private void SerializeList(JsonWriter writer, IEnumerable values, JsonArrayContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract collectionContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
        {
            IWrappedCollection wrappedCollection = values as IWrappedCollection;
            object underlyingList = wrappedCollection != null ? wrappedCollection.UnderlyingCollection : values;

            OnSerializing(writer, contract, underlyingList);

            _serializeStack.Add(underlyingList);

            bool hasWrittenMetadataObject = WriteStartArray(writer, underlyingList, contract, member, collectionContract, containerProperty);

            writer.WriteStartArray();

            int initialDepth = writer.Top;

            int index = 0;
            // note that an error in the IEnumerable won't be caught
            foreach (object value in values)
            {
                try
                {
                    JsonContract valueContract = contract.FinalItemContract ?? GetContractSafe(value);

                    if (ShouldWriteReference(value, null, valueContract, contract, member))
                    {
                        WriteReference(writer, value);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        if (CheckForCircularReference(writer, value, null, valueContract, contract, member))
                        {
                            SerializeValue(writer, value, valueContract, null, contract, member);
                        }
                    }
                }
                catch (Exception ex)
                {
                    if (IsErrorHandled(underlyingList, contract, index, null, writer.ContainerPath, ex))
                        HandleError(writer, initialDepth);
                    else
                        throw;
                }
                finally
                {
                    index++;
                }
            }

            writer.WriteEndArray();

            if (hasWrittenMetadataObject)
                writer.WriteEndObject();

            _serializeStack.RemoveAt(_serializeStack.Count - 1);

            OnSerialized(writer, contract, underlyingList);
        }
		private object CreateList (JsonReader reader, Type objectType, JsonContract contract, JsonProperty member, object existingValue, string id)
		{
			object value;

			if (HasNoDefinedType(contract))
				return CreateJToken(reader, contract);

			JsonArrayContract arrayContract = EnsureArrayContract(reader, objectType, contract);

			if (existingValue == null) {
				bool createdFromNonDefaultCreator;
				IList list = CreateNewList(reader, arrayContract, out createdFromNonDefaultCreator);

				if (createdFromNonDefaultCreator) {
					if (id != null)
						throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Cannot preserve reference to array or readonly list, or list created from a non-default constructor: {0}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.UnderlyingType));

					if (contract.OnSerializingCallbacks.Count > 0)
						throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Cannot call OnSerializing on an array or readonly list, or list created from a non-default constructor: {0}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.UnderlyingType));

					if (contract.OnErrorCallbacks.Count > 0)
						throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Cannot call OnError on an array or readonly list, or list created from a non-default constructor: {0}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.UnderlyingType));

					if (!arrayContract.HasParametrizedCreator && !arrayContract.IsArray)
						throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Cannot deserialize readonly or fixed size list: {0}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.UnderlyingType));
				}

				if (!arrayContract.IsMultidimensionalArray)
					PopulateList(list, reader, arrayContract, member, id);
				else
					PopulateMultidimensionalArray(list, reader, arrayContract, member, id);

				if (createdFromNonDefaultCreator) {
					if (arrayContract.IsMultidimensionalArray) {
						list = CollectionUtils.ToMultidimensionalArray(list, arrayContract.CollectionItemType, contract.CreatedType.GetArrayRank());
					}
					else if (arrayContract.IsArray) {
						Array a = Array.CreateInstance(arrayContract.CollectionItemType, list.Count);
						list.CopyTo(a, 0);
						list = a;
					}
					else {
						// call constructor that takes IEnumerable<T>
						return arrayContract.ParametrizedCreator(list);
					}
				}
				else if (list is IWrappedCollection) {
					return ((IWrappedCollection)list).UnderlyingCollection;
				}

				value = list;
			}
			else {
				value = PopulateList((arrayContract.ShouldCreateWrapper) ? arrayContract.CreateWrapper(existingValue) : (IList)existingValue, reader, arrayContract, member, id);
			}

			return value;
		}
		private bool CalculatePropertyDetails (JsonProperty property, ref JsonConverter propertyConverter, JsonContainerContract containerContract, JsonProperty containerProperty, JsonReader reader, object target, out bool useExistingValue, out object currentValue, out JsonContract propertyContract, out bool gottenCurrentValue)
		{
			currentValue = null;
			useExistingValue = false;
			propertyContract = null;
			gottenCurrentValue = false;

			if (property.Ignored)
				return true;

			JsonToken tokenType = reader.TokenType;

			if (property.PropertyContract == null)
				property.PropertyContract = GetContractSafe(property.PropertyType);

