internal static void AddChild(TreeViewItemViewModel parent, ModelItem item, object value, bool duplicatedNodeVisible, string childNodePrefix, ModelProperty trackingProperty)
        {
            // If necessary, evaluate uniqueness of given item
            bool isUnique = false;

            if (!duplicatedNodeVisible)
            {
                // Note: These evaluations expect item to be an immediate child of trackingProperty.Value
                // Intermediate nodes would for example undermine simple check just below
                //
                // Caveat 1: Aim is to greatly reduce, not to eliminate, display of nodes visible elsewhere
                // Caveat 1a: Nodes reachable from other isolated nodes are included in the collection
                // Caveat 1b: Nodes that are not isolated may be reachable from isolated nodes and thus
                // displayed together with the isolated ones; ShowPropertyInOutlineViewAsSiblingAttribute may make this seem normal
                // (If complete duplicate elimination were the aim, would likely need a "never expand"
                // display mode for duplicateNodeVisible=false children)
                // Caveat 2: Use of single uniqueChildren field may cause all children of a second
                // duplcatedNodeVisible=false property to be ignored if (fortunately only if) neither
                // property uses ShowPropertyInOutlineViewAttribute(true) -- that attribute's default
                // Caveat 3-n: Please see caveats described at top of UniqueModelItemHelper
                if (1 >= item.Parents.Count())
                {
                    isUnique = true;
                }
                else
                {
                    // Avoided a thorough evaluation as long as we can
                    if (null == parent.uniqueChildren)
                    {
                        parent.uniqueChildren = UniqueModelItemHelper.FindUniqueChildren(trackingProperty);
                    }

                    isUnique = parent.uniqueChildren.Contains(item);
                }
            }

            // If displayable now, create the view model node
            if (duplicatedNodeVisible || isUnique)
            {
                TreeViewItemViewModel child = TreeViewItemViewModel.CreateViewModel(parent, value);
                child.NodePrefixText = childNodePrefix;
                parent.AddChild(child, trackingProperty);
            }
            // Track for potential addition or removal of parents even if not presently visible
            if (!duplicatedNodeVisible)
            {
                ModelItemImpl itemImpl = item as ModelItemImpl;
                if (null != itemImpl)
                {
                    ChangeNotificationTracker tracker = parent.GetTracker(trackingProperty);
                    tracker.AddCollection(itemImpl.InternalParents);
                    tracker.AddCollection(itemImpl.InternalSources);
                }
            }
        }
        internal static void AddModelItemCollection(TreeViewItemViewModel parent, ModelItemCollection collection, ModelProperty trackingProperty)
        {
            parent.GetTracker(trackingProperty).AddCollection(collection);

            bool   duplicatedNodeVisible = true;
            string childNodePrefix       = string.Empty;
            ShowPropertyInOutlineViewAttribute viewChild = ExtensibilityAccessor.GetAttribute <ShowPropertyInOutlineViewAttribute>(trackingProperty);

            if (viewChild != null)
            {
                duplicatedNodeVisible = viewChild.DuplicatedChildNodesVisible;
                childNodePrefix       = viewChild.ChildNodePrefix;
            }

            foreach (ModelItem item in collection)
            {
                AddChild(parent, item, item, duplicatedNodeVisible, childNodePrefix, trackingProperty);
            }
        }
        internal static void AddModelItemDictionary(TreeViewItemViewModel parent, ModelItemDictionary dictionary, ModelProperty trackingProperty)
        {
            parent.GetTracker(trackingProperty).AddCollection(dictionary);

            bool   duplicatedNodeVisible = true;
            string childNodePrefix       = string.Empty;
            ShowPropertyInOutlineViewAttribute viewChild = ExtensibilityAccessor.GetAttribute <ShowPropertyInOutlineViewAttribute>(trackingProperty);

            if (viewChild != null)
            {
                duplicatedNodeVisible = viewChild.DuplicatedChildNodesVisible;
                childNodePrefix       = viewChild.ChildNodePrefix;
            }

