// old way:
object obj;
int intValue;
if (dict.TryGetValue("Int", out obj) && obj is int)
    intValue = (int)obj;

// C# 7.0 way:
if (dict.TryGetValue("Int", out object o) && o is int i)
    intValue = i;

// GetValueOrDefault ways:
intValue = (int)dict.GetValueOrDefault("Int");
intValue = dict.GetValueOrDefault("Int", 0);
intValue = dict.GetValueOrDefault<int>("Int");

// between convertible types: like the Convert class but supports also enums in both ways
result = "123".Convert<int>(); // culture can be specified, default is InvariantCulture
result = ConsoleColor.Blue.Convert<float>();
result = 13.Convert<ConsoleColor>(); // this would fail by Convert.ChangeType
        
// TypeConverters are used if possible:
result = "AADC78003DAB4906826EFD8B2D5CF33D".Convert<Guid>();
        
// New conversions can be registered:
result = 42L.Convert<IntPtr>(); // fail
typeof(long).RegisterConversion(typeof(IntPtr), (obj, type, culture) => new IntPtr((long)obj));
result = 42L.Convert<IntPtr>(); // success
        
// Registered conversions can be used as intermediate steps:
result = 'x'.Convert<IntPtr>(); // char => long => IntPtr
        
// Collection conversion is also supported:
result = new List<int> { 1, 0, 0, 1 }.Convert<bool[]>();
result = "Blah".Convert<List<int>>(); // works because string is an IEnumerable<char>
result = new[] { 'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o' }.Convert<string>(); // because string has a char[] constructor
result = new[] { 1.0m, 2, -1 }.Convert<ReadOnlyCollection<string>>(); // via the IList<T> constructor
        
// even between non-generic collections:
result = new HashSet<int> { 1, 2, 3 }.Convert<ArrayList>();
result = new Hashtable { { 1, "One" }, { "Black", 'x' } }.Convert<Dictionary<ConsoleColor, string>>();

// old way:
if (stringValue == "something" || stringValue == "something else" || stringValue == "maybe some other value" || stringValue == "or...")
    DoSomething();

// In method:
if (stringValue.In("something", "something else", "maybe some other value", "or..."))
    DoSomething();

var rnd = new Random();

// Next... for all simple types:
rnd.NextBoolean();
rnd.NextDouble(Double.PositiveInfinity); // see also the overloads
rnd.NextString(); // see also the overloads
rnd.NextDateTime(); // also NextDate, NextDateTimeOffset, NextTimeSpan
rnd.NextEnum<ConsoleColor>();
// and NextByte, NextSByte, NextInt16, NextDecimal, etc.

// NextObject: for practically anything. See also GenerateObjectSettings.
rnd.NextObject<Person>().Dump(); // custom type
rnd.NextObject<(int, string)>(); // tuple
rnd.NextObject<IConvertible>(); // interface implementation
rnd.NextObject<MarshalByRefObject>(); // abstract type implementation
rnd.NextObject<int[]>(); // array
rnd.NextObject<IList<IConvertible>>(); // some collection of an interface
rnd.NextObject<Func<DateTime>>(); // delegate with random result

// specific type for object (useful for non-generic collections)
rnd.NextObject<ArrayList>(new GenerateObjectSettings { SubstitutionForObjectType = typeof(ConsoleColor) };

// literally any random object
rnd.NextObject<object>(new GenerateObjectSettings { AllowDerivedTypesForNonSealedClasses = true });

// instantiating the cache by a loader method and a capacity of 1000 possible items
var personCache = new Cache<int, Person>(LoadPersonById, 1000);

// you only need to read the cache:
var person = personCache[id];

// If a cache instance is accessed from multiple threads use it from a thread safe accessor.
// The item loader can be protected from being called concurrently.
// Similarly to ConcurrentDictionary, this is false by default.
var threadSafeCache = personCache.GetThreadSafeAccessor(protectItemLoader: false);

person = threadSafeCache[id];

var clist = new CircularList<int>(Enumerable.Range(0, 1000));

// or by ToCircularList:
clist = Enumerable.Range(0, 1000).ToCircularList();

// AddFirst/AddLast/RemoveFirst/RemoveLast
clist.AddFirst(-1); // same as clist.Insert(0, -1); (much faster than List<T>)
clist.RemoveFirst(); // same as clist.RemoveAt(0); (much faster than List<T>)

