In plain words
Creational patterns are focused towards how to instantiate an object or group of related objects.
Wikipedia says
In software engineering, creational design patterns are design patterns that deal with object creation mechanisms, trying to create objects in a manner suitable to the situation. The basic form of object creation could result in design problems or added complexity to the design. Creational design patterns solve this problem by somehow controlling this object creation.
Real world example
Consider, you are building a house and you need doors. You can either put on your carpenter clothes, bring some wood, glue, nails and all the tools required to build the door and start building it in your house or you can simply call the factory and get the built door delivered to you so that you don't need to learn anything about the door making or to deal with the mess that comes with making it.
In plain words
Simple factory simply generates an instance for client without exposing any instantiation logic to the client
Wikipedia says
In object-oriented programming (OOP), a factory is an object for creating other objects – formally a factory is a function or method that returns objects of a varying prototype or class from some method call, which is assumed to be "new".
Programmatic Example
First of all we have a door interface and the implementation
interface Door
{
public function getWidth(): float;
public function getHeight(): float;
}
class WoodenDoor implements Door
{
protected $width;
protected $height;
public function __construct(float $width, float $height)
{
$this->width = $width;
$this->height = $height;
}
public function getWidth(): float
{
return $this->width;
}
public function getHeight(): float
{
return $this->height;
}
}Then we have our door factory that makes the door and returns it
class DoorFactory
{
public static function makeDoor($width, $height): Door
{
return new WoodenDoor($width, $height);
}
}And then it can be used as
// Make me a door of 100x200
$door = DoorFactory::makeDoor(100, 200);
echo 'Width: ' . $door->getWidth();
echo 'Height: ' . $door->getHeight();
// Make me a door of 50x100
$door2 = DoorFactory::makeDoor(50, 100);When to Use?
When creating an object is not just a few assignments and involves some logic, it makes sense to put it in a dedicated factory instead of repeating the same code everywhere.
Real world example
Consider the case of a hiring manager. It is impossible for one person to interview for each of the positions. Based on the job opening, she has to decide and delegate the interview steps to different people.
In plain words
It provides a way to delegate the instantiation logic to child classes.
Wikipedia says
In class-based programming, the factory method pattern is a creational pattern that uses factory methods to deal with the problem of creating objects without having to specify the exact class of the object that will be created. This is done by creating objects by calling a factory method—either specified in an interface and implemented by child classes, or implemented in a base class and optionally overridden by derived classes—rather than by calling a constructor.
Programmatic Example
// todo missing uml
Taking our hiring manager example above. First of all we have an interviewer interface and some implementations for it
interface Interviewer
{
public function askQuestions();
}
class Developer implements Interviewer
{
public function askQuestions()
{
echo 'Asking about design patterns!';
}
}
class CommunityExecutive implements Interviewer
{
public function askQuestions()
{
echo 'Asking about community building';
}
}Now let us create our HiringManager
abstract class HiringManager
{
// Factory method
abstract protected function makeInterviewer(): Interviewer;
public function takeInterview()
{
$interviewer = $this->makeInterviewer();
$interviewer->askQuestions();
}
}Now any child can extend it and provide the required interviewer
class DevelopmentManager extends HiringManager
{
protected function makeInterviewer(): Interviewer
{
return new Developer();
}
}
class MarketingManager extends HiringManager
{
protected function makeInterviewer(): Interviewer
{
return new CommunityExecutive();
}
}and then it can be used as
$devManager = new DevelopmentManager();
$devManager->takeInterview(); // Output: Asking about design patterns
$marketingManager = new MarketingManager();
$marketingManager->takeInterview(); // Output: Asking about community building.When to use?
Useful when there is some generic processing in a class but the required sub-class is dynamically decided at runtime. Or putting it in other words, when the client doesn't know what exact sub-class it might need.
Real world example
Extending our door example from Simple Factory. Based on your needs you might get a wooden door from a wooden door shop, iron door from an iron shop or a PVC door from the relevant shop. Plus you might need a guy with different kind of specialities to fit the door, for example a carpenter for wooden door, welder for iron door etc. As you can see there is a dependency between the doors now, wooden door needs carpenter, iron door needs a welder etc.
In plain words
A factory of factories; a factory that groups the individual but related/dependent factories together without specifying their concrete classes.