			ObjectCreationHandling objectCreationHandling =
				property.ObjectCreationHandling.GetValueOrDefault(Serializer._objectCreationHandling);

			if ((objectCreationHandling != ObjectCreationHandling.Replace)
			             && (tokenType == JsonToken.StartArray || tokenType == JsonToken.StartObject)
			             && property.Readable) {
				currentValue = property.ValueProvider.GetValue(target);
				gottenCurrentValue = true;

				if (currentValue != null) {
					propertyContract = GetContractSafe(currentValue.GetType());

					useExistingValue = (!propertyContract.IsReadOnlyOrFixedSize && !propertyContract.UnderlyingType.IsValueType());
				}
			}

			if (!property.Writable && !useExistingValue)
				return true;

			// test tokentype here because null might not be convertable to some types, e.g. ignoring null when applied to DateTime
			if (property.NullValueHandling.GetValueOrDefault(Serializer._nullValueHandling) == NullValueHandling.Ignore && tokenType == JsonToken.Null)
				return true;

			// test tokentype here because default value might not be convertable to actual type, e.g. default of "" for DateTime
			if (HasFlag(property.DefaultValueHandling.GetValueOrDefault(Serializer._defaultValueHandling), DefaultValueHandling.Ignore)
			             && !HasFlag(property.DefaultValueHandling.GetValueOrDefault(Serializer._defaultValueHandling), DefaultValueHandling.Populate)
			             && JsonReader.IsPrimitiveToken(tokenType)
			             && MiscellaneousUtils.ValueEquals(reader.Value, property.GetResolvedDefaultValue()))
				return true;

			if (currentValue == null) {
				propertyContract = property.PropertyContract;
			}
			else {
				propertyContract = GetContractSafe(currentValue.GetType());

				if (propertyContract != property.PropertyContract)
					propertyConverter = GetConverter(propertyContract, property.MemberConverter, containerContract, containerProperty);
			}

			return false;
		}
		private object CreateObject (JsonReader reader, Type objectType, JsonContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract containerContract, JsonProperty containerMember, object existingValue)
		{
			string id;
			Type resolvedObjectType = objectType;

			if (Serializer.MetadataPropertyHandling == MetadataPropertyHandling.Ignore) {
				// don't look for metadata properties
				CheckedRead(reader);
				id = null;
			}
			else if (Serializer.MetadataPropertyHandling == MetadataPropertyHandling.ReadAhead) {
				var tokenReader = reader as JTokenReader;
				if (tokenReader == null) {
					JToken t = JToken.ReadFrom(reader);
					tokenReader = (JTokenReader)t.CreateReader();
					tokenReader.Culture = reader.Culture;
					tokenReader.DateFormatString = reader.DateFormatString;
					tokenReader.DateParseHandling = reader.DateParseHandling;
					tokenReader.DateTimeZoneHandling = reader.DateTimeZoneHandling;
					tokenReader.FloatParseHandling = reader.FloatParseHandling;
					tokenReader.SupportMultipleContent = reader.SupportMultipleContent;

					// start
					CheckedRead(tokenReader);

					reader = tokenReader;
				}

				object newValue;
				if (ReadMetadataPropertiesToken(tokenReader, ref resolvedObjectType, ref contract, member, containerContract, containerMember, existingValue, out newValue, out id))
					return newValue;
			}
			else {
				CheckedRead(reader);
				object newValue;
				if (ReadMetadataProperties(reader, ref resolvedObjectType, ref contract, member, containerContract, containerMember, existingValue, out newValue, out id))
					return newValue;
			}

			if (HasNoDefinedType(contract))
				return CreateJObject(reader);

			switch (contract.ContractType) {
			case JsonContractType.Object:
				{
					bool createdFromNonDefaultCreator = false;
					JsonObjectContract objectContract = (JsonObjectContract)contract;
					object targetObject;
					// check that if type name handling is being used that the existing value is compatible with the specified type
					if (existingValue != null && (resolvedObjectType == objectType || resolvedObjectType.IsAssignableFrom(existingValue.GetType())))
						targetObject = existingValue;
					else
						targetObject = CreateNewObject(reader, objectContract, member, containerMember, id, out createdFromNonDefaultCreator);

					// don't populate if read from non-default creator because the object has already been read
					if (createdFromNonDefaultCreator)
						return targetObject;

					return PopulateObject(targetObject, reader, objectContract, member, id);
				}
			case JsonContractType.Primitive:
				{
					JsonPrimitiveContract primitiveContract = (JsonPrimitiveContract)contract;
					// if the content is inside $value then read past it
					if (Serializer.MetadataPropertyHandling != MetadataPropertyHandling.Ignore
					                   && reader.TokenType == JsonToken.PropertyName
					                   && string.Equals(reader.Value.ToString(), JsonTypeReflector.ValuePropertyName, StringComparison.Ordinal)) {
						CheckedRead(reader);

						// the token should not be an object because the $type value could have been included in the object
						// without needing the $value property
						if (reader.TokenType == JsonToken.StartObject)
							throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected token when deserializing primitive value: " + reader.TokenType);

						object value = CreateValueInternal(reader, resolvedObjectType, primitiveContract, member, null, null, existingValue);