// if the inserted collection is not ICollection<T>, then List<T> is especially slow here
// because it inserts the items one by one and shifts the elements in every iteration
clist.InsertRange(0, Enumerable.Range(-500, 500));

// When enumerated by LINQ expressions, List<T> is not so effective because of its boxed
// value type enumerator. In these cases CircularList returns a reference type enumerator.
Console.WriteLine(clist.SkipWhile(i => i < 0).Count());

// Any method by MethodInfo:
MethodInfo method = typeof(MyType).GetMethod("MyMethod");

result = Reflector.InvokeMethod(instance, method, param1, param2); // by Reflector
result = method.Invoke(instance, new object[] { param1, param2 }); // the old (slow) way
result = MethodAccessor.GetAccessor(method).Invoke(instance, param1, param2); // by accessor (fast)

// Instance method by name (can be non-public, even in base classes):
result = Reflector.InvokeMethod(instance, "MethodName", param1, param2);

// Static method by name (can be non-public, even in base classes):
result = Reflector.InvokeMethod(typeof(MyType), "MethodName", param1, param2);

// Even generic methods are supported:
result = Reflector.InvokeMethod(instance, "MethodName", new[] { typeof(GenericArg) }, param1, param2);

// If you are not sure whether a method by the specified name exists use TryInvokeMethod:
bool invoked = Reflector.TryInvokeMethod(instance, "MethodMaybeExists", out result, param1, param2);

// Simple way: by the static BinarySerializer class
byte[] rawData = BinarySerializer.Serialize(instance); // to byte[]
BinarySerializer.SerializeToStream(stream, instance); // to Stream
BinarySerializer.SerializeByWriter(writer, instance); // by BinaryWriter

// or explicitly by a BinarySerializationFormatter instance:
rawData = new BinarySerializationFormatter().Serialize(instance);

// supports even non-serializable types (default options actually contain this flag):
data = BinarySerializer.Serialize(instance, BinarySerializationOptions.RecursiveSerializationAsFallback);

// Deserialization:
obj = (MyClass)BinarySerializer.Deserialize(rawData); // from byte[]
obj = (MyClass)BinarySerializer.DeserializeFromStream(stream); // from Stream
obj = (MyClass)BinarySerializer.DeserializeByReader(reader); // by BinaryReader

IFormatter formatter = new BinarySerializationFormatter();
formatter.Binder = new WeakAssemblySerializationBinder(); // works also for BinaryFormatter!

result = (MyClass)formatter.Deserialize(streamSerializedByAnOldAssembly);

// A good candidate for XML serialization:
public class Person
{
    public string FirstName { get; set; }

    [DefaultValue(null)] // will not be serialized if null
    public string MiddleName { get; set; }

    public string LastName { get; set; }

    public DateTime BirthDate { get; set; }

    // System serializer fails here: the property has no setter and its type cannot be instantiated.
    public IList<string> PhoneNumbers { get; } = new Collection<string>();
}

var person = ThreadSafeRandom.Instance.NextObject<Person>();
var options = XmlSerializationOptions.RecursiveSerializationAsFallback;

// serializing into XElement
XElement element = XmlSerializer.Serialize(person, options);
var clone = (Person)XmlSerializer.Deserialize(element);

// serializing into file/Stream/TextWriter/XmlWriter are also supported: An XmlWriter will be used
var sb = new StringBuilder();
XmlSerializer.Serialize(new StringWriter(sb), person, options);
clone = (Person)XmlSerializer.Deserialize(new StringReader(sb.ToString()));

Console.WriteLine(sb);

public class MyComponent
{
    // there is no default constructor
    public MyComponent(Guid id) => Id = id;

    // read-only property: will not be serialized unless forced by the
    // ForcedSerializationOfReadOnlyMembersAndCollections option
    public Guid Id { get; }

    // this tells the serializer to allow recursive serialization for this non-common type
    // without using the RecursiveSerializationAsFallback option
    [DesignerSerializationVisibility(DesignerSerializationVisibility.Content)]
    public Person Person { get; set; }
}

var instance = new MyComponent(Guid.NewGuid()) { Person = person };

// serialization (now into XElement but XmlWriter is also supported):
var root = new XElement("SomeRootElement");
XmlSerializer.SerializeContent(root, instance);

// deserialization (now from XElement but XmlReader is also supported):
var cloneWithNewId = new MyComponent(Guid.NewGuid());
XmlSerializer.DeserializeContent(root, cloneWithNewId);

// Just pick a language for your application
LanguageSettings.DisplayLanguage = CultureInfo.GetCultureInfo("de-DE");

