private void SerializePrimitive(JsonWriter writer, object value, JsonPrimitiveContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract containerContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
    {
      if (contract.TypeCode == PrimitiveTypeCode.Bytes)
      {
        // if type name handling is enabled then wrap the base64 byte string in an object with the type name
        bool includeTypeDetails = ShouldWriteType(TypeNameHandling.Objects, contract, member, containerContract, containerProperty);
        if (includeTypeDetails)
        {
          writer.WriteStartObject();
          WriteTypeProperty(writer, contract.CreatedType);
          writer.WritePropertyName(JsonTypeReflector.ValuePropertyName, false);

          JsonWriter.WriteValue(writer, contract.TypeCode, value);

          writer.WriteEndObject();
          return;
        }
      }

      JsonWriter.WriteValue(writer, contract.TypeCode, value);
    }
    private void SerializeList(JsonWriter writer, IEnumerable values, JsonArrayContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract collectionContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
    {
      IWrappedCollection wrappedCollection = values as IWrappedCollection;
      object underlyingList = wrappedCollection != null ? wrappedCollection.UnderlyingCollection : values;

      OnSerializing(writer, contract, underlyingList);

      _serializeStack.Add(underlyingList);

      bool hasWrittenMetadataObject = WriteStartArray(writer, underlyingList, contract, member, collectionContract, containerProperty);

      writer.WriteStartArray();

      int initialDepth = writer.Top;

      int index = 0;
      // note that an error in the IEnumerable won't be caught
      foreach (object value in values)
      {
        try
        {
          JsonContract valueContract = contract.FinalItemContract ?? GetContractSafe(value);

          if (ShouldWriteReference(value, null, valueContract, contract, member))
          {
            WriteReference(writer, value);
          }
          else
          {
            if (CheckForCircularReference(writer, value, null, valueContract, contract, member))
            {
              SerializeValue(writer, value, valueContract, null, contract, member);
            }
          }
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
          if (IsErrorHandled(underlyingList, contract, index, null, writer.ContainerPath, ex))
            HandleError(writer, initialDepth);
          else
            throw;
        }
        finally
        {
          index++;
        }
      }

      writer.WriteEndArray();

      if (hasWrittenMetadataObject)
        writer.WriteEndObject();

      _serializeStack.RemoveAt(_serializeStack.Count - 1);

      OnSerialized(writer, contract, underlyingList);
    }
    private void SerializeConvertable(JsonWriter writer, JsonConverter converter, object value, JsonContract contract, JsonContainerContract collectionContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
    {
      if (ShouldWriteReference(value, null, contract, collectionContract, containerProperty))
      {
        WriteReference(writer, value);
      }
      else
      {
        if (!CheckForCircularReference(writer, value, null, contract, collectionContract, containerProperty))
          return;

        _serializeStack.Add(value);

        if (TraceWriter != null && TraceWriter.LevelFilter >= TraceLevel.Info)
          TraceWriter.Trace(TraceLevel.Info, JsonPosition.FormatMessage(null, writer.Path, "Started serializing {0} with converter {1}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, value.GetType(), converter.GetType())), null);

        converter.WriteJson(writer, value, GetInternalSerializer());

        if (TraceWriter != null && TraceWriter.LevelFilter >= TraceLevel.Info)
          TraceWriter.Trace(TraceLevel.Info, JsonPosition.FormatMessage(null, writer.Path, "Finished serializing {0} with converter {1}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, value.GetType(), converter.GetType())), null);

        _serializeStack.RemoveAt(_serializeStack.Count - 1);
      }
    }
    private void WriteObjectStart(JsonWriter writer, object value, JsonContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract collectionContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
    {
      writer.WriteStartObject();

      bool isReference = ResolveIsReference(contract, member, collectionContract, containerProperty) ?? HasFlag(Serializer._preserveReferencesHandling, PreserveReferencesHandling.Objects);
      if (isReference)
      {
        WriteReferenceIdProperty(writer, contract.UnderlyingType, value);
      }
      if (ShouldWriteType(TypeNameHandling.Objects, contract, member, collectionContract, containerProperty))
      {
        WriteTypeProperty(writer, contract.UnderlyingType);
      }
    }
    private bool CalculatePropertyValues(JsonWriter writer, object value, JsonContainerContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonProperty property, out JsonContract memberContract, out object memberValue)
    {
      if (!property.Ignored && property.Readable && ShouldSerialize(writer, property, value) && IsSpecified(writer, property, value))
      {
        if (property.PropertyContract == null)
          property.PropertyContract = Serializer._contractResolver.ResolveContract(property.PropertyType);