						CheckedRead(reader);
						return value;
					}
					break;
				}
			case JsonContractType.Dictionary:
				{
					JsonDictionaryContract dictionaryContract = (JsonDictionaryContract)contract;
					object targetDictionary;

					if (existingValue == null) {
						bool createdFromNonDefaultCreator;
						IDictionary dictionary = CreateNewDictionary(reader, dictionaryContract, out createdFromNonDefaultCreator);

						if (createdFromNonDefaultCreator) {
							if (id != null)
								throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Cannot preserve reference to readonly dictionary, or dictionary created from a non-default constructor: {0}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.UnderlyingType));

							if (contract.OnSerializingCallbacks.Count > 0)
								throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Cannot call OnSerializing on readonly dictionary, or dictionary created from a non-default constructor: {0}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.UnderlyingType));

							if (contract.OnErrorCallbacks.Count > 0)
								throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Cannot call OnError on readonly list, or dictionary created from a non-default constructor: {0}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.UnderlyingType));

							if (!dictionaryContract.HasParametrizedCreator)
								throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Cannot deserialize readonly or fixed size dictionary: {0}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.UnderlyingType));
						}

						PopulateDictionary(dictionary, reader, dictionaryContract, member, id);

						if (createdFromNonDefaultCreator) {
							return dictionaryContract.ParametrizedCreator(dictionary);
						}
						else if (dictionary is IWrappedDictionary) {
							return ((IWrappedDictionary)dictionary).UnderlyingDictionary;
						}

						targetDictionary = dictionary;
					}
					else {
						targetDictionary = PopulateDictionary(dictionaryContract.ShouldCreateWrapper ? dictionaryContract.CreateWrapper(existingValue) : (IDictionary)existingValue, reader, dictionaryContract, member, id);
					}

					return targetDictionary;
				}
			case JsonContractType.Serializable:
				{
					var serializableContract = contract as JsonISerializableContract;
					return CreateISerializable(reader, serializableContract, member, id);
				}
			}

			string message = @"Cannot deserialize the current JSON object (e.g. {{""name"":""value""}}) into type '{0}' because the type requires a {1} to deserialize correctly." + Environment.NewLine +
			                          @"To fix this error either change the JSON to a {1} or change the deserialized type so that it is a normal .NET type (e.g. not a primitive type like integer, not a collection type like an array or List<T>) that can be deserialized from a JSON object. JsonObjectAttribute can also be added to the type to force it to deserialize from a JSON object." + Environment.NewLine;
			message = message.FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, resolvedObjectType, GetExpectedDescription(contract));

			throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, message);
		}
		private bool ReadMetadataProperties (JsonReader reader, ref Type objectType, ref JsonContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract containerContract, JsonProperty containerMember, object existingValue, out object newValue, out string id)
		{
			id = null;
			newValue = null;

			if (reader.TokenType == JsonToken.PropertyName) {
				string propertyName = reader.Value.ToString();

				if (propertyName.Length > 0 && propertyName[0] == '$') {
					// read metadata properties
					// $type, $id, $ref, etc
					bool metadataProperty;

					do {
						propertyName = reader.Value.ToString();

						if (string.Equals(propertyName, JsonTypeReflector.RefPropertyName, StringComparison.Ordinal)) {
							CheckedRead(reader);
							if (reader.TokenType != JsonToken.String && reader.TokenType != JsonToken.Null)
								throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "JSON reference {0} property must have a string or null value.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, JsonTypeReflector.RefPropertyName));

							string reference = (reader.Value != null) ? reader.Value.ToString() : null;

							CheckedRead(reader);

							if (reference != null) {
								if (reader.TokenType == JsonToken.PropertyName)
									throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Additional content found in JSON reference object. A JSON reference object should only have a {0} property.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, JsonTypeReflector.RefPropertyName));

								newValue = Serializer.GetReferenceResolver().ResolveReference(this, reference);

								if (TraceWriter != null && TraceWriter.LevelFilter >= TraceLevel.Info)
									TraceWriter.Trace(TraceLevel.Info, JsonPosition.FormatMessage(reader as IJsonLineInfo, reader.Path, "Resolved object reference '{0}' to {1}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, reference, newValue.GetType())), null);

								return true;
							}
							else {
								metadataProperty = true;
							}
						}
						else if (string.Equals(propertyName, JsonTypeReflector.TypePropertyName, StringComparison.Ordinal)) {
							CheckedRead(reader);
							string qualifiedTypeName = reader.Value.ToString();

							ResolveTypeName(reader, ref objectType, ref contract, member, containerContract, containerMember, qualifiedTypeName);

							CheckedRead(reader);

							metadataProperty = true;
						}
						else if (string.Equals(propertyName, JsonTypeReflector.IdPropertyName, StringComparison.Ordinal)) {
							CheckedRead(reader);

							id = (reader.Value != null) ? reader.Value.ToString() : null;