            foreach (var pair in dictionary)
            {
                ModelItem item = null;
                //AddChild(parent, pair.Value, pair, duplicatedNodeVisible, trackingProperty);
                AddChild(parent, item, pair, duplicatedNodeVisible, childNodePrefix, trackingProperty);
            }
        }
        internal static void AddModelProperty(TreeViewItemViewModel parent, ModelItem item, ModelProperty trackingProperty, ModelProperty property)
        {
            //in the case of multiple attributes, they go in this order
            //HidePropertyInOutlineViewAttribute
            //[item.ShowInOutlineViewAttribute.PromotedProperty = property.Name]. Set VisualValue by property and ignore itself. Usage ActivityDelegate, FlowStep.
            //ShowPropertyInOutlineViewAttribute
            //ShowPropertyInOutlineViewAsSiblingAttribute
            //ShowInOutlineViewAttribute
            ShowPropertyInOutlineViewAttribute viewChild = ExtensibilityAccessor.GetAttribute <ShowPropertyInOutlineViewAttribute>(property);

            if (ExtensibilityAccessor.GetAttribute <HidePropertyInOutlineViewAttribute>(property) != null)
            {
                //ignore
                return;
            }
            else if (IsPromotedProperty(item, property))
            {
                if (property.IsCollection)
                {
                    ModelItemCollection mc = property.Value as ModelItemCollection;
                    AddModelItemCollection(parent, mc, trackingProperty);
                }
                else if (property.IsDictionary)
                {
                    ModelItemDictionary dictionary = property.Dictionary;
                    AddModelItemDictionary(parent, dictionary, trackingProperty);
                }
                else
                {
                    parent.GetTracker(trackingProperty).Add(item, property);

                    //if property.Value is null, then this would not add any node
                    // Use promoted ModelItem's property to track, so pass null to AddModelItem method.
                    AddModelItem(parent, property.Value, null);
                }
            }
            else if (viewChild != null)
            {
                if (viewChild.CurrentPropertyVisible) //property node visible
                {
                    if (property.Value != null)
                    {
                        TreeViewItemViewModel childModel = TreeViewItemViewModel.CreateViewModel(parent, property);
                        childModel.DuplicatedNodeVisible = viewChild.DuplicatedChildNodesVisible;
                        parent.AddChild(childModel, trackingProperty);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        //just add the notification tracker without adding the empty child
                        parent.GetTracker(trackingProperty, true).Add(item, trackingProperty);
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    if (property.IsCollection)
                    {
                        ModelItemCollection mc = property.Value as ModelItemCollection;
                        AddModelItemCollection(parent, mc, trackingProperty);
                    }
                    else if (property.IsDictionary)
                    {
                        ModelItemDictionary dictionary = property.Dictionary;
                        AddModelItemDictionary(parent, dictionary, trackingProperty);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        if (property.Value != null)
                        {
                            TreeViewItemViewModel childModel = TreeViewItemViewModel.CreateViewModel(parent, property.Value);
                            childModel.DuplicatedNodeVisible = viewChild.DuplicatedChildNodesVisible;
                            parent.AddChild(childModel, trackingProperty);
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            parent.GetTracker(trackingProperty).Add(item, property);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            else if (ExtensibilityAccessor.GetAttribute <ShowPropertyInOutlineViewAsSiblingAttribute>(property) != null)
            {
                //add notification to the tracker that is responsible for this node
                ChangeNotificationTracker tracker = parent.Parent.GetTracker(parent);
                tracker.Add(item, property);
                TreeViewItemViewModel siblingNode = null;
                if (property.Value != null)
                {
                    siblingNode = TreeViewItemViewModel.CreateViewModel(parent.Parent, property.Value);
                }
                parent.Parent.AddChild(siblingNode, tracker.ParentProperty);
            }
            else if (ExtensibilityAccessor.GetAttribute <ShowInOutlineViewAttribute>(property) != null)
            {
                if (property.Value != null)
                {
                    ShowInOutlineViewAttribute outlineView = ExtensibilityAccessor.GetAttribute <ShowInOutlineViewAttribute>(property);
                    if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(outlineView.PromotedProperty))
                    {
                        parent.AddChild(TreeViewItemViewModel.CreateViewModel(parent, property), trackingProperty);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        ModelProperty promotedProperty = property.Value.Properties.Find(outlineView.PromotedProperty);
                        if (promotedProperty == null)
                        {
                            throw FxTrace.Exception.AsError(new InvalidOperationException(string.Format(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture, SR.PromotedPropertyNotFound, outlineView.PromotedProperty, property.Value.Name)));
                        }