// Opt-in using .resx files (for all `DynamicResourceManager` instances, which are configured to obtain
// their configuration from LanguageSettings):
LanguageSettings.DynamicResourceManagersSource = ResourceManagerSources.CompiledAndResX;

// When you access a resource for the first time for a new language, a new resource set will be generated.
// This is saved automatically when you exit the application
Console.WriteLine(PublicResources.ArgumentNull);

public class MyModel : ValidatingObjectBase
{
    // A simple integer property (with zero default value).
    // Until the property is set no value is stored internally.
    public int IntProperty { get => Get<int>(); set => Set(value); }

    // An int property with default value. Until the property is set the default will be returned.
    public int IntPropertyCustomDefault { get => Get(-1); set => Set(value); }

    // If the default value is a complex one, which should not be evaluated each time
    // you can provide a factory for it.
    // When this property is read for the first time without setting it before
    // the provided delegate will be invoked and the returned default value is stored without triggering
    // the PropertyChanged event.
    public MyComplexType ComplexProperty { get => Get(() => new MyComplexType()); set => Set(value); }

    // You can use regular properties to prevent raising the events
    // and not to store the value in the internal storage.
    // The OnPropertyChanged method still can be called explicitly to raise the PropertyChanged event.
    public int UntrackedProperty { get; set; }

    public int Id { get => Get<int>(); set => Set(value); }
    public string Name { get => Get<string>(); set => Set(value); }

    protected override ValidationResultsCollection DoValidation()
    {
        var result = new ValidationResultsCollection();

        // info
        if (Id == 0)
            result.AddInfo(nameof(Id), "This will be considered as a new object when saved");

        // warning
        if (Id < 0)
            result.AddWarning(nameof(Id), $"{nameof(Id)} is recommended to be greater or equal to 0.");

        // error
        if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(Name))
            result.AddError(nameof(Name), $"{nameof(Name)} must not be null or empty.");

        return result;
    }
}

public static class MyCommands
{
    public static readonly ICommand PasteCommand = new TargetedCommand<TextBoxBase>(tb => tb.Paste());
}

var binding = MyCommands.PasteCommand.CreateBinding(menuItemPaste, "Click", textBox);

// Alternative way by fluent syntax: (also allows to add multiple sources)
binding = MyCommands.PasteCommand.CreateBinding()
    .AddSource(menuItemPaste, nameof(menuItemPaste.Click))
    .AddSource(buttonPaste, nameof(buttonPaste.Click))
    .AddTarget(textBox);

// by disposing the binding every event subscription will be removed
binding.Dispose();

public class MyView : ViewBase
{
    private CommandBindingsCollection bindings = new CommandBindingsCollection();

    private void InitializeView()
    {
        bindings.Add(MyCommands.PasteCommand)
            .AddSource(menuItemPaste, nameof(menuItemPaste.Click))
            .AddSource(buttonPaste, nameof(buttonPaste.Click))
            .AddTarget(textBox);
        // [...] more bindings
    }

    protected override void Dispose(bool disposing)
    {
        if (disposing)
            bindings.Dispose(); // releases all of the event subscriptions of every added binding
        base.Dispose(disposing);
    }
}

// The command state can be pre-created and passed to the binding creation
var pasteCommandState = new CommandState { Enabled = false };

// passing the state object when creating the binding
var pasteBinding = bindings.Add(MyCommands.PasteCommand, pasteCommandState)
    .AddSource(menuItemPaste, nameof(menuItemPaste.Click))
    .AddSource(buttonPaste, nameof(buttonPaste.Click))
    .AddTarget(textBox);

// ...

// enabling the command
pasteCommandState.Enabled = true;
// or:
pasteBinding.State.Enabled = true;

// Handling the ICommandBinding.Executing event. Of course, it can be a command, too... how fancy :)

public static class MyCommands
{
    // [...]

    // this time we define a SourceAwareCommand because we want to get the event data
    public static readonly ICommand SetPasteEnabledCommand =
        new SourceAwareCommand<ExecuteCommandEventArgs>(OnSetPasteEnabledCommand);

    private static void OnSetPasteEnabledCommand(ICommandSource<ExecuteCommandEventArgs> sourceData)
    {
        // we set the enabled state based on the clipboard
        sourceData.EventArgs.State.Enabled = Clipboard.ContainsText();
    }
}

// ...