        memberValue = property.ValueProvider.GetValue(value);
        memberContract = (property.PropertyContract.IsSealed) ? property.PropertyContract : GetContractSafe(memberValue);

        if (ShouldWriteProperty(memberValue, property))
        {
          if (ShouldWriteReference(memberValue, property, memberContract, contract, member))
          {
            property.WritePropertyName(writer);
            WriteReference(writer, memberValue);
            return false;
          }

          if (!CheckForCircularReference(writer, memberValue, property, memberContract, contract, member))
            return false;

          if (memberValue == null)
          {
            JsonObjectContract objectContract = contract as JsonObjectContract;
            Required resolvedRequired = property._required ?? ((objectContract != null) ? objectContract.ItemRequired : null) ?? Required.Default;
            if (resolvedRequired == Required.Always)
              throw JsonSerializationException.Create(null, writer.ContainerPath, "Cannot write a null value for property '{0}'. Property requires a value.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, property.PropertyName), null);
          }

          return true;
        }
      }

      memberContract = null;
      memberValue = null;
      return false;
    }
 private JsonConverter GetConverter(JsonContract contract, JsonConverter memberConverter, JsonContainerContract containerContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
 {
   JsonConverter converter = null;
   if (memberConverter != null)
   {
     // member attribute converter
     converter = memberConverter;
   }
   else if (containerProperty != null && containerProperty.ItemConverter != null)
   {
     converter = containerProperty.ItemConverter;
   }
   else if (containerContract != null && containerContract.ItemConverter != null)
   {
     converter = containerContract.ItemConverter;
   }
   else if (contract != null)
   {
     JsonConverter matchingConverter;
     if (contract.Converter != null)
       // class attribute converter
       converter = contract.Converter;
     else if ((matchingConverter = Serializer.GetMatchingConverter(contract.UnderlyingType)) != null)
       // passed in converters
       converter = matchingConverter;
     else if (contract.InternalConverter != null)
       // internally specified converter
       converter = contract.InternalConverter;
   }
   return converter;
 }
    private void SerializeDictionary(JsonWriter writer, IDictionary values, JsonDictionaryContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract collectionContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
    {
      IWrappedDictionary wrappedDictionary = values as IWrappedDictionary;
      object underlyingDictionary = wrappedDictionary != null ? wrappedDictionary.UnderlyingDictionary : values;

      OnSerializing(writer, contract, underlyingDictionary);
      _serializeStack.Add(underlyingDictionary);

      WriteObjectStart(writer, underlyingDictionary, contract, member, collectionContract, containerProperty);

      if (contract.ItemContract == null)
        contract.ItemContract = Serializer._contractResolver.ResolveContract(contract.DictionaryValueType ?? typeof(object));

      if (contract.KeyContract == null)
        contract.KeyContract = Serializer._contractResolver.ResolveContract(contract.DictionaryKeyType ?? typeof(object));

      int initialDepth = writer.Top;

      foreach (DictionaryEntry entry in values)
      {
        bool escape;
        string propertyName = GetPropertyName(writer, entry.Key, contract.KeyContract, out escape);

        propertyName = (contract.PropertyNameResolver != null)
                         ? contract.PropertyNameResolver(propertyName)
                         : propertyName;

        try
        {
          object value = entry.Value;
          JsonContract valueContract = contract.FinalItemContract ?? GetContractSafe(value);

          if (ShouldWriteReference(value, null, valueContract, contract, member))
          {
            writer.WritePropertyName(propertyName, escape);
            WriteReference(writer, value);
          }
          else
          {
            if (!CheckForCircularReference(writer, value, null, valueContract, contract, member))
              continue;

            writer.WritePropertyName(propertyName, escape);

            SerializeValue(writer, value, valueContract, null, contract, member);
          }
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
          if (IsErrorHandled(underlyingDictionary, contract, propertyName, null, writer.ContainerPath, ex))
            HandleError(writer, initialDepth);
          else
            throw;
        }
      }

      writer.WriteEndObject();

      _serializeStack.RemoveAt(_serializeStack.Count - 1);

      OnSerialized(writer, contract, underlyingDictionary);
    }
    private void SerializeDynamic(JsonWriter writer, IDynamicMetaObjectProvider value, JsonDynamicContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract collectionContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
    {
      OnSerializing(writer, contract, value);
      _serializeStack.Add(value);

      WriteObjectStart(writer, value, contract, member, collectionContract, containerProperty);

      int initialDepth = writer.Top;

      for (int index = 0; index < contract.Properties.Count; index++)
      {
        JsonProperty property = contract.Properties[index];