							CheckedRead(reader);
							metadataProperty = true;
						}
						else if (string.Equals(propertyName, JsonTypeReflector.ArrayValuesPropertyName, StringComparison.Ordinal)) {
							CheckedRead(reader);
							object list = CreateList(reader, objectType, contract, member, existingValue, id);
							CheckedRead(reader);
							newValue = list;
							return true;
						}
						else {
							metadataProperty = false;
						}
					} while (metadataProperty && reader.TokenType == JsonToken.PropertyName);
				}
			}
			return false;
		}
		private void SetExtensionData (JsonObjectContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonReader reader, string memberName, object o)
		{
			if (contract.ExtensionDataSetter != null) {
				try {
					object value = CreateValueInternal(reader, null, null, null, contract, member, null);

					contract.ExtensionDataSetter(o, memberName, value);
				}
				catch (Exception ex) {
					throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Error setting value in extension data for type '{0}'.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.UnderlyingType), ex);
				}
			}
			else {
				reader.Skip();
			}
		}
		private object CreateValueInternal (JsonReader reader, Type objectType, JsonContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract containerContract, JsonProperty containerMember, object existingValue)
		{
			if (contract != null && contract.ContractType == JsonContractType.Linq)
				return CreateJToken(reader, contract);

			do {
				switch (reader.TokenType) {
				// populate a typed object or generic dictionary/array
				// depending upon whether an objectType was supplied
				case JsonToken.StartObject:
					return CreateObject(reader, objectType, contract, member, containerContract, containerMember, existingValue);
				case JsonToken.StartArray:
					return CreateList(reader, objectType, contract, member, existingValue, null);
				case JsonToken.Integer:
				case JsonToken.Float:
				case JsonToken.Boolean:
				case JsonToken.Date:
				case JsonToken.Bytes:
					return EnsureType(reader, reader.Value, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract, objectType);
				case JsonToken.String:
					string s = (string)reader.Value;

                        // convert empty string to null automatically for nullable types
					if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(s) && objectType != typeof(string) && objectType != typeof(object) && contract != null && contract.IsNullable)
						return null;

                        // string that needs to be returned as a byte array should be base 64 decoded
					if (objectType == typeof(byte[]))
						return Convert.FromBase64String(s);

					return EnsureType(reader, s, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract, objectType);
				case JsonToken.StartConstructor:
					string constructorName = reader.Value.ToString();

					return EnsureType(reader, constructorName, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract, objectType);
				case JsonToken.Null:
				case JsonToken.Undefined:
#if !(NETFX_CORE || PORTABLE40 || PORTABLE)
					if (objectType == typeof(DBNull))
						return DBNull.Value;
#endif

					return EnsureType(reader, reader.Value, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract, objectType);
				case JsonToken.Raw:
					return new JRaw((string)reader.Value);
				case JsonToken.Comment:
                        // ignore
					break;
				default:
					throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected token while deserializing object: " + reader.TokenType);
				}
			} while (reader.Read());

			throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected end when deserializing object.");
		}
        private void SerializeDictionary(JsonWriter writer, IDictionary values, JsonDictionaryContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract collectionContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
        {
            IWrappedDictionary wrappedDictionary = values as IWrappedDictionary;
            object underlyingDictionary = wrappedDictionary != null ? wrappedDictionary.UnderlyingDictionary : values;

            OnSerializing(writer, contract, underlyingDictionary);
            _serializeStack.Add(underlyingDictionary);

            WriteObjectStart(writer, underlyingDictionary, contract, member, collectionContract, containerProperty);

            if (contract.ItemContract == null)
                contract.ItemContract = Serializer._contractResolver.ResolveContract(contract.DictionaryValueType ?? typeof(object));

            if (contract.KeyContract == null)
                contract.KeyContract = Serializer._contractResolver.ResolveContract(contract.DictionaryKeyType ?? typeof(object));

            int initialDepth = writer.Top;

            foreach (DictionaryEntry entry in values)
            {
                bool escape;
                string propertyName = GetPropertyName(writer, entry.Key, contract.KeyContract, out escape);

                propertyName = (contract.PropertyNameResolver != null)
                    ? contract.PropertyNameResolver(propertyName)
                    : propertyName;

                try
                {
                    object value = entry.Value;
                    JsonContract valueContract = contract.FinalItemContract ?? GetContractSafe(value);

                    if (ShouldWriteReference(value, null, valueContract, contract, member))
                    {
                        writer.WritePropertyName(propertyName, escape);
                        WriteReference(writer, value);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        if (!CheckForCircularReference(writer, value, null, valueContract, contract, member))
                            continue;

                        writer.WritePropertyName(propertyName, escape);

