol */
              IEnumerator itms = items().all();
              while ( itms.MoveNext() )
            {
              itm = (lalr_item)itms.Current;

              /* only look if its not the same item and not a reduce */
              if (itm != red_itm && !itm.dot_at_end())
            {
              /* is it a shift on our conflicting terminal */
              shift_sym = itm.symbol_after_dot();
              if (!shift_sym.is_non_term() && shift_sym.index() == conflict_sym)
            {
              /* yes, report on it */
                  System.Console.Error.WriteLine("  and     " + itm.to_simple_string());
            }
            }
            }
              System.Console.Error.WriteLine("  under symbol "+ terminal.find(conflict_sym).name());
              System.Console.Error.WriteLine("  Resolved in favor of shifting.\n");

              /* count the conflict */
              emit.num_conflicts++;
              lexer.warning_count++;
        }
 /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/
 /** Equality comparison -- here we only require the cores to be equal since
  *   we need to do sets of items based only on core equality (ignoring
  *   lookahead sets).
  */
 public bool Equals(lalr_item other)
 {
     if (other == null) return false;
     return base.Equals(other);
 }
Beispiel #14
0
	/*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/

	/** Add a singleton item, merging lookahead sets if the item is already 
	 *  part of the Set.  returns the element of the Set that was added or 
	 *  merged into.
	 * @param itm the item being added.
	 */
	public lalr_item add(lalr_item itm) 
{
	lalr_item other;

	not_null(itm); 

	/* see if an item with a matching core is already there */
	other = (lalr_item)_all[itm];

	/* if so, merge this lookahead into the original and leave it */
	if (other != null)
{
	other.lookahead().add(itm.lookahead());
	return other;
}
	/* otherwise we just go in the Set */
	else
{
	/* invalidate cached hashcode */
	is_cached=false;

	_all.Add(itm,itm);
	return itm;
}
}
Beispiel #15
0
	/*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/

	/** Return the item in the Set matching a particular item (or null if not 
	 *  found) 
	 *  @param itm the item we are looking for.
	 */
	public lalr_item find(lalr_item itm) {return (lalr_item)_all[itm];}
Beispiel #16
0
	/*-----------------------------------------------------------*/
	/*--- Set Operation Methods ---------------------------------*/
	/*-----------------------------------------------------------*/

	/** Does the Set contain a particular item? 
	 * @param itm the item in question.
	 */
	public bool contains(lalr_item itm) {return _all.ContainsKey(itm);}
Beispiel #17
0
	/*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/

	/** Compute the closure of the Set using the LALR closure rules.  Basically
	 *  for every item of the form: <pre>
	 *    [L ::= a *N alpha, l] 
	 *  </pre>
	 *  (where N is a a non terminal and alpha is a string of symbols) make 
	 *  sure there are also items of the form:  <pre>
	 *    [N ::= *beta, first(alpha l)] 
	 *  </pre>
	 *  corresponding to each production of N.  Items with identical cores but 
	 *  differing lookahead sets are merged by creating a new item with the same 
	 *  core and the union of the lookahead sets (the LA in LALR stands for 
	 *  "lookahead merged" and this is where the merger is).  This routine 
	 *  assumes that nullability and first sets have been computed for all 
	 *  productions before it is called.
	 */
	public void compute_closure()
	
{
	lalr_item_set consider;
	lalr_item     itm, new_itm, add_itm;
	non_terminal  nt;
	terminal_set  new_lookaheads;
	IEnumerator   p;
	production    prod;
	bool       need_prop;



	/* invalidate cached hashcode */
	is_cached=false;

	/* each current element needs to be considered */
	consider = new lalr_item_set(this);

	/* repeat this until there is nothing else to consider */
	while (consider.size() > 0)
{
	/* get one item to consider */
	itm = consider.get_one(); 

	/* do we have a dot before a non terminal */
	nt = itm.dot_before_nt();
	if (nt != null)
{
	/* create the lookahead Set based on first after dot */
	new_lookaheads = itm.calc_lookahead(itm.lookahead());