                        // Add promoted ModelItem and property into tracker. So when property got changed, the grandparent of promoted ModelItem will be notified.
                        ChangeNotificationTracker tracker = parent.GetTracker(trackingProperty, true);
                        tracker.Add(property.Value, promotedProperty);

                        if (promotedProperty.Value == null)
                        {
                            tracker.Add(item, property);
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            parent.AddChild(TreeViewItemViewModel.CreateViewModel(parent, property), trackingProperty);
                        }
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    parent.GetTracker(trackingProperty, true).Add(item, property);
                }
            }
            //if the values in the dictionary is viewvisible, note this only works with generic dictionary
            else if (property.IsDictionary && property.PropertyType.IsGenericType)
            {
                Type[] arguments = property.PropertyType.GetGenericArguments();
                if (ExtensibilityAccessor.GetAttribute <ShowInOutlineViewAttribute>(arguments[1]) != null)
                {
                    if (property.Value != null)
                    {
                        parent.AddChild(TreeViewItemViewModel.CreateViewModel(parent, property), trackingProperty);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        parent.GetTracker(trackingProperty, true).Add(item, property);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        internal static void AddChild(TreeViewItemViewModel parent, ModelItem item, object value, bool duplicatedNodeVisible, string childNodePrefix, ModelProperty trackingProperty)
        {
            // If necessary, evaluate uniqueness of given item
            bool isUnique = false;
            if (!duplicatedNodeVisible)
            {
                // Note: These evaluations expect item to be an immediate child of trackingProperty.Value
                // Intermediate nodes would for example undermine simple check just below
                //
                // Caveat 1: Aim is to greatly reduce, not to eliminate, display of nodes visible elsewhere
                // Caveat 1a: Nodes reachable from other isolated nodes are included in the collection
                // Caveat 1b: Nodes that are not isolated may be reachable from isolated nodes and thus
                // displayed together with the isolated ones; ShowPropertyInOutlineViewAsSiblingAttribute may make this seem normal
                // (If complete duplicate elimination were the aim, would likely need a "never expand"
                // display mode for duplicateNodeVisible=false children)
                // Caveat 2: Use of single uniqueChildren field may cause all children of a second
                // duplcatedNodeVisible=false property to be ignored if (fortunately only if) neither
                // property uses ShowPropertyInOutlineViewAttribute(true) -- that attribute's default
                // Caveat 3-n: Please see caveats described at top of UniqueModelItemHelper
                if (1 >= item.Parents.Count())
                {
                    isUnique = true;
                }
                else
                {
                    // Avoided a thorough evaluation as long as we can
                    if (null == parent.uniqueChildren)
                    {
                        parent.uniqueChildren = UniqueModelItemHelper.FindUniqueChildren(trackingProperty);
                    }