Wikipedia says
The abstract factory pattern provides a way to encapsulate a group of individual factories that have a common theme without specifying their concrete classes
Programmatic Example
Translating the door example above. First of all we have our Door interface and some implementation for it
interface Door
{
public function getDescription();
}
class WoodenDoor implements Door
{
public function getDescription()
{
echo 'I am a wooden door';
}
}
class IronDoor implements Door
{
public function getDescription()
{
echo 'I am an iron door';
}
}Then we have some fitting experts for each door type
interface DoorFittingExpert
{
public function getDescription();
}
class Welder implements DoorFittingExpert
{
public function getDescription()
{
echo 'I can only fit iron doors';
}
}
class Carpenter implements DoorFittingExpert
{
public function getDescription()
{
echo 'I can only fit wooden doors';
}
}Now we have our abstract factory that would let us make family of related objects i.e. wooden door factory would create a wooden door and wooden door fitting expert and iron door factory would create an iron door and iron door fitting expert
interface DoorFactory
{
public function makeDoor(): Door;
public function makeFittingExpert(): DoorFittingExpert;
}
// Wooden factory to return carpenter and wooden door
class WoodenDoorFactory implements DoorFactory
{
public function makeDoor(): Door
{
return new WoodenDoor();
}
public function makeFittingExpert(): DoorFittingExpert
{
return new Carpenter();
}
}
// Iron door factory to get iron door and the relevant fitting expert
class IronDoorFactory implements DoorFactory
{
public function makeDoor(): Door
{
return new IronDoor();
}
public function makeFittingExpert(): DoorFittingExpert
{
return new Welder();
}
}And then it can be used as
$woodenFactory = new WoodenDoorFactory();
$door = $woodenFactory->makeDoor();
$expert = $woodenFactory->makeFittingExpert();
$door->getDescription(); // Output: I am a wooden door
$expert->getDescription(); // Output: I can only fit wooden doors
// Same for Iron Factory
$ironFactory = new IronDoorFactory();
$door = $ironFactory->makeDoor();
$expert = $ironFactory->makeFittingExpert();
$door->getDescription(); // Output: I am an iron door
$expert->getDescription(); // Output: I can only fit iron doorsAs you can see the wooden door factory has encapsulated the carpenter and the wooden door also iron door factory has encapsulated the iron door and welder. And thus it had helped us make sure that for each of the created door, we do not get a wrong fitting expert.
When to use?
When there are interrelated dependencies with not-that-simple creation logic involved
Real world example
Imagine you are at Hardee's and you order a specific deal, lets say, "Big Hardee" and they hand it over to you without any questions; this is the example of simple factory. But there are cases when the creation logic might involve more steps. For example you want a customized Subway deal, you have several options in how your burger is made e.g what bread do you want? what types of sauces would you like? What cheese would you want? etc. In such cases builder pattern comes to the rescue.
In plain words
Allows you to create different flavors of an object while avoiding constructor pollution. Useful when there could be several flavors of an object. Or when there are a lot of steps involved in creation of an object.
Wikipedia says
The builder pattern is an object creation software design pattern with the intentions of finding a solution to the telescoping constructor anti-pattern.
Having said that let me add a bit about what telescoping constructor anti-pattern is. At one point or the other we have all seen a constructor like below:
public function __construct($size, $cheese = true, $pepperoni = true, $tomato = false, $lettuce = true)
{
}As you can see; the number of constructor parameters can quickly get out of hand and it might become difficult to understand the arrangement of parameters. Plus this parameter list could keep on growing if you would want to add more options in future. This is called telescoping constructor anti-pattern.
Programmatic Example
The sane alternative is to use the builder pattern. First of all we have our burger that we want to make
class Burger
{
protected $size;
protected $cheese = false;
protected $pepperoni = false;
protected $lettuce = false;
protected $tomato = false;
public function __construct(BurgerBuilder $builder)
{
$this->size = $builder->size;
$this->cheese = $builder->cheese;
$this->pepperoni = $builder->pepperoni;
$this->lettuce = $builder->lettuce;
$this->tomato = $builder->tomato;
}
}And then we have the builder
class BurgerBuilder
{
public $size;
public $cheese = false;
public $pepperoni = false;
public $lettuce = false;
public $tomato = false;
public function __construct(int $size)
{
$this->size = $size;
}
public function addPepperoni()
{
$this->pepperoni = true;
return $this;
}
public function addLettuce()
{
$this->lettuce = true;
return $this;
}
public function addCheese()
{
$this->cheese = true;
return $this;
}
public function addTomato()
{
$this->tomato = true;
return $this;
}
public function build(): Burger
{
return new Burger($this);
}
}And then it can be used as:
$burger = (new BurgerBuilder(14))
->addPepperoni()
->addLettuce()
->addTomato()
->build();When to use?