	/* are we going to need to propagate our lookahead to new item */
	need_prop = itm.lookahead_visible();

	/* create items for each production of that non term */
	p = nt.productions();
	while ( p.MoveNext() )
{
	prod = (production)p.Current;

	/* create new item with dot at start and that lookahead */
	new_itm = new lalr_item(prod, 
	new terminal_set(new_lookaheads));

	/* add/merge item into the Set */
	add_itm = add(new_itm);
	/* if propagation is needed link to that item */
	if (need_prop)
	itm.add_propagate(add_itm);

	/* was this was a new item*/
	if (add_itm == new_itm)
{
	/* that may need further closure, consider it also */ 
	consider.add(new_itm);
} 
} 
} 
} 
}
Beispiel #18
0
	/*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/

	/** Remove a single item if it is in the Set. 
	 * @param itm the item to remove.
	 */
	public void remove(lalr_item itm) 
{
	not_null(itm); 

	/* invalidate cached hashcode */
	is_cached=false;

	/* remove it from hash table implementing Set */
	_all.Remove(itm);
}
 /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/
 /** Add a new item to the Set of items we propagate to. */
 public void add_propagate(lalr_item prop_to)
 {
     _propagate_items.Push(prop_to);
     needs_propagation = true;
 }
Beispiel #20
0
        /*-----------------------------------------------------------*/
        /*--- Set Operation Methods ---------------------------------*/
        /*-----------------------------------------------------------*/

        /** Does the Set contain a particular item?
         * @param itm the item in question.
         */
        public bool contains(lalr_item itm)
        {
            return(_all.ContainsKey(itm));
        }
        /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/
        /** Produce the new lalr_item that results from shifting the dot one position
         *  to the right.
         */
        public lalr_item shift()
        {
            lalr_item result;

            /* can't shift if we have dot already at the end */
            if (dot_at_end())
            throw new internal_error("Attempt to shift past end of an lalr_item");

            /* create the new item w/ the dot shifted by one */
            result = new lalr_item(the_production(), dot_pos()+1,
            new terminal_set(lookahead()));

            /* change in our lookahead needs to be propagated to this item */
            add_propagate(result);

            return result;
        }
        /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/
        /** Build an LALR viable prefix recognition machine given a start
           *  production.  This method operates by first building a start state
           *  from the start production (based on a single item with the dot at
           *  the beginning and EOF as expected lookahead).  Then for each state
           *  it attempts to extend the machine by creating transitions out of
           *  the state to new or existing states.  When considering extension
           *  from a state we make a transition on each symbol that appears before
           *  the dot in some item.  For example, if we have the items: <pre>
           *    [A ::= a b * X c, {d,e}]
           *    [B ::= a b * X d, {a,b}]
           *  </pre>
           *  in some state, then we would be making a transition under X to a new
           *  state.  This new state would be formed by a "kernel" of items
           *  corresponding to moving the dot past the X.  In this case: <pre>
           *    [A ::= a b X * c, {d,e}]
           *    [B ::= a b X * Y, {a,b}]
           *  </pre>
           *  The full state would then be formed by "closing" this kernel Set of
           *  items so that it included items that represented productions of things
           *  the parser was now looking for.  In this case we would items
           *  corresponding to productions of Y, since various forms of Y are expected
           *  next when in this state (see lalr_item_set.compute_closure() for details
           *  on closure). <p>
           *
           *  The process of building the viable prefix recognizer terminates when no
           *  new states can be added.  However, in order to build a smaller number of
           *  states (i.e., corresponding to LALR rather than canonical LR) the state
           *  building process does not maintain full loookaheads in all items.
           *  Consequently, after the machine is built, we go back and propagate
           *  lookaheads through the constructed machine using a call to
           *  propagate_all_lookaheads().  This makes use of propagation links
           *  constructed during the closure and transition process.
           *
           * @param start_prod the start production of the grammar
           * @see   java_cup.lalr_item_set#compute_closure
           * @see   java_cup.lalr_state#propagate_all_lookaheads
           */
        public static lalr_state build_machine(production start_prod)
        {
            lalr_state    start_state;
              lalr_item_set start_items;
              lalr_item_set new_items;
              lalr_item_set linked_items;
              lalr_item_set kernel;
              Stack         work_stack = new Stack();
              lalr_state    st, new_st;
              symbol_set    outgoing;
              lalr_item     itm, new_itm, existing, fix_itm;
              symbol        sym, sym2;
              IEnumerator   i, s, fix;