                        SerializeValue(writer, value, valueContract, null, contract, member);
                    }
                }
                catch (Exception ex)
                {
                    if (IsErrorHandled(underlyingDictionary, contract, propertyName, null, writer.ContainerPath, ex))
                        HandleError(writer, initialDepth);
                    else
                        throw;
                }
            }

            writer.WriteEndObject();

            _serializeStack.RemoveAt(_serializeStack.Count - 1);

            OnSerialized(writer, contract, underlyingDictionary);
        }
        private bool ShouldSerialize(JsonWriter writer, JsonProperty property, object target)
        {
            if (property.ShouldSerialize == null)
                return true;

            bool shouldSerialize = property.ShouldSerialize(target);

            if (TraceWriter != null && TraceWriter.LevelFilter >= TraceLevel.Verbose)
                TraceWriter.Trace(TraceLevel.Verbose, JsonPosition.FormatMessage(null, writer.Path, "ShouldSerialize result for property '{0}' on {1}: {2}".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, property.PropertyName, property.DeclaringType, shouldSerialize)), null);

            return shouldSerialize;
        }
        private void SerializeISerializable(JsonWriter writer, ISerializable value, JsonISerializableContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract collectionContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
        {
            if (!JsonTypeReflector.FullyTrusted)
            {
                throw JsonSerializationException.Create(null, writer.ContainerPath, @"Type '{0}' implements ISerializable but cannot be serialized using the ISerializable interface because the current application is not fully trusted and ISerializable can expose secure data.
To fix this error either change the environment to be fully trusted, change the application to not deserialize the type, add JsonObjectAttribute to the type or change the JsonSerializer setting ContractResolver to use a new DefaultContractResolver with IgnoreSerializableInterface set to true.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, value.GetType()), null);
            }

            OnSerializing(writer, contract, value);
            _serializeStack.Add(value);

            WriteObjectStart(writer, value, contract, member, collectionContract, containerProperty);

            SerializationInfo serializationInfo = new SerializationInfo(contract.UnderlyingType, new FormatterConverter());
            value.GetObjectData(serializationInfo, Serializer._context);

            foreach (SerializationEntry serializationEntry in serializationInfo)
            {
                JsonContract valueContract = GetContractSafe(serializationEntry.Value);

                if (CheckForCircularReference(writer, serializationEntry.Value, null, valueContract, contract, member))
                {
                    writer.WritePropertyName(serializationEntry.Name);
                    SerializeValue(writer, serializationEntry.Value, valueContract, null, contract, member);
                }
            }

            writer.WriteEndObject();

            _serializeStack.RemoveAt(_serializeStack.Count - 1);
            OnSerialized(writer, contract, value);
        }
        private bool ShouldWriteType(TypeNameHandling typeNameHandlingFlag, JsonContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract containerContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
        {
            TypeNameHandling resolvedTypeNameHandling =
                ((member != null) ? member.TypeNameHandling : null)
                ?? ((containerProperty != null) ? containerProperty.ItemTypeNameHandling : null)
                ?? ((containerContract != null) ? containerContract.ItemTypeNameHandling : null)
                ?? Serializer._typeNameHandling;

            if (HasFlag(resolvedTypeNameHandling, typeNameHandlingFlag))
                return true;

            // instance type and the property's type's contract default type are different (no need to put the type in JSON because the type will be created by default)
            if (HasFlag(resolvedTypeNameHandling, TypeNameHandling.Auto))
            {
                if (member != null)
                {
                    if (contract.UnderlyingType != member.PropertyContract.CreatedType)
                        return true;
                }
                else if (containerContract != null)
                {
                    if (containerContract.ItemContract == null || contract.UnderlyingType != containerContract.ItemContract.CreatedType)
                        return true;
                }
                else if (_rootContract != null && _serializeStack.Count == _rootLevel)
                {
                    if (contract.UnderlyingType != _rootContract.CreatedType)
                        return true;
                }
            }

            return false;
        }
        private bool WriteStartArray(JsonWriter writer, object values, JsonArrayContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract containerContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
        {
            bool isReference = ResolveIsReference(contract, member, containerContract, containerProperty) ?? HasFlag(Serializer._preserveReferencesHandling, PreserveReferencesHandling.Arrays);
            bool includeTypeDetails = ShouldWriteType(TypeNameHandling.Arrays, contract, member, containerContract, containerProperty);
            bool writeMetadataObject = isReference || includeTypeDetails;

            if (writeMetadataObject)
            {
                writer.WriteStartObject();

                if (isReference)
                {
                    WriteReferenceIdProperty(writer, contract.UnderlyingType, values);
                }
                if (includeTypeDetails)
                {
                    WriteTypeProperty(writer, values.GetType());
                }
                writer.WritePropertyName(JsonTypeReflector.ArrayValuesPropertyName, false);
            }