// and the creation of the bindings:

// the same as previously, except that we don't pass a pre-created state this time.
var pasteBinding = bindings.Add(MyCommands.PasteCommand)
    .AddSource(menuItemPaste, nameof(menuItemPaste.Click))
    .AddSource(buttonPaste, nameof(buttonPaste.Click))
    .AddTarget(textBox);

// A command binding to set the Enabled state of the Paste command on demand (poll). No targets this time.
bindings.Add(MyCommands.SetPasteEnabledCommand)
    .AddSource(pasteBinding, nameof(pasteBinding.Executing));

// we can pass a string-object dictionary to the constructor, or we can treat it as a dynamic object.
var pasteCommandState = new CommandState(new Dictionary<string, object>
{
    { "Enabled", false }, // can be set also this way - must have a bool value
    { "Text", "Paste" },
    { "HotKey", Key.Control | Key.V },
    { "Icon", Icons.PasteIcon },
});

// as now we add a state updater, the states will be immediately applied to the sources
bindings.Add(MyCommands.PasteCommand, pasteCommandState)
    .AddStateUpdater(PropertyCommandStateUpdater.Updater) // to sync back state properties to sources
    .AddSource(menuItemPaste, nameof(menuItemPaste.Click))
    .AddSource(buttonPaste, nameof(buttonPaste.Click))
    .AddTarget(textBox);

// This will enable all sources now (if they have an Enabled property):
pasteCommandState.Enabled = true;

// We can set anything by casting the state to dynamic or via the AsDynamic property.
// It is not a problem if a source does not have such a property. You can chain multiple updaters to
// handle special cases. If an updater fails, the next one is tried (if any).
pasteCommandState.AsDynamic.ToolTip = "Paste text from the Clipboard";

bindings.Add(MyCommands.PasteCommand)
    .AddSource(menuItemPaste, nameof(menuItemPaste.Click))
    .AddSource(buttonPaste, nameof(buttonPaste.Click))
    .AddTarget(() => GetFocusedTextBox()); // the delegate will be called when the command is executed

// ViewModel:
public class MyViewModel : ModelBase // ModelBase implements INotifyPropertyChanged
{
    public string Text { get => Get<string>(); set => Set(value); }
}

// View: assuming we have a ViewBase<TDataContext> class with DataContext and CommandBindings properties
public class MyView : ViewBase<MyViewModel>
{
    private void InitializeView()
    {
        CommandBindingsCollection bindings = base.CommandBindings;
        MyViewModel viewModel = base.DataContext;

        // [...] the usual bindings.Add(...) lines here

        // Adding a simple property binding (uses a predefined command internally):
        bindings.AddPropertyBinding(
            viewModel, "Text", // source object and property name
            "Text", textBox, labelTextBox); // target property name and target object(s)

        // a formatting can be added if types (or just the values) of the properties should be different:
        bindings.AddPropertyBinding(
            viewModel, "Text", // source object and property name
            "BackColor", // target property name
            value => value == null ? Colors.Yellow : SystemColors.WindowColor, // string -> Color
            textBox); // target object(s)
    }
}

const string category = "Example";

using (Profiler.Measure(category, "DoBigTask"))
{
    // ... code ...

	// measurement blocks can be nested
    using (Profiler.Measure(category, "DoSmallTask"))
    {
        // ... more code ...
    }
}

new PerformanceTest
    {
        TestName = "System.Enum vs. KGySoft.CoreLibraries.Enum<TEnum>",
        Iterations = 1_000_000,
        Repeat = 2
    }
    .AddCase(() => ConsoleColor.Black.ToString(), "Enum.ToString")
    .AddCase(() => Enum<ConsoleColor>.ToString(ConsoleColor.Black), "Enum<TEnum>.ToString")
    .DoTest()
    .DumpResults(Console.Out);

public class RandomizedPerformanceTest<T> : PerformanceTestBase<Func<Random, T>, T>
{
    private Random random;

    protected override T Invoke(Func<Random, T> del) => del.Invoke(random);

    protected override void OnBeforeCase() => random = new Random(0); // resetting with a fix seed
}

new RandomizedPerformanceTest<string> { Iterations = 1_000_000 }
    .AddCase(rnd => rnd.NextEnum<ConsoleColor>().ToString(), "Enum.ToString")
    .AddCase(rnd => Enum<ConsoleColor>.ToString(rnd.NextEnum<ConsoleColor>()), "Enum<TEnum>.ToString")
    .DoTest()
    .DumpResults(Console.Out);