When there could be several flavors of an object and to avoid the constructor telescoping. The key difference from the factory pattern is that; factory pattern is to be used when the creation is a one step process while builder pattern is to be used when the creation is a multi step process.
Real world example
Remember dolly? The sheep that was cloned! Lets not get into the details but the key point here is that it is all about cloning
In plain words
Create object based on an existing object through cloning.
Wikipedia says
The prototype pattern is a creational design pattern in software development. It is used when the type of objects to create is determined by a prototypical instance, which is cloned to produce new objects.
In short, it allows you to create a copy of an existing object and modify it to your needs, instead of going through the trouble of creating an object from scratch and setting it up.
Programmatic Example
In PHP, it can be easily done using clone
class Sheep
{
protected $name;
protected $category;
public function __construct(string $name, string $category = 'Mountain Sheep')
{
$this->name = $name;
$this->category = $category;
}
public function setName(string $name)
{
$this->name = $name;
}
public function getName()
{
return $this->name;
}
public function setCategory(string $category)
{
$this->category = $category;
}
public function getCategory()
{
return $this->category;
}
}Then it can be cloned like below
$original = new Sheep('Jolly');
echo $original->getName(); // Jolly
echo $original->getCategory(); // Mountain Sheep
// Clone and modify what is required
$cloned = clone $original;
$cloned->setName('Dolly');
echo $cloned->getName(); // Dolly
echo $cloned->getCategory(); // Mountain sheepAlso you could use the magic method __clone to modify the cloning behavior.
When to use?
When an object is required that is similar to existing object or when the creation would be expensive as compared to cloning.
Real world example
There can only be one president of a country at a time. The same president has to be brought to action, whenever duty calls. President here is singleton.
In plain words
Ensures that only one object of a particular class is ever created.
Wikipedia says
In software engineering, the singleton pattern is a software design pattern that restricts the instantiation of a class to one object. This is useful when exactly one object is needed to coordinate actions across the system.
Singleton pattern is actually considered an anti-pattern and overuse of it should be avoided. It is not necessarily bad and could have some valid use-cases but should be used with caution because it introduces a global state in your application and change to it in one place could affect in the other areas and it could become pretty difficult to debug. The other bad thing about them is it makes your code tightly coupled plus mocking the singleton could be difficult.
Programmatic Example
To create a singleton, make the constructor private, disable cloning, disable extension and create a static variable to house the instance
final class President
{
private static $instance;
private function __construct()
{
// Hide the constructor
}
public static function getInstance(): President
{
if (!self::$instance) {
self::$instance = new self();
}
return self::$instance;
}
private function __clone()
{
// Disable cloning
}
private function __wakeup()
{
// Disable unserialize
}
}Then in order to use
$president1 = President::getInstance();
$president2 = President::getInstance();
var_dump($president1 === $president2); // trueIn plain words
Structural patterns are mostly concerned with object composition or in other words how the entities can use each other. Or yet another explanation would be, they help in answering "How to build a software component?"
Wikipedia says
In software engineering, structural design patterns are design patterns that ease the design by identifying a simple way to realize relationships between entities.
Real world example
Consider that you have some pictures in your memory card and you need to transfer them to your computer. In order to transfer them you need some kind of adapter that is compatible with your computer ports so that you can attach memory card to your computer. In this case card reader is an adapter. Another example would be the famous power adapter; a three legged plug can't be connected to a two pronged outlet, it needs to use a power adapter that makes it compatible with the two pronged outlet. Yet another example would be a translator translating words spoken by one person to another
In plain words
Adapter pattern lets you wrap an otherwise incompatible object in an adapter to make it compatible with another class.
Wikipedia says
In software engineering, the adapter pattern is a software design pattern that allows the interface of an existing class to be used as another interface. It is often used to make existing classes work with others without modifying their source code.
Programmatic Example
Consider a game where there is a hunter and he hunts lions.