        // only write non-dynamic properties that have an explicit attribute
        if (property.HasMemberAttribute)
        {
          try
          {
            object memberValue;
            JsonContract memberContract;

            if (!CalculatePropertyValues(writer, value, contract, member, property, out memberContract, out memberValue))
              continue;

            property.WritePropertyName(writer);
            SerializeValue(writer, memberValue, memberContract, property, contract, member);
          }
          catch (Exception ex)
          {
            if (IsErrorHandled(value, contract, property.PropertyName, null, writer.ContainerPath, ex))
              HandleError(writer, initialDepth);
            else
              throw;
          }
        }
      }

      foreach (string memberName in value.GetDynamicMemberNames())
      {
        object memberValue;
        if (contract.TryGetMember(value, memberName, out memberValue))
        {
          try
          {
            JsonContract valueContract = GetContractSafe(memberValue);

            if (!ShouldWriteDynamicProperty(memberValue))
              continue;

            if (CheckForCircularReference(writer, memberValue, null, valueContract, contract, member))
            {
              string resolvedPropertyName = (contract.PropertyNameResolver != null)
                                              ? contract.PropertyNameResolver(memberName)
                                              : memberName;

              writer.WritePropertyName(resolvedPropertyName);
              SerializeValue(writer, memberValue, valueContract, null, contract, member);
            }
          }
          catch (Exception ex)
          {
            if (IsErrorHandled(value, contract, memberName, null, writer.ContainerPath, ex))
              HandleError(writer, initialDepth);
            else
              throw;
          }
        }
      }

      writer.WriteEndObject();

      _serializeStack.RemoveAt(_serializeStack.Count - 1);
      OnSerialized(writer, contract, value);
    }
    private bool? ResolveIsReference(JsonContract contract, JsonProperty property, JsonContainerContract collectionContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
    {
      bool? isReference = null;

      // value could be coming from a dictionary or array and not have a property
      if (property != null)
        isReference = property.IsReference;

      if (isReference == null && containerProperty != null)
        isReference = containerProperty.ItemIsReference;

      if (isReference == null && collectionContract != null)
        isReference = collectionContract.ItemIsReference;

      if (isReference == null)
        isReference = contract.IsReference;

      return isReference;
    }
    private void SerializeValue(JsonWriter writer, object value, JsonContract valueContract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract containerContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
    {
      if (value == null)
      {
        writer.WriteNull();
        return;
      }

      JsonConverter converter;
      if ((((converter = (member != null) ? member.Converter : null) != null)
           || ((converter = (containerProperty != null) ? containerProperty.ItemConverter : null) != null)
           || ((converter = (containerContract != null) ? containerContract.ItemConverter : null) != null)
           || ((converter = valueContract.Converter) != null)
           || ((converter = Serializer.GetMatchingConverter(valueContract.UnderlyingType)) != null)
           || ((converter = valueContract.InternalConverter) != null))
          && converter.CanWrite)
      {
        SerializeConvertable(writer, converter, value, valueContract, containerContract, containerProperty);
        return;
      }

      switch (valueContract.ContractType)
      {
        case JsonContractType.Object:
          SerializeObject(writer, value, (JsonObjectContract)valueContract, member, containerContract, containerProperty);
          break;
        case JsonContractType.Array:
          JsonArrayContract arrayContract = (JsonArrayContract) valueContract;
          if (!arrayContract.IsMultidimensionalArray)
            SerializeList(writer, (IEnumerable)value, arrayContract, member, containerContract, containerProperty);
          else
            SerializeMultidimensionalArray(writer, (Array)value, arrayContract, member, containerContract, containerProperty);
          break;
        case JsonContractType.Primitive:
          SerializePrimitive(writer, value, (JsonPrimitiveContract)valueContract, member, containerContract, containerProperty);
          break;
        case JsonContractType.String:
          SerializeString(writer, value, (JsonStringContract)valueContract);
          break;
        case JsonContractType.Dictionary:
          JsonDictionaryContract dictionaryContract = (JsonDictionaryContract) valueContract;
          SerializeDictionary(writer, (value is IDictionary) ? (IDictionary) value : dictionaryContract.CreateWrapper(value), dictionaryContract, member, containerContract, containerProperty);
          break;
        case JsonContractType.Dynamic:
          SerializeDynamic(writer, (IDynamicMetaObjectProvider)value, (JsonDynamicContract)valueContract, member, containerContract, containerProperty);
          break;
        case JsonContractType.Linq:
          ((JToken) value).WriteTo(writer, Serializer.Converters.ToArray());
          break;
      }
    }
    private bool CalculatePropertyDetails(JsonProperty property, ref JsonConverter propertyConverter, JsonContainerContract containerContract, JsonProperty containerProperty, JsonReader reader, object target, out bool useExistingValue, out object currentValue, out JsonContract propertyContract, out bool gottenCurrentValue)
    {
      currentValue = null;
      useExistingValue = false;
      propertyContract = null;
      gottenCurrentValue = false;

      if (property.Ignored)
        return true;