            if (contract.ItemContract == null)
                contract.ItemContract = Serializer._contractResolver.ResolveContract(contract.CollectionItemType ?? typeof(object));

            return writeMetadataObject;
        }
        private void SerializeMultidimensionalArray(JsonWriter writer, Array values, JsonArrayContract contract, JsonProperty member, int initialDepth, int[] indices)
        {
            int dimension = indices.Length;
            int[] newIndices = new int[dimension + 1];
            for (int i = 0; i < dimension; i++)
            {
                newIndices[i] = indices[i];
            }

            writer.WriteStartArray();

            for (int i = 0; i < values.GetLength(dimension); i++)
            {
                newIndices[dimension] = i;
                bool isTopLevel = (newIndices.Length == values.Rank);

                if (isTopLevel)
                {
                    object value = values.GetValue(newIndices);

                    try
                    {
                        JsonContract valueContract = contract.FinalItemContract ?? GetContractSafe(value);

                        if (ShouldWriteReference(value, null, valueContract, contract, member))
                        {
                            WriteReference(writer, value);
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            if (CheckForCircularReference(writer, value, null, valueContract, contract, member))
                            {
                                SerializeValue(writer, value, valueContract, null, contract, member);
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    catch (Exception ex)
                    {
                        if (IsErrorHandled(values, contract, i, null, writer.ContainerPath, ex))
                            HandleError(writer, initialDepth + 1);
                        else
                            throw;
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    SerializeMultidimensionalArray(writer, values, contract, member, initialDepth + 1, newIndices);
                }
            }

            writer.WriteEndArray();
        }
        private void SerializeMultidimensionalArray(JsonWriter writer, Array values, JsonArrayContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract collectionContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
        {
            OnSerializing(writer, contract, values);

            _serializeStack.Add(values);

            bool hasWrittenMetadataObject = WriteStartArray(writer, values, contract, member, collectionContract, containerProperty);

            SerializeMultidimensionalArray(writer, values, contract, member, writer.Top, new int[0]);

            if (hasWrittenMetadataObject)
                writer.WriteEndObject();

            _serializeStack.RemoveAt(_serializeStack.Count - 1);

            OnSerialized(writer, contract, values);
        }
		public object CreateNewObject (JsonReader reader, JsonObjectContract objectContract, JsonProperty containerMember, JsonProperty containerProperty, string id, out bool createdFromNonDefaultCreator)
		{
			object newObject = null;

			if (objectContract.OverrideCreator != null) {
				if (objectContract.CreatorParameters.Count > 0) {
					createdFromNonDefaultCreator = true;
					return CreateObjectUsingCreatorWithParameters(reader, objectContract, containerMember, objectContract.OverrideCreator, id);
				}

				newObject = objectContract.OverrideCreator(new object[0]);
			}
			else if (objectContract.DefaultCreator != null &&
			                  (!objectContract.DefaultCreatorNonPublic || Serializer._constructorHandling == ConstructorHandling.AllowNonPublicDefaultConstructor || objectContract.ParametrizedCreator == null)) {
				// use the default constructor if it is...
				// public
				// non-public and the user has change constructor handling settings
				// non-public and there is no other creator
				newObject = objectContract.DefaultCreator();
			}
			else if (objectContract.ParametrizedCreator != null) {
				createdFromNonDefaultCreator = true;
				return CreateObjectUsingCreatorWithParameters(reader, objectContract, containerMember, objectContract.ParametrizedCreator, id);
			}

			if (newObject == null) {
				if (!objectContract.IsInstantiable)
					throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Could not create an instance of type {0}. Type is an interface or abstract class and cannot be instantiated.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, objectContract.UnderlyingType));
                
				throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unable to find a constructor to use for type {0}. A class should either have a default constructor, one constructor with arguments or a constructor marked with the JsonConstructor attribute.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, objectContract.UnderlyingType));
			}

			createdFromNonDefaultCreator = false;
			return newObject;
		}
        private bool IsSpecified(JsonWriter writer, JsonProperty property, object target)
        {
            if (property.GetIsSpecified == null)
                return true;

            bool isSpecified = property.GetIsSpecified(target);

            if (TraceWriter != null && TraceWriter.LevelFilter >= TraceLevel.Verbose)
                TraceWriter.Trace(TraceLevel.Verbose, JsonPosition.FormatMessage(null, writer.Path, "IsSpecified result for property '{0}' on {1}: {2}".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, property.PropertyName, property.DeclaringType, isSpecified)), null);

            return isSpecified;
        }
		private object PopulateObject (object newObject, JsonReader reader, JsonObjectContract contract, JsonProperty member, string id)
		{
			OnDeserializing(reader, contract, newObject);