                    isUnique = parent.uniqueChildren.Contains(item);
                }
            }

            // If displayable now, create the view model node
            if (duplicatedNodeVisible || isUnique)
            {
                TreeViewItemViewModel child = TreeViewItemViewModel.CreateViewModel(parent, value);
                child.NodePrefixText = childNodePrefix;
                parent.AddChild(child, trackingProperty);
            }
            // Track for potential addition or removal of parents even if not presently visible
            if (!duplicatedNodeVisible)
            {
                ModelItemImpl itemImpl = item as ModelItemImpl;
                if (null != itemImpl)
                {
                    ChangeNotificationTracker tracker = parent.GetTracker(trackingProperty);
                    tracker.AddCollection(itemImpl.InternalParents);
                    tracker.AddCollection(itemImpl.InternalSources);
                }
            }
        }
        internal static void AddModelProperty(TreeViewItemViewModel parent, ModelItem item, ModelProperty trackingProperty, ModelProperty property)
        {
            //in the case of multiple attributes, they go in this order
            //HidePropertyInOutlineViewAttribute
            //[item.ShowInOutlineViewAttribute.PromotedProperty = property.Name]. Set VisualValue by property and ignore itself. Usage ActivityDelegate, FlowStep.
            //ShowPropertyInOutlineViewAttribute
            //ShowPropertyInOutlineViewAsSiblingAttribute
            //ShowInOutlineViewAttribute
            ShowPropertyInOutlineViewAttribute viewChild = ExtensibilityAccessor.GetAttribute<ShowPropertyInOutlineViewAttribute>(property);
            if (ExtensibilityAccessor.GetAttribute<HidePropertyInOutlineViewAttribute>(property) != null)
            {
                //ignore
                return;
            }
            else if (IsPromotedProperty(item, property))
            {
                if (property.IsCollection)
                {
                    ModelItemCollection mc = property.Value as ModelItemCollection;
                    AddModelItemCollection(parent, mc, trackingProperty);
                }
                else if (property.IsDictionary)
                {
                    ModelItemDictionary dictionary = property.Dictionary;
                    AddModelItemDictionary(parent, dictionary, trackingProperty);
                }
                else
                {
                    parent.GetTracker(trackingProperty).Add(item, property);

                    //if property.Value is null, then this would not add any node
                    // Use promoted ModelItem's property to track, so pass null to AddModelItem method.
                    AddModelItem(parent, property.Value, null);
                }
            }
            else if (viewChild != null)
            {
                if (viewChild.CurrentPropertyVisible) //property node visible
                {
                    if (property.Value != null)
                    {
                        TreeViewItemViewModel childModel = TreeViewItemViewModel.CreateViewModel(parent, property);
                        childModel.DuplicatedNodeVisible = viewChild.DuplicatedChildNodesVisible;
                        parent.AddChild(childModel, trackingProperty);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        //just add the notification tracker without adding the empty child
                        parent.GetTracker(trackingProperty, true).Add(item, trackingProperty);
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    if (property.IsCollection)
                    {
                        ModelItemCollection mc = property.Value as ModelItemCollection;
                        AddModelItemCollection(parent, mc, trackingProperty);
                    }
                    else if (property.IsDictionary)
                    {
                        ModelItemDictionary dictionary = property.Dictionary;
                        AddModelItemDictionary(parent, dictionary, trackingProperty);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        if (property.Value != null)
                        {
                            TreeViewItemViewModel childModel = TreeViewItemViewModel.CreateViewModel(parent, property.Value);
                            childModel.DuplicatedNodeVisible = viewChild.DuplicatedChildNodesVisible;
                            parent.AddChild(childModel, trackingProperty);
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            parent.GetTracker(trackingProperty).Add(item, property);
                        }