      JsonToken tokenType = reader.TokenType;

      if (property.PropertyContract == null)
        property.PropertyContract = GetContractSafe(property.PropertyType);

      ObjectCreationHandling objectCreationHandling =
        property.ObjectCreationHandling.GetValueOrDefault(Serializer._objectCreationHandling);

      if ((objectCreationHandling != ObjectCreationHandling.Replace)
          && (tokenType == JsonToken.StartArray || tokenType == JsonToken.StartObject)
          && property.Readable)
      {
        currentValue = property.ValueProvider.GetValue(target);
        gottenCurrentValue = true;

        if (currentValue != null)
        {
          propertyContract = GetContractSafe(currentValue.GetType());

          useExistingValue = (!propertyContract.IsReadOnlyOrFixedSize && !propertyContract.UnderlyingType.IsValueType());
        }
      }

      if (!property.Writable && !useExistingValue)
        return true;

      // test tokentype here because null might not be convertable to some types, e.g. ignoring null when applied to DateTime
      if (property.NullValueHandling.GetValueOrDefault(Serializer._nullValueHandling) == NullValueHandling.Ignore && tokenType == JsonToken.Null)
        return true;

      // test tokentype here because default value might not be convertable to actual type, e.g. default of "" for DateTime
      if (HasFlag(property.DefaultValueHandling.GetValueOrDefault(Serializer._defaultValueHandling), DefaultValueHandling.Ignore)
          && !HasFlag(property.DefaultValueHandling.GetValueOrDefault(Serializer._defaultValueHandling), DefaultValueHandling.Populate)
          && JsonReader.IsPrimitiveToken(tokenType)
          && MiscellaneousUtils.ValueEquals(reader.Value, property.GetResolvedDefaultValue()))
        return true;

      if (currentValue == null)
      {
        propertyContract = property.PropertyContract;
      }
      else
      {
        propertyContract = GetContractSafe(currentValue.GetType());

        if (propertyContract != property.PropertyContract)
          propertyConverter = GetConverter(propertyContract, property.MemberConverter, containerContract, containerProperty);
      }

      return false;
    }
    private bool SetPropertyValue(JsonProperty property, JsonConverter propertyConverter, JsonContainerContract containerContract, JsonProperty containerProperty, JsonReader reader, object target)
    {
      object currentValue;
      bool useExistingValue;
      JsonContract propertyContract;
      bool gottenCurrentValue;

      if (CalculatePropertyDetails(property, ref propertyConverter, containerContract, containerProperty, reader, target, out useExistingValue, out currentValue, out propertyContract, out gottenCurrentValue))
        return false;

      object value;

      if (propertyConverter != null && propertyConverter.CanRead)
      {
        if (!gottenCurrentValue && target != null && property.Readable)
          currentValue = property.ValueProvider.GetValue(target);

        value = DeserializeConvertable(propertyConverter, reader, property.PropertyType, currentValue);
      }
      else
      {
        value = CreateValueInternal(reader, property.PropertyType, propertyContract, property, containerContract, containerProperty, (useExistingValue) ? currentValue : null);
      }

      // always set the value if useExistingValue is false,
      // otherwise also set it if CreateValue returns a new value compared to the currentValue
      // this could happen because of a JsonConverter against the type
      if ((!useExistingValue || value != currentValue)
        && ShouldSetPropertyValue(property, value))
      {
        property.ValueProvider.SetValue(target, value);

        if (property.SetIsSpecified != null)
        {
          if (TraceWriter != null && TraceWriter.LevelFilter >= TraceLevel.Verbose)
            TraceWriter.Trace(TraceLevel.Verbose, JsonPosition.FormatMessage(reader as IJsonLineInfo, reader.Path, "IsSpecified for property '{0}' on {1} set to true.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, property.PropertyName, property.DeclaringType)), null);

          property.SetIsSpecified(target, true);
        }

        return true;
      }

      // the value wasn't set be JSON was populated onto the existing value
      return useExistingValue;
    }
    private bool ReadSpecialProperties(JsonReader reader, ref Type objectType, ref JsonContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract containerContract, JsonProperty containerMember, object existingValue, out object newValue, out string id)
    {
      id = null;
      newValue = null;