			// only need to keep a track of properies presence if they are required or a value should be defaulted if missing
			Dictionary<JsonProperty, PropertyPresence> propertiesPresence = (contract.HasRequiredOrDefaultValueProperties || HasFlag(Serializer._defaultValueHandling, DefaultValueHandling.Populate))
                ? contract.Properties.ToDictionary(m => m, m => PropertyPresence.None)
                : null;

			if (id != null)
				AddReference(reader, id, newObject);

			int initialDepth = reader.Depth;

			bool finished = false;
			do {
				switch (reader.TokenType) {
				case JsonToken.PropertyName:
					{
						string memberName = reader.Value.ToString();

						if (CheckPropertyName(reader, memberName))
							continue;

						try {
							// attempt exact case match first
							// then try match ignoring case
							JsonProperty property = contract.Properties.GetClosestMatchProperty(memberName);

							if (property == null) {
								if (TraceWriter != null && TraceWriter.LevelFilter >= TraceLevel.Verbose)
									TraceWriter.Trace(TraceLevel.Verbose, JsonPosition.FormatMessage(reader as IJsonLineInfo, reader.Path, "Could not find member '{0}' on {1}".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, memberName, contract.UnderlyingType)), null);

								if (Serializer._missingMemberHandling == MissingMemberHandling.Error)
									throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Could not find member '{0}' on object of type '{1}'".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, memberName, contract.UnderlyingType.Name));

								if (!reader.Read())
									break;

								SetExtensionData(contract, member, reader, memberName, newObject);
								continue;
							}

							if (property.PropertyContract == null)
								property.PropertyContract = GetContractSafe(property.PropertyType);

							JsonConverter propertyConverter = GetConverter(property.PropertyContract, property.MemberConverter, contract, member);

							if (!ReadForType(reader, property.PropertyContract, propertyConverter != null))
								throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected end when setting {0}'s value.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, memberName));

							SetPropertyPresence(reader, property, propertiesPresence);

							// set extension data if property is ignored or readonly
							if (!SetPropertyValue(property, propertyConverter, contract, member, reader, newObject))
								SetExtensionData(contract, member, reader, memberName, newObject);
						}
						catch (Exception ex) {
							if (IsErrorHandled(newObject, contract, memberName, reader as IJsonLineInfo, reader.Path, ex))
								HandleError(reader, true, initialDepth);
							else
								throw;
						}
						break;
					}
				case JsonToken.EndObject:
					finished = true;
					break;
				case JsonToken.Comment:
                        // ignore
					break;
				default:
					throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected token when deserializing object: " + reader.TokenType);
				}
			} while (!finished && reader.Read());

			if (!finished)
				ThrowUnexpectedEndException(reader, contract, newObject, "Unexpected end when deserializing object.");

			EndObject(newObject, reader, contract, initialDepth, propertiesPresence);

			OnDeserialized(reader, contract, newObject);
			return newObject;
		}
		private object PopulateDictionary (IDictionary dictionary, JsonReader reader, JsonDictionaryContract contract, JsonProperty containerProperty, string id)
		{
			IWrappedDictionary wrappedDictionary = dictionary as IWrappedDictionary;
			object underlyingDictionary = wrappedDictionary != null ? wrappedDictionary.UnderlyingDictionary : dictionary;

			if (id != null)
				AddReference(reader, id, underlyingDictionary);

			OnDeserializing(reader, contract, underlyingDictionary);

			int initialDepth = reader.Depth;

			if (contract.KeyContract == null)
				contract.KeyContract = GetContractSafe(contract.DictionaryKeyType);

			if (contract.ItemContract == null)
				contract.ItemContract = GetContractSafe(contract.DictionaryValueType);

			JsonConverter dictionaryValueConverter = contract.ItemConverter ?? GetConverter(contract.ItemContract, null, contract, containerProperty);
			PrimitiveTypeCode keyTypeCode = (contract.KeyContract is JsonPrimitiveContract) ? ((JsonPrimitiveContract)contract.KeyContract).TypeCode : PrimitiveTypeCode.Empty;

			bool finished = false;
			do {
				switch (reader.TokenType) {
				case JsonToken.PropertyName:
					object keyValue = reader.Value;
					if (CheckPropertyName(reader, keyValue.ToString()))
						continue;

					try {
						try {
							DateParseHandling dateParseHandling;
							switch (keyTypeCode) {
							case PrimitiveTypeCode.DateTime:
							case PrimitiveTypeCode.DateTimeNullable:
								dateParseHandling = DateParseHandling.DateTime;
								break;
#if !NET20
							case PrimitiveTypeCode.DateTimeOffset:
							case PrimitiveTypeCode.DateTimeOffsetNullable:
								dateParseHandling = DateParseHandling.DateTimeOffset;
								break;
#endif
							default:
								dateParseHandling = DateParseHandling.None;
								break;
							}