First we have an interface Lion that all types of lions have to implement
interface Lion
{
public function roar();
}
class AfricanLion implements Lion
{
public function roar()
{
}
}
class AsianLion implements Lion
{
public function roar()
{
}
}And hunter expects any implementation of Lion interface to hunt.
class Hunter
{
public function hunt(Lion $lion)
{
$lion->roar();
}
}Now let's say we have to add a WildDog in our game so that hunter can hunt that also. But we can't do that directly because dog has a different interface. To make it compatible for our hunter, we will have to create an adapter that is compatible
// This needs to be added to the game
class WildDog
{
public function bark()
{
}
}
// Adapter around wild dog to make it compatible with our game
class WildDogAdapter implements Lion
{
protected $dog;
public function __construct(WildDog $dog)
{
$this->dog = $dog;
}
public function roar()
{
$this->dog->bark();
}
}And now the WildDog can be used in our game using WildDogAdapter.
$wildDog = new WildDog();
$wildDogAdapter = new WildDogAdapter($wildDog);
$hunter = new Hunter();
$hunter->hunt($wildDogAdapter);Real world example
Consider you have a website with different pages and you are supposed to allow the user to change the theme. What would you do? Create multiple copies of each of the pages for each of the themes or would you just create separate theme and load them based on the user's preferences? Bridge pattern allows you to do the second i.e.
In Plain Words
Bridge pattern is about preferring composition over inheritance. Implementation details are pushed from a hierarchy to another object with a separate hierarchy.
Wikipedia says
The bridge pattern is a design pattern used in software engineering that is meant to "decouple an abstraction from its implementation so that the two can vary independently"
Programmatic Example
Translating our WebPage example from above. Here we have the WebPage hierarchy
interface WebPage
{
public function __construct(Theme $theme);
public function getContent();
}
class About implements WebPage
{
protected $theme;
public function __construct(Theme $theme)
{
$this->theme = $theme;
}
public function getContent()
{
return "About page in " . $this->theme->getColor();
}
}
class Careers implements WebPage
{
protected $theme;
public function __construct(Theme $theme)
{
$this->theme = $theme;
}
public function getContent()
{
return "Careers page in " . $this->theme->getColor();
}
}And the separate theme hierarchy
interface Theme
{
public function getColor();
}
class DarkTheme implements Theme
{
public function getColor()
{
return 'Dark Black';
}
}
class LightTheme implements Theme
{
public function getColor()
{
return 'Off white';
}
}
class AquaTheme implements Theme
{
public function getColor()
{
return 'Light blue';
}
}And both the hierarchies
$darkTheme = new DarkTheme();
$about = new About($darkTheme);
$careers = new Careers($darkTheme);
echo $about->getContent(); // "About page in Dark Black";
echo $careers->getContent(); // "Careers page in Dark Black";Real world example
Imagine you run a car service shop offering multiple services. Now how do you calculate the bill to be charged? You pick one service and dynamically keep adding to it the prices for the provided services till you get the final cost. Here each type of service is a decorator.
In plain words
Decorator pattern lets you dynamically change the behavior of an object at run time by wrapping them in an object of a decorator class.
Wikipedia says
In object-oriented programming, the decorator pattern is a design pattern that allows behavior to be added to an individual object, either statically or dynamically, without affecting the behavior of other objects from the same class. The decorator pattern is often useful for adhering to the Single Responsibility Principle, as it allows functionality to be divided between classes with unique areas of concern.
Programmatic Example
Lets take coffee for example. First of all we have a simple coffee implementing the coffee interface
interface Coffee
{
public function getCost();
public function getDescription();
}
class SimpleCoffee implements Coffee
{
public function getCost()
{
return 10;
}
public function getDescription()
{
return 'Simple coffee';
}
}We want to make the code extensible to allow options to modify it if required. Lets make some add-ons (decorators)
class MilkCoffee implements Coffee
{
protected $coffee;
public function __construct(Coffee $coffee)
{
$this->coffee = $coffee;
}
public function getCost()
{
return $this->coffee->getCost() + 2;
}
public function getDescription()
{
return $this->coffee->getDescription() . ', milk';
}
}
class WhipCoffee implements Coffee
{
protected $coffee;
public function __construct(Coffee $coffee)
{
$this->coffee = $coffee;
}
public function getCost()
{
return $this->coffee->getCost() + 5;
}
public function getDescription()
{
return $this->coffee->getDescription() . ', whip';
}
}
class VanillaCoffee implements Coffee
{
protected $coffee;
public function __construct(Coffee $coffee)
{
$this->coffee = $coffee;
}
public function getCost()
{
return $this->coffee->getCost() + 3;
}
public function getDescription()
{
return $this->coffee->getDescription() . ', vanilla';
}
}Lets make a coffee now
$someCoffee = new SimpleCoffee();
echo $someCoffee->getCost(); // 10
echo $someCoffee->getDescription(); // Simple Coffee
$someCoffee = new MilkCoffee($someCoffee);
echo $someCoffee->getCost(); // 12
echo $someCoffee->getDescription(); // Simple Coffee, milk
$someCoffee = new WhipCoffee($someCoffee);
echo $someCoffee->getCost(); // 17
echo $someCoffee->getDescription(); // Simple Coffee, milk, whip
$someCoffee = new VanillaCoffee($someCoffee);
echo $someCoffee->getCost(); // 20
echo $someCoffee->getDescription(); // Simple Coffee, milk, whip, vanillaReal world example
How do you turn on the computer? "Hit the power button" you say! That is what you believe because you are using a simple interface that computer provides on the outside, internally it has to do a lot of stuff to make it happen. This simple interface to the complex subsystem is a facade.