      if (reader.TokenType == JsonToken.PropertyName)
      {
        string propertyName = reader.Value.ToString();

        if (propertyName.Length > 0 && propertyName[0] == '$')
        {
          // read 'special' properties
          // $type, $id, $ref, etc
          bool specialProperty;

          do
          {
            propertyName = reader.Value.ToString();

            if (string.Equals(propertyName, JsonTypeReflector.RefPropertyName, StringComparison.Ordinal))
            {
              CheckedRead(reader);
              if (reader.TokenType != JsonToken.String && reader.TokenType != JsonToken.Null)
                throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "JSON reference {0} property must have a string or null value.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, JsonTypeReflector.RefPropertyName));

              string reference = (reader.Value != null) ? reader.Value.ToString() : null;

              CheckedRead(reader);

              if (reference != null)
              {
                if (reader.TokenType == JsonToken.PropertyName)
                  throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Additional content found in JSON reference object. A JSON reference object should only have a {0} property.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, JsonTypeReflector.RefPropertyName));

                newValue = Serializer.GetReferenceResolver().ResolveReference(this, reference);

                if (TraceWriter != null && TraceWriter.LevelFilter >= TraceLevel.Info)
                  TraceWriter.Trace(TraceLevel.Info, JsonPosition.FormatMessage(reader as IJsonLineInfo, reader.Path, "Resolved object reference '{0}' to {1}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, reference, newValue.GetType())), null);

                return true;
              }
              else
              {
                specialProperty = true;
              }
            }
            else if (string.Equals(propertyName, JsonTypeReflector.TypePropertyName, StringComparison.Ordinal))
            {
              CheckedRead(reader);
              string qualifiedTypeName = reader.Value.ToString();

              TypeNameHandling resolvedTypeNameHandling =
                ((member != null) ? member.TypeNameHandling : null)
                ?? ((containerContract != null) ? containerContract.ItemTypeNameHandling : null)
                ?? ((containerMember != null) ? containerMember.ItemTypeNameHandling : null)
                ?? Serializer._typeNameHandling;

              if (resolvedTypeNameHandling != TypeNameHandling.None)
              {
                string typeName;
                string assemblyName;
                ReflectionUtils.SplitFullyQualifiedTypeName(qualifiedTypeName, out typeName, out assemblyName);

                Type specifiedType;
                try
                {
                  specifiedType = Serializer._binder.BindToType(assemblyName, typeName);
                }
                catch (Exception ex)
                {
                  throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Error resolving type specified in JSON '{0}'.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, qualifiedTypeName), ex);
                }

                if (specifiedType == null)
                  throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Type specified in JSON '{0}' was not resolved.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, qualifiedTypeName));

                if (TraceWriter != null && TraceWriter.LevelFilter >= TraceLevel.Verbose)
                  TraceWriter.Trace(TraceLevel.Verbose, JsonPosition.FormatMessage(reader as IJsonLineInfo, reader.Path, "Resolved type '{0}' to {1}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, qualifiedTypeName, specifiedType)), null);

                if (objectType != null
                    && objectType != typeof (IDynamicMetaObjectProvider)
                    && !objectType.IsAssignableFrom(specifiedType))
                  throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Type specified in JSON '{0}' is not compatible with '{1}'.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, specifiedType.AssemblyQualifiedName, objectType.AssemblyQualifiedName));

                objectType = specifiedType;
                contract = GetContractSafe(specifiedType);
              }

              CheckedRead(reader);

              specialProperty = true;
            }
            else if (string.Equals(propertyName, JsonTypeReflector.IdPropertyName, StringComparison.Ordinal))
            {
              CheckedRead(reader);

              id = (reader.Value != null) ? reader.Value.ToString() : null;

              CheckedRead(reader);
              specialProperty = true;
            }
            else if (string.Equals(propertyName, JsonTypeReflector.ArrayValuesPropertyName, StringComparison.Ordinal))
            {
              CheckedRead(reader);
              object list = CreateList(reader, objectType, contract, member, existingValue, id);
              CheckedRead(reader);
              newValue = list;
              return true;
            }
            else
            {
              specialProperty = false;
            }
          } while (specialProperty
                   && reader.TokenType == JsonToken.PropertyName);
        }
      }
      return false;
    }
    private object CreateObject(JsonReader reader, Type objectType, JsonContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract containerContract, JsonProperty containerMember, object existingValue)
    {
      CheckedRead(reader);

      string id;
      object newValue;
      if (ReadSpecialProperties(reader, ref objectType, ref contract, member, containerContract, containerMember, existingValue, out newValue, out id))
        return newValue;

      if (HasNoDefinedType(contract))
        return CreateJObject(reader);

      switch (contract.ContractType)
      {
        case JsonContractType.Object:
          {
            bool createdFromNonDefaultConstructor = false;
            JsonObjectContract objectContract = (JsonObjectContract) contract;
            object targetObject;
            if (existingValue != null)
              targetObject = existingValue;
            else
              targetObject = CreateNewObject(reader, objectContract, member, containerMember, id, out createdFromNonDefaultConstructor);

