private void SerializeObject(JsonWriter writer, object value, JsonObjectContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract collectionContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
    {
      contract.InvokeOnSerializing(value, Serializer.Context);

      _serializeStack.Add(value);

      WriteObjectStart(writer, value, contract, member, collectionContract, containerProperty);

      int initialDepth = writer.Top;

      foreach (JsonProperty property in contract.Properties)
      {
        try
        {
          object memberValue;
          JsonContract memberContract;

          if (!CalculatePropertyValues(writer, value, contract, member, property, out memberContract, out memberValue))
            continue;

          writer.WritePropertyName(property.PropertyName);
          SerializeValue(writer, memberValue, memberContract, property, contract, member);
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
          if (IsErrorHandled(value, contract, property.PropertyName, writer.ContainerPath, ex))
            HandleError(writer, initialDepth);
          else
            throw;
        }
      }

      writer.WriteEndObject();

      _serializeStack.RemoveAt(_serializeStack.Count - 1);

      contract.InvokeOnSerialized(value, Serializer.Context);
    }
    private void GenerateObjectSchema(Type type, JsonObjectContract contract)
    {
      CurrentSchema.Properties = new Dictionary<string, JsonSchema>();
      foreach (JsonProperty property in contract.Properties)
      {
        if (!property.Ignored)
        {
          bool optional = property.NullValueHandling == NullValueHandling.Ignore ||
                          HasFlag(property.DefaultValueHandling.GetValueOrDefault(), DefaultValueHandling.Ignore) ||
                          property.ShouldSerialize != null ||
                          property.GetIsSpecified != null;

          JsonSchema propertySchema = GenerateInternal(property.PropertyType, property.Required, !optional);

          if (property.DefaultValue != null)
            propertySchema.Default = JToken.FromObject(property.DefaultValue);

          CurrentSchema.Properties.Add(property.PropertyName, propertySchema);
        }
      }

      if (type.IsSealed())
        CurrentSchema.AllowAdditionalProperties = false;
    }
    private void EndObject(object newObject, JsonReader reader, JsonObjectContract contract, int initialDepth, Dictionary<JsonProperty, PropertyPresence> propertiesPresence)
    {
      if (propertiesPresence != null)
      {
        foreach (KeyValuePair<JsonProperty, PropertyPresence> propertyPresence in propertiesPresence)
        {
          JsonProperty property = propertyPresence.Key;
          PropertyPresence presence = propertyPresence.Value;

          if (presence == PropertyPresence.None || presence == PropertyPresence.Null)
          {
            try
            {
              Required resolvedRequired = property._required ?? contract.ItemRequired ?? Required.Default;

              switch (presence)
              {
                case PropertyPresence.None:
                  if (resolvedRequired == Required.AllowNull || resolvedRequired == Required.Always)
                    throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Required property '{0}' not found in JSON.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, property.PropertyName));

                  if (property.PropertyContract == null)
                    property.PropertyContract = GetContractSafe(property.PropertyType);

                  if (HasFlag(property.DefaultValueHandling.GetValueOrDefault(Serializer.DefaultValueHandling), DefaultValueHandling.Populate) && property.Writable)
                    property.ValueProvider.SetValue(newObject, EnsureType(reader, property.DefaultValue, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, property.PropertyContract, property.PropertyType));
                  break;
                case PropertyPresence.Null:
                  if (resolvedRequired == Required.Always)
                    throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Required property '{0}' expects a value but got null.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, property.PropertyName));
                  break;
              }
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
              if (IsErrorHandled(newObject, contract, property.PropertyName, reader.Path, ex))
                HandleError(reader, true, initialDepth);
              else
                throw;
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
    private object PopulateObject(object newObject, JsonReader reader, JsonObjectContract contract, JsonProperty member, string id)
    {
      contract.InvokeOnDeserializing(newObject, Serializer.Context);

      // only need to keep a track of properies presence if they are required or a value should be defaulted if missing
      Dictionary<JsonProperty, PropertyPresence> propertiesPresence = (contract.HasRequiredOrDefaultValueProperties || HasFlag(Serializer.DefaultValueHandling, DefaultValueHandling.Populate))
        ? contract.Properties.ToDictionary(m => m, m => PropertyPresence.None)
        : null;

      if (id != null)
        Serializer.ReferenceResolver.AddReference(this, id, newObject);

      int initialDepth = reader.Depth;

      bool finished = false;
      do
      {
        switch (reader.TokenType)
        {
          case JsonToken.PropertyName:
            {
              string memberName = reader.Value.ToString();

              try
              {
                // attempt exact case match first
                // then try match ignoring case
                JsonProperty property = contract.Properties.GetClosestMatchProperty(memberName);

                if (property == null)
                {
                  if (Serializer.MissingMemberHandling == MissingMemberHandling.Error)
                    throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Could not find member '{0}' on object of type '{1}'".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, memberName, contract.UnderlyingType.Name));

                  reader.Skip();
                  continue;
                }

                if (property.PropertyContract == null)
                  property.PropertyContract = GetContractSafe(property.PropertyType);