                    }
                }
            }
            else if (ExtensibilityAccessor.GetAttribute<ShowPropertyInOutlineViewAsSiblingAttribute>(property) != null)
            {
                //add notification to the tracker that is responsible for this node
                ChangeNotificationTracker tracker = parent.Parent.GetTracker(parent);
                tracker.Add(item, property);
                TreeViewItemViewModel siblingNode = null;
                if (property.Value != null)
                {
                    siblingNode = TreeViewItemViewModel.CreateViewModel(parent.Parent, property.Value);
                }
                parent.Parent.AddChild(siblingNode, tracker.ParentProperty);
            }
            else if (ExtensibilityAccessor.GetAttribute<ShowInOutlineViewAttribute>(property) != null)
            {
                if (property.Value != null)
                {
                    ShowInOutlineViewAttribute outlineView = ExtensibilityAccessor.GetAttribute<ShowInOutlineViewAttribute>(property);
                    if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(outlineView.PromotedProperty))
                    {
                        parent.AddChild(TreeViewItemViewModel.CreateViewModel(parent, property), trackingProperty);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        ModelProperty promotedProperty = property.Value.Properties.Find(outlineView.PromotedProperty);
                        if (promotedProperty == null)
                        {
                            throw FxTrace.Exception.AsError(new InvalidOperationException(string.Format(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture, SR.PromotedPropertyNotFound, outlineView.PromotedProperty, property.Value.Name)));
                        }

                        // Add promoted ModelItem and property into tracker. So when property got changed, the grandparent of promoted ModelItem will be notified.
                        ChangeNotificationTracker tracker = parent.GetTracker(trackingProperty, true);
                        tracker.Add(property.Value, promotedProperty);

                        if (promotedProperty.Value == null)
                        {
                            tracker.Add(item, property);
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            parent.AddChild(TreeViewItemViewModel.CreateViewModel(parent, property), trackingProperty);
                        }
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    parent.GetTracker(trackingProperty, true).Add(item, property);
                }

            }
            //if the values in the dictionary is viewvisible, note this only works with generic dictionary
            else if (property.IsDictionary && property.PropertyType.IsGenericType)
            {
                Type[] arguments = property.PropertyType.GetGenericArguments();
                if (ExtensibilityAccessor.GetAttribute<ShowInOutlineViewAttribute>(arguments[1]) != null)
                {
                    if (property.Value != null)
                    {
                        parent.AddChild(TreeViewItemViewModel.CreateViewModel(parent, property), trackingProperty);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        parent.GetTracker(trackingProperty, true).Add(item, property);
                    }

                }
            }
        }
        internal static void AddModelItemDictionary(TreeViewItemViewModel parent, ModelItemDictionary dictionary, ModelProperty trackingProperty)
        {
            parent.GetTracker(trackingProperty).AddCollection(dictionary);

            bool duplicatedNodeVisible = true;
            string childNodePrefix = string.Empty;
            ShowPropertyInOutlineViewAttribute viewChild = ExtensibilityAccessor.GetAttribute<ShowPropertyInOutlineViewAttribute>(trackingProperty);
            if (viewChild != null)
            {
                duplicatedNodeVisible = viewChild.DuplicatedChildNodesVisible;
                childNodePrefix = viewChild.ChildNodePrefix;
            }

            foreach (var pair in dictionary)
            {
                ModelItem item = null;
                //AddChild(parent, pair.Value, pair, duplicatedNodeVisible, trackingProperty);
                AddChild(parent, item, pair, duplicatedNodeVisible, childNodePrefix, trackingProperty);
            }
        }
        internal static void AddModelItemCollection(TreeViewItemViewModel parent, ModelItemCollection collection, ModelProperty trackingProperty)
        {
            parent.GetTracker(trackingProperty).AddCollection(collection);

            bool duplicatedNodeVisible = true;
            string childNodePrefix = string.Empty;
            ShowPropertyInOutlineViewAttribute viewChild = ExtensibilityAccessor.GetAttribute<ShowPropertyInOutlineViewAttribute>(trackingProperty);
            if (viewChild != null)
            {
                duplicatedNodeVisible = viewChild.DuplicatedChildNodesVisible;
                childNodePrefix = viewChild.ChildNodePrefix;
            }

            foreach (ModelItem item in collection)
            {
                AddChild(parent, item, item, duplicatedNodeVisible, childNodePrefix, trackingProperty);
            }
        }