            // don't populate if read from non-default constructor because the object has already been read
            if (createdFromNonDefaultConstructor)
              return targetObject;

            return PopulateObject(targetObject, reader, objectContract, member, id);
          }
        case JsonContractType.Primitive:
          {
            JsonPrimitiveContract primitiveContract = (JsonPrimitiveContract) contract;
            // if the content is inside $value then read past it
            if (reader.TokenType == JsonToken.PropertyName && string.Equals(reader.Value.ToString(), JsonTypeReflector.ValuePropertyName, StringComparison.Ordinal))
            {
              CheckedRead(reader);

              // the token should not be an object because the $type value could have been included in the object
              // without needing the $value property
              if (reader.TokenType == JsonToken.StartObject)
                throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected token when deserializing primitive value: " + reader.TokenType);

              object value = CreateValueInternal(reader, objectType, primitiveContract, member, null, null, existingValue);

              CheckedRead(reader);
              return value;
            }
            break;
          }
        case JsonContractType.Dictionary:
          {
            JsonDictionaryContract dictionaryContract = (JsonDictionaryContract) contract;
            object targetDictionary;

            if (existingValue == null)
            {
              bool createdFromNonDefaultConstructor;
              IDictionary dictionary = CreateNewDictionary(reader, dictionaryContract, out createdFromNonDefaultConstructor);

              if (createdFromNonDefaultConstructor)
              {
                if (id != null)
                  throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Cannot preserve reference to readonly dictionary, or dictionary created from a non-default constructor: {0}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.UnderlyingType));

                if (contract.OnSerializingCallbacks.Count > 0)
                  throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Cannot call OnSerializing on readonly dictionary, or dictionary created from a non-default constructor: {0}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.UnderlyingType));

                if (contract.OnErrorCallbacks.Count > 0)
                  throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Cannot call OnError on readonly list, or dictionary created from a non-default constructor: {0}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.UnderlyingType));

                if (dictionaryContract.ParametrizedConstructor == null)
                  throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Cannot deserialize readonly or fixed size dictionary: {0}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.UnderlyingType));
              }

              PopulateDictionary(dictionary, reader, dictionaryContract, member, id);

              if (createdFromNonDefaultConstructor)
              {
                ConstructorInfo constructor = dictionaryContract.ParametrizedConstructor as ConstructorInfo;
                if (constructor != null)
                  return constructor.Invoke(new object[] { dictionary });

                return dictionaryContract.ParametrizedConstructor.Invoke(null, new object[] { dictionary });
              }
              else if (dictionary is IWrappedDictionary)
              {
                return ((IWrappedDictionary)dictionary).UnderlyingDictionary;
              }

              targetDictionary = dictionary;
            }
            else
            {
              targetDictionary = PopulateDictionary(dictionaryContract.ShouldCreateWrapper ? dictionaryContract.CreateWrapper(existingValue) : (IDictionary) existingValue, reader, dictionaryContract, member, id);
            }

            return targetDictionary;
          }
        case JsonContractType.Dynamic:
          JsonDynamicContract dynamicContract = (JsonDynamicContract) contract;
          return CreateDynamic(reader, dynamicContract, member, id);
      }

      throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, @"Cannot deserialize the current JSON object (e.g. {{""name"":""value""}}) into type '{0}' because the type requires a {1} to deserialize correctly.
To fix this error either change the JSON to a {1} or change the deserialized type so that it is a normal .NET type (e.g. not a primitive type like integer, not a collection type like an array or List<T>) that can be deserialized from a JSON object. JsonObjectAttribute can also be added to the type to force it to deserialize from a JSON object.
".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, objectType, GetExpectedDescription(contract)));
    }
    private void SerializeMultidimensionalArray(JsonWriter writer, Array values, JsonArrayContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract collectionContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
    {
      OnSerializing(writer, contract, values);

      _serializeStack.Add(values);

      bool hasWrittenMetadataObject = WriteStartArray(writer, values, contract, member, collectionContract, containerProperty);

      SerializeMultidimensionalArray(writer, values, contract, member, writer.Top, new int[0]);

      if (hasWrittenMetadataObject)
        writer.WriteEndObject();