                JsonConverter propertyConverter = GetConverter(property.PropertyContract, property.MemberConverter, contract, member);

                if (!ReadForType(reader, property.PropertyContract, propertyConverter != null))
                  throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected end when setting {0}'s value.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, memberName));

                SetPropertyPresence(reader, property, propertiesPresence);

                SetPropertyValue(property, propertyConverter, contract, member, reader, newObject);
              }
              catch (Exception ex)
              {
                if (IsErrorHandled(newObject, contract, memberName, reader.Path, ex))
                  HandleError(reader, true, initialDepth);
                else
                  throw;
              }
            }
            break;
          case JsonToken.EndObject:
            finished = true;
            break;
          case JsonToken.Comment:
            // ignore
            break;
          default:
            throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected token when deserializing object: " + reader.TokenType);
        }
      } while (!finished && reader.Read());

      if (!finished)
        ThrowUnexpectedEndException(reader, contract, newObject, "Unexpected end when deserializing object.");

      EndObject(newObject, reader, contract, initialDepth, propertiesPresence);

      contract.InvokeOnDeserialized(newObject, Serializer.Context);
      return newObject;
    }
    public object CreateNewObject(JsonReader reader, JsonObjectContract objectContract, JsonProperty containerMember, JsonProperty containerProperty, string id, out bool createdFromNonDefaultConstructor)
    {
      object newObject = null;

      if (objectContract.UnderlyingType.IsInterface() || objectContract.UnderlyingType.IsAbstract())
        throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Could not create an instance of type {0}. Type is an interface or abstract class and cannot be instantated.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, objectContract.UnderlyingType));

      if (objectContract.OverrideConstructor != null)
      {
        if (objectContract.OverrideConstructor.GetParameters().Length > 0)
        {
          createdFromNonDefaultConstructor = true;
          return CreateObjectFromNonDefaultConstructor(reader, objectContract, containerMember, objectContract.OverrideConstructor, id);
        }

        newObject = objectContract.OverrideConstructor.Invoke(null);
      }
      else if (objectContract.DefaultCreator != null &&
        (!objectContract.DefaultCreatorNonPublic || Serializer.ConstructorHandling == ConstructorHandling.AllowNonPublicDefaultConstructor || objectContract.ParametrizedConstructor == null))
      {
        // use the default constructor if it is...
        // public
        // non-public and the user has change constructor handling settings
        // non-public and there is no other constructor
        newObject = objectContract.DefaultCreator();
      }
      else if (objectContract.ParametrizedConstructor != null)
      {
        createdFromNonDefaultConstructor = true;
        return CreateObjectFromNonDefaultConstructor(reader, objectContract, containerMember, objectContract.ParametrizedConstructor, id);
      }

      if (newObject == null)
        throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unable to find a constructor to use for type {0}. A class should either have a default constructor, one constructor with arguments or a constructor marked with the JsonConstructor attribute.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, objectContract.UnderlyingType));

      createdFromNonDefaultConstructor = false;
      return newObject;
    }
    private IDictionary<JsonProperty, object> ResolvePropertyAndConstructorValues(JsonObjectContract contract, JsonProperty containerProperty, JsonReader reader, Type objectType)
    {
      IDictionary<JsonProperty, object> propertyValues = new Dictionary<JsonProperty, object>();
      bool exit = false;
      do
      {
        switch (reader.TokenType)
        {
          case JsonToken.PropertyName:
            string memberName = reader.Value.ToString();

            // attempt exact case match first
            // then try match ignoring case
            JsonProperty property = contract.ConstructorParameters.GetClosestMatchProperty(memberName) ??
              contract.Properties.GetClosestMatchProperty(memberName);

            if (property != null)
            {
              if (property.PropertyContract == null)
                property.PropertyContract = GetContractSafe(property.PropertyType);