In plain words
Facade pattern provides a simplified interface to a complex subsystem.
Wikipedia says
A facade is an object that provides a simplified interface to a larger body of code, such as a class library.
Programmatic Example
Taking our computer example from above. Here we have the computer class
class Computer
{
public function getElectricShock()
{
echo "Ouch!";
}
public function makeSound()
{
echo "Beep beep!";
}
public function showLoadingScreen()
{
echo "Loading..";
}
public function bam()
{
echo "Ready to be used!";
}
public function closeEverything()
{
echo "Bup bup bup buzzzz!";
}
public function sooth()
{
echo "Zzzzz";
}
public function pullCurrent()
{
echo "Haaah!";
}
}Here we have the facade
class ComputerFacade
{
protected $computer;
public function __construct(Computer $computer)
{
$this->computer = $computer;
}
public function turnOn()
{
$this->computer->getElectricShock();
$this->computer->makeSound();
$this->computer->showLoadingScreen();
$this->computer->bam();
}
public function turnOff()
{
$this->computer->closeEverything();
$this->computer->pullCurrent();
$this->computer->sooth();
}
}Now to use the facade
$computer = new ComputerFacade(new Computer());
$computer->turnOn(); // Ouch! Beep beep! Loading.. Ready to be used!
$computer->turnOff(); // Bup bup buzzz! Haah! ZzzzzIn plain words
It is concerned with assignment of responsibilities between the objects. What makes them different from structural patterns is they don't just specify the structure but also outline the patterns for message passing/communication between them. Or in other words, they assist in answering "How to run a behavior in software component?"
Wikipedia says
In software engineering, behavioral design patterns are design patterns that identify common communication patterns between objects and realize these patterns. By doing so, these patterns increase flexibility in carrying out this communication.
Real world example
A generic example would be you ordering food at a restaurant. You (i.e.
Client) ask the waiter (i.e.Invoker) to bring some food (i.e.Command) and waiter simply forwards the request to Chef (i.e.Receiver) who has the knowledge of what and how to cook. Another example would be you (i.e.Client) switching on (i.e.Command) the television (i.e.Receiver) using a remote control (Invoker).
In plain words
Allows you to encapsulate actions in objects. The key idea behind this pattern is to provide the means to decouple client from receiver.
Wikipedia says
In object-oriented programming, the command pattern is a behavioral design pattern in which an object is used to encapsulate all information needed to perform an action or trigger an event at a later time. This information includes the method name, the object that owns the method and values for the method parameters.
Programmatic Example
First of all we have the receiver that has the implementation of every action that could be performed
// Receiver
class Bulb
{
public function turnOn()
{
echo "Bulb has been lit";
}
public function turnOff()
{
echo "Darkness!";
}
}then we have an interface that each of the commands are going to implement and then we have a set of commands
interface Command
{
public function execute();
public function undo();
public function redo();
}
// Command
class TurnOn implements Command
{
protected $bulb;
public function __construct(Bulb $bulb)
{
$this->bulb = $bulb;
}
public function execute()
{
$this->bulb->turnOn();
}
public function undo()
{
$this->bulb->turnOff();
}
public function redo()
{
$this->execute();
}
}
class TurnOff implements Command
{
protected $bulb;
public function __construct(Bulb $bulb)
{
$this->bulb = $bulb;
}
public function execute()
{
$this->bulb->turnOff();
}
public function undo()
{
$this->bulb->turnOn();
}
public function redo()
{
$this->execute();
}
}Then we have an Invoker with whom the client will interact to process any commands
// Invoker
class RemoteControl
{
public function submit(Command $command)
{
$command->execute();
}
}Finally let's see how we can use it in our client
$bulb = new Bulb();
$turnOn = new TurnOn($bulb);
$turnOff = new TurnOff($bulb);
$remote = new RemoteControl();
$remote->submit($turnOn); // Bulb has been lit!