      _serializeStack.RemoveAt(_serializeStack.Count - 1);

      OnSerialized(writer, contract, values);
    }
    private bool WriteStartArray(JsonWriter writer, object values, JsonArrayContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract containerContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
    {
      bool isReference = ResolveIsReference(contract, member, containerContract, containerProperty) ?? HasFlag(Serializer._preserveReferencesHandling, PreserveReferencesHandling.Arrays);
      bool includeTypeDetails = ShouldWriteType(TypeNameHandling.Arrays, contract, member, containerContract, containerProperty);
      bool writeMetadataObject = isReference || includeTypeDetails;

      if (writeMetadataObject)
      {
        writer.WriteStartObject();

        if (isReference)
        {
          WriteReferenceIdProperty(writer, contract.UnderlyingType, values);
        }
        if (includeTypeDetails)
        {
          WriteTypeProperty(writer, values.GetType());
        }
        writer.WritePropertyName(JsonTypeReflector.ArrayValuesPropertyName, false);
      }

      if (contract.ItemContract == null)
        contract.ItemContract = Serializer._contractResolver.ResolveContract(contract.CollectionItemType ?? typeof (object));

      return writeMetadataObject;
    }
    private bool ShouldWriteReference(object value, JsonProperty property, JsonContract valueContract, JsonContainerContract collectionContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
    {
      if (value == null)
        return false;
      if (valueContract.ContractType == JsonContractType.Primitive || valueContract.ContractType == JsonContractType.String)
        return false;

      bool? isReference = ResolveIsReference(valueContract, property, collectionContract, containerProperty);

      if (isReference == null)
      {
        if (valueContract.ContractType == JsonContractType.Array)
          isReference = HasFlag(Serializer._preserveReferencesHandling, PreserveReferencesHandling.Arrays);
        else
          isReference = HasFlag(Serializer._preserveReferencesHandling, PreserveReferencesHandling.Objects);
      }

      if (!isReference.Value)
        return false;

      return Serializer.GetReferenceResolver().IsReferenced(this, value);
    }
    private bool ShouldWriteType(TypeNameHandling typeNameHandlingFlag, JsonContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract containerContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
    {
      TypeNameHandling resolvedTypeNameHandling =
        ((member != null) ? member.TypeNameHandling : null)
        ?? ((containerProperty != null) ? containerProperty.ItemTypeNameHandling : null)
        ?? ((containerContract != null) ? containerContract.ItemTypeNameHandling : null)
        ?? Serializer._typeNameHandling;

      if (HasFlag(resolvedTypeNameHandling, typeNameHandlingFlag))
        return true;

      // instance type and the property's type's contract default type are different (no need to put the type in JSON because the type will be created by default)
      if (HasFlag(resolvedTypeNameHandling, TypeNameHandling.Auto))
      {
        if (member != null)
        {
          if (contract.UnderlyingType != member.PropertyContract.CreatedType)
            return true;
        }
        else if (containerContract != null)
        {
          if (containerContract.ItemContract == null || contract.UnderlyingType != containerContract.ItemContract.CreatedType)
            return true;
        }
        else if (_rootContract != null && _serializeStack.Count == 1)
        {
          if (contract.UnderlyingType != _rootContract.CreatedType)
            return true;
        }
      }

      return false;
    }
    private bool CheckForCircularReference(JsonWriter writer, object value, JsonProperty property, JsonContract contract, JsonContainerContract containerContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
    {
      if (value == null || contract.ContractType == JsonContractType.Primitive || contract.ContractType == JsonContractType.String)
        return true;

      ReferenceLoopHandling? referenceLoopHandling = null;

      if (property != null)
        referenceLoopHandling = property.ReferenceLoopHandling;

      if (referenceLoopHandling == null && containerProperty != null)
        referenceLoopHandling = containerProperty.ItemReferenceLoopHandling;

      if (referenceLoopHandling == null && containerContract != null)
        referenceLoopHandling = containerContract.ItemReferenceLoopHandling;

      if (_serializeStack.IndexOf(value) != -1)
      {
        string message = "Self referencing loop detected";
        if (property != null)
          message += " for property '{0}'".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, property.PropertyName);
        message += " with type '{0}'.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, value.GetType());

        var selfRef = (value is Vector2 || value is Vector3 || value is Vector4 || value is Color || value is Color32) 
			? ReferenceLoopHandling.Ignore 
			: referenceLoopHandling.GetValueOrDefault(Serializer._referenceLoopHandling);