              JsonConverter propertyConverter = GetConverter(property.PropertyContract, property.MemberConverter, contract, containerProperty);

              if (!ReadForType(reader, property.PropertyContract, propertyConverter != null))
                throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected end when setting {0}'s value.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, memberName));

              if (!property.Ignored)
              {
                if (property.PropertyContract == null)
                  property.PropertyContract = GetContractSafe(property.PropertyType);

                object propertyValue;
                if (propertyConverter != null && propertyConverter.CanRead)
                  propertyValue = propertyConverter.ReadJson(reader, property.PropertyType, null, GetInternalSerializer());
                else
                  propertyValue = CreateValueInternal(reader, property.PropertyType, property.PropertyContract, property, contract, containerProperty, null);

                propertyValues[property] = propertyValue;
              }
              else
              {
                reader.Skip();
              }
            }
            else
            {
              if (!reader.Read())
                throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected end when setting {0}'s value.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, memberName));

              if (Serializer.MissingMemberHandling == MissingMemberHandling.Error)
                throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Could not find member '{0}' on object of type '{1}'".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, memberName, objectType.Name));

              reader.Skip();
            }
            break;
          case JsonToken.Comment:
            break;
          case JsonToken.EndObject:
            exit = true;
            break;
          default:
            throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected token when deserializing object: " + reader.TokenType);
        }
      } while (!exit && reader.Read());

      return propertyValues;
    }
    private object CreateObjectFromNonDefaultConstructor(JsonReader reader, JsonObjectContract contract, JsonProperty containerProperty, ConstructorInfo constructorInfo, string id)
    {
      ValidationUtils.ArgumentNotNull(constructorInfo, "constructorInfo");

      Type objectType = contract.UnderlyingType;

      IDictionary<JsonProperty, object> propertyValues = ResolvePropertyAndConstructorValues(contract, containerProperty, reader, objectType);

      IDictionary<ParameterInfo, object> constructorParameters = constructorInfo.GetParameters().ToDictionary(p => p, p => (object) null);
      IDictionary<JsonProperty, object> remainingPropertyValues = new Dictionary<JsonProperty, object>();

      foreach (KeyValuePair<JsonProperty, object> propertyValue in propertyValues)
      {
        ParameterInfo matchingConstructorParameter = constructorParameters.ForgivingCaseSensitiveFind(kv => kv.Key.Name, propertyValue.Key.UnderlyingName).Key;
        if (matchingConstructorParameter != null)
          constructorParameters[matchingConstructorParameter] = propertyValue.Value;
        else
          remainingPropertyValues.Add(propertyValue);
      }

      object createdObject = constructorInfo.Invoke(constructorParameters.Values.ToArray());

      if (id != null)
        Serializer.ReferenceResolver.AddReference(this, id, createdObject);

      contract.InvokeOnDeserializing(createdObject, Serializer.Context);

      // go through unused values and set the newly created object's properties
      foreach (KeyValuePair<JsonProperty, object> remainingPropertyValue in remainingPropertyValues)
      {
        JsonProperty property = remainingPropertyValue.Key;
        object value = remainingPropertyValue.Value;

        if (ShouldSetPropertyValue(remainingPropertyValue.Key, remainingPropertyValue.Value))
        {
          property.ValueProvider.SetValue(createdObject, value);
        }
        else if (!property.Writable && value != null)
        {
          // handle readonly collection/dictionary properties
          JsonContract propertyContract = Serializer.ContractResolver.ResolveContract(property.PropertyType);

          if (propertyContract.ContractType == JsonContractType.Array)
          {
            JsonArrayContract propertyArrayContract = (JsonArrayContract)propertyContract;

            object createdObjectCollection = property.ValueProvider.GetValue(createdObject);
            if (createdObjectCollection != null)
            {
              IWrappedCollection createdObjectCollectionWrapper = propertyArrayContract.CreateWrapper(createdObjectCollection);
              IWrappedCollection newValues = propertyArrayContract.CreateWrapper(value);

              foreach (object newValue in newValues)
              {
                createdObjectCollectionWrapper.Add(newValue);
              }
            }
          }
          else if (propertyContract.ContractType == JsonContractType.Dictionary)
          {
            JsonDictionaryContract jsonDictionaryContract = (JsonDictionaryContract)propertyContract;

            object createdObjectDictionary = property.ValueProvider.GetValue(createdObject);
            if (createdObjectDictionary != null)
            {
              IWrappedDictionary createdObjectDictionaryWrapper = jsonDictionaryContract.CreateWrapper(createdObjectDictionary);
              IWrappedDictionary newValues = jsonDictionaryContract.CreateWrapper(value);

              foreach (DictionaryEntry newValue in newValues)
              {
                createdObjectDictionaryWrapper.Add(newValue.Key, newValue.Value);
              }
            }
          }
        }
      }

      contract.InvokeOnDeserialized(createdObject, Serializer.Context);
      return createdObject;
    }