              /* sanity check */
              if (start_prod == null)
            throw new internal_error(
             	  "Attempt to build viable prefix recognizer using a null production");

              /* build item with dot at front of start production and EOF lookahead */
              start_items = new lalr_item_set();

              itm = new lalr_item(start_prod);
              itm.lookahead().add(terminal.EOF);

              start_items.add(itm);

              /* create copy the item Set to form the kernel */
              kernel = new lalr_item_set(start_items);

              /* create the closure from that item Set */
              start_items.compute_closure();

              /* build a state out of that item Set and put it in our work Set */
              start_state = new lalr_state(start_items);
              work_stack.Push(start_state);

              /* enter the state using the kernel as the key */
              _all_kernels.Add(kernel, start_state);

              /* continue looking at new states until we have no more work to do */
              while (work_stack.Count!=0)
            {
              /* remove a state from the work Set */
              st = (lalr_state)work_stack.Pop();

              /* gather up all the symbols that appear before dots */
              outgoing = new symbol_set();
              i = st.items().all();
              while ( i.MoveNext() )
            {
              itm = (lalr_item)i.Current;

              /* add the symbol before the dot (if any) to our collection */
              sym = itm.symbol_after_dot();
              if (sym != null) outgoing.add(sym);
            }

              /* now create a transition out for each individual symbol */
              s = outgoing.all();
              while ( s.MoveNext())
            {
              sym = (symbol)s.Current;

              /* will be keeping the Set of items with propagate links */
              linked_items = new lalr_item_set();

              /* gather up shifted versions of all the items that have this
             symbol before the dot */
              new_items = new lalr_item_set();
              i = st.items().all();
              while ( i.MoveNext())
            {
              itm = (lalr_item)i.Current;

              /* if this is the symbol we are working on now, add to Set */
              sym2 = itm.symbol_after_dot();
              if (sym.Equals(sym2))
            {
              /* add to the kernel of the new state */
              new_items.add(itm.shift());

              /* remember that itm has propagate link to it */
              linked_items.add(itm);
            }
            }

              /* use new items as state kernel */
              kernel = new lalr_item_set(new_items);

              /* have we seen this one already? */
              new_st = (lalr_state)_all_kernels[kernel];

              /* if we haven't, build a new state out of the item Set */
              if (new_st == null)
            {
              /* compute closure of the kernel for the full item Set */
              new_items.compute_closure();

              /* build the new state */
              new_st = new lalr_state(new_items);

              /* add the new state to our work Set */
              work_stack.Push(new_st);

              /* put it in our kernel table */
              _all_kernels.Add(kernel, new_st);
            }
              /* otherwise relink propagation to items in existing state */
              else
            {
              /* walk through the items that have links to the new state */
              fix = linked_items.all();
              while ( fix.MoveNext() )
            {
              fix_itm = (lalr_item)fix.Current;

              /* look at each propagate link out of that item */

              for (int l =0; l < fix_itm.propagate_items().Count; l++)
            {
              /* pull out item linked to in the new state */
              new_itm =(lalr_item) fix_itm.propagate_items().ToArray()[l];

              /* find corresponding item in the existing state */
              existing = new_st.items().find(new_itm);

              /* fix up the item so it points to the existing Set */

              if (existing != null)
              {
                  fix_itm.set_propagate_item(existing,l);

              }
            }
            }
            }

              /* add a transition from current state to that state */
              st.add_transition(sym, new_st);
            }
            }

              /* all done building states */

              /* propagate complete lookahead sets throughout the states */
              propagate_all_lookaheads();

              return start_state;
        }