        switch (selfRef)
        {
          case ReferenceLoopHandling.Error:
            throw JsonSerializationException.Create(null, writer.ContainerPath, message, null);
          case ReferenceLoopHandling.Ignore:
            if (TraceWriter != null && TraceWriter.LevelFilter >= TraceLevel.Verbose)
              TraceWriter.Trace(TraceLevel.Verbose, JsonPosition.FormatMessage(null, writer.Path, message + ". Skipping serializing self referenced value."), null);

            return false;
          case ReferenceLoopHandling.Serialize:
            if (TraceWriter != null && TraceWriter.LevelFilter >= TraceLevel.Verbose)
              TraceWriter.Trace(TraceLevel.Verbose, JsonPosition.FormatMessage(null, writer.Path, message + ". Serializing self referenced value."), null);

            return true;
        }
      }

      return true;
    }
    private void SerializeObject(JsonWriter writer, object value, JsonObjectContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract collectionContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
    {
      OnSerializing(writer, contract, value);

      _serializeStack.Add(value);

      WriteObjectStart(writer, value, contract, member, collectionContract, containerProperty);

      int initialDepth = writer.Top;

      for (int index = 0; index < contract.Properties.Count; index++)
      {
        JsonProperty property = contract.Properties[index];
        try
        {
          object memberValue;
          JsonContract memberContract;

          if (!CalculatePropertyValues(writer, value, contract, member, property, out memberContract, out memberValue))
            continue;

          property.WritePropertyName(writer);
          SerializeValue(writer, memberValue, memberContract, property, contract, member);
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
          if (IsErrorHandled(value, contract, property.PropertyName, null, writer.ContainerPath, ex))
            HandleError(writer, initialDepth);
          else
            throw;
        }
      }

      if (contract.ExtensionDataGetter != null)
      {
        IEnumerable<KeyValuePair<object, object>> extensionData = contract.ExtensionDataGetter(value);
        if (extensionData != null)
        {
          foreach (KeyValuePair<object, object> e in extensionData)
          {
            JsonContract keyContract = GetContractSafe(e.Key);
            JsonContract valueContract = GetContractSafe(e.Value);

            bool escape;
            string propertyName = GetPropertyName(writer, e.Key, keyContract, out escape);

            if (ShouldWriteReference(e.Value, null, valueContract, contract, member))
            {
              writer.WritePropertyName(propertyName);
              WriteReference(writer, e.Value);
            }
            else
            {
              if (!CheckForCircularReference(writer, e.Value, null, valueContract, contract, member))
                continue;

              writer.WritePropertyName(propertyName);

              SerializeValue(writer, e.Value, valueContract, null, contract, member);
            }
          }
        }
      }

      writer.WriteEndObject();

      _serializeStack.RemoveAt(_serializeStack.Count - 1);

      OnSerialized(writer, contract, value);
    }
    private object CreateValueInternal(JsonReader reader, Type objectType, JsonContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract containerContract, JsonProperty containerMember, object existingValue)
    {
      if (contract != null && contract.ContractType == JsonContractType.Linq)
        return CreateJToken(reader, contract);

      do
      {
        switch (reader.TokenType)
        {
            // populate a typed object or generic dictionary/array
            // depending upon whether an objectType was supplied
          case JsonToken.StartObject:
            return CreateObject(reader, objectType, contract, member, containerContract, containerMember, existingValue);
          case JsonToken.StartArray:
            return CreateList(reader, objectType, contract, member, existingValue, null);
          case JsonToken.Integer:
          case JsonToken.Float:
          case JsonToken.Boolean:
          case JsonToken.Date:
          case JsonToken.Bytes:
            return EnsureType(reader, reader.Value, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract, objectType);
          case JsonToken.String:
            string s = (string)reader.Value;

            // convert empty string to null automatically for nullable types
            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(s) && objectType != typeof(string) && objectType != typeof(object) && contract != null && contract.IsNullable)
              return null;

            // string that needs to be returned as a byte array should be base 64 decoded
            if (objectType == typeof (byte[]))
              return Convert.FromBase64String(s);

            return EnsureType(reader, s, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract, objectType);
          case JsonToken.StartConstructor:
            string constructorName = reader.Value.ToString();

            return EnsureType(reader, constructorName, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract, objectType);
          case JsonToken.Null:
          case JsonToken.Undefined:
            return EnsureType(reader, reader.Value, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract, objectType);
          case JsonToken.Raw:
            return new JRaw((string) reader.Value);
          case JsonToken.Comment:
            // ignore
            break;
          default:
            throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected token while deserializing object: " + reader.TokenType);
        }
      } while (reader.Read());

      throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected end when deserializing object.");
    }