$remote->submit($turnOff); // Darkness!Command pattern can also be used to implement a transaction based system. Where you keep maintaining the history of commands as soon as you execute them. If the final command is successfully executed, all good otherwise just iterate through the history and keep executing the undo on all the executed commands.
Real world example
A good example would be the job seekers where they subscribe to some job posting site and they are notified whenever there is a matching job opportunity.
In plain words
Defines a dependency between objects so that whenever an object changes its state, all its dependents are notified.
Wikipedia says
The observer pattern is a software design pattern in which an object, called the subject, maintains a list of its dependents, called observers, and notifies them automatically of any state changes, usually by calling one of their methods.
Programmatic example
Translating our example from above. First of all we have job seekers that need to be notified for a job posting
class JobPost
{
protected $title;
public function __construct(string $title)
{
$this->title = $title;
}
public function getTitle()
{
return $this->title;
}
}
class JobSeeker implements Observer
{
protected $name;
public function __construct(string $name)
{
$this->name = $name;
}
public function onJobPosted(JobPost $job)
{
// Do something with the job posting
echo 'Hi ' . $this->name . '! New job posted: '. $job->getTitle();
}
}Then we have our job postings to which the job seekers will subscribe
class EmploymentAgency implements Observable
{
protected $observers = [];
protected function notify(JobPost $jobPosting)
{
foreach ($this->observers as $observer) {
$observer->onJobPosted($jobPosting);
}
}
public function attach(Observer $observer)
{
$this->observers[] = $observer;
}
public function addJob(JobPost $jobPosting)
{
$this->notify($jobPosting);
}
}Then it can be used as
// Create subscribers
$johnDoe = new JobSeeker('John Doe');
$janeDoe = new JobSeeker('Jane Doe');
// Create publisher and attach subscribers
$jobPostings = new EmploymentAgency();
$jobPostings->attach($johnDoe);
$jobPostings->attach($janeDoe);
// Add a new job and see if subscribers get notified
$jobPostings->addJob(new JobPost('Software Engineer'));
// Output
// Hi John Doe! New job posted: Software Engineer
// Hi Jane Doe! New job posted: Software EngineerReal world example
Consider the example of sorting, we implemented bubble sort but the data started to grow and bubble sort started getting very slow. In order to tackle this we implemented Quick sort. But now although the quick sort algorithm was doing better for large datasets, it was very slow for smaller datasets. In order to handle this we implemented a strategy where for small datasets, bubble sort will be used and for larger, quick sort.
In plain words
Strategy pattern allows you to switch the algorithm or strategy based upon the situation.
Wikipedia says
In computer programming, the strategy pattern (also known as the policy pattern) is a behavioural software design pattern that enables an algorithm's behavior to be selected at runtime.
Programmatic example
Translating our example from above. First of all we have our strategy interface and different strategy implementations
interface SortStrategy
{
public function sort(array $dataset): array;
}
class BubbleSortStrategy implements SortStrategy
{
public function sort(array $dataset): array
{
echo "Sorting using bubble sort";
// Do sorting
return $dataset;
}
}
class QuickSortStrategy implements SortStrategy
{
public function sort(array $dataset): array
{
echo "Sorting using quick sort";
// Do sorting
return $dataset;
}
}And then we have our client that is going to use any strategy
class Sorter
{
protected $sorter;
public function __construct(SortStrategy $sorter)
{
$this->sorter = $sorter;
}
public function sort(array $dataset): array
{
return $this->sorter->sort($dataset);
}
}And it can be used as
$dataset = [1, 5, 4, 3, 2, 8];
$sorter = new Sorter(new BubbleSortStrategy());
$sorter->sort($dataset); // Output : Sorting using bubble sort
$sorter = new Sorter(new QuickSortStrategy());
$sorter->sort($dataset); // Output : Sorting using quick sort