							// this is for correctly reading ISO and MS formatted dictionary keys
							object dt;
							if (dateParseHandling != DateParseHandling.None && DateTimeUtils.TryParseDateTime(keyValue.ToString(), dateParseHandling, reader.DateTimeZoneHandling, reader.DateFormatString, reader.Culture, out dt))
								keyValue = dt;
							else
								keyValue = EnsureType(reader, keyValue, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.KeyContract, contract.DictionaryKeyType);
						}
						catch (Exception ex) {
							throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Could not convert string '{0}' to dictionary key type '{1}'. Create a TypeConverter to convert from the string to the key type object.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, reader.Value, contract.DictionaryKeyType), ex);
						}

						if (!ReadForType(reader, contract.ItemContract, dictionaryValueConverter != null))
							throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected end when deserializing object.");

						object itemValue;
						if (dictionaryValueConverter != null && dictionaryValueConverter.CanRead)
							itemValue = DeserializeConvertable(dictionaryValueConverter, reader, contract.DictionaryValueType, null);
						else
							itemValue = CreateValueInternal(reader, contract.DictionaryValueType, contract.ItemContract, null, contract, containerProperty, null);

						dictionary[keyValue] = itemValue;
					}
					catch (Exception ex) {
						if (IsErrorHandled(underlyingDictionary, contract, keyValue, reader as IJsonLineInfo, reader.Path, ex))
							HandleError(reader, true, initialDepth);
						else
							throw;
					}
					break;
				case JsonToken.Comment:
					break;
				case JsonToken.EndObject:
					finished = true;
					break;
				default:
					throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected token when deserializing object: " + reader.TokenType);
				}
			} while (!finished && reader.Read());

			if (!finished)
				ThrowUnexpectedEndException(reader, contract, underlyingDictionary, "Unexpected end when deserializing object.");

			OnDeserialized(reader, contract, underlyingDictionary);
			return underlyingDictionary;
		}
		private void SetPropertyPresence (JsonReader reader, JsonProperty property, Dictionary<JsonProperty, PropertyPresence> requiredProperties)
		{
			if (property != null && requiredProperties != null) {
				requiredProperties[property] = (reader.TokenType == JsonToken.Null || reader.TokenType == JsonToken.Undefined)
                    ? PropertyPresence.Null
                    : PropertyPresence.Value;
			}
		}
		private object PopulateMultidimensionalArray (IList list, JsonReader reader, JsonArrayContract contract, JsonProperty containerProperty, string id)
		{
			int rank = contract.UnderlyingType.GetArrayRank();

			if (id != null)
				AddReference(reader, id, list);

			OnDeserializing(reader, contract, list);

			JsonContract collectionItemContract = GetContractSafe(contract.CollectionItemType);
			JsonConverter collectionItemConverter = GetConverter(collectionItemContract, null, contract, containerProperty);

			int? previousErrorIndex = null;
			Stack<IList> listStack = new Stack<IList>();
			listStack.Push(list);
			IList currentList = list;

			bool finished = false;
			do {
				int initialDepth = reader.Depth;

				if (listStack.Count == rank) {
					try {
						if (ReadForType(reader, collectionItemContract, collectionItemConverter != null)) {
							switch (reader.TokenType) {
							case JsonToken.EndArray:
								listStack.Pop();
								currentList = listStack.Peek();
								previousErrorIndex = null;
								break;
							case JsonToken.Comment:
								break;
							default:
								object value;

								if (collectionItemConverter != null && collectionItemConverter.CanRead)
									value = DeserializeConvertable(collectionItemConverter, reader, contract.CollectionItemType, null);
								else
									value = CreateValueInternal(reader, contract.CollectionItemType, collectionItemContract, null, contract, containerProperty, null);

								currentList.Add(value);
								break;
							}
						}
						else {
							break;
						}
					}
					catch (Exception ex) {
						JsonPosition errorPosition = reader.GetPosition(initialDepth);

						if (IsErrorHandled(list, contract, errorPosition.Position, reader as IJsonLineInfo, reader.Path, ex)) {
							HandleError(reader, true, initialDepth);

							if (previousErrorIndex != null && previousErrorIndex == errorPosition.Position) {
								// reader index has not moved since previous error handling
								// break out of reading array to prevent infinite loop
								throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Infinite loop detected from error handling.", ex);
							}
							else {
								previousErrorIndex = errorPosition.Position;
							}
						}
						else {
							throw;
						}
					}
				}
				else {
					if (reader.Read()) {
						switch (reader.TokenType) {
						case JsonToken.StartArray:
							IList newList = new List<object>();
							currentList.Add(newList);
							listStack.Push(newList);
							currentList = newList;
							break;
						case JsonToken.EndArray:
							listStack.Pop();

							if (listStack.Count > 0) {
								currentList = listStack.Peek();
							}
							else {
								finished = true;
							}
							break;
						case JsonToken.Comment:
							break;
						default:
							throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected token when deserializing multidimensional array: " + reader.TokenType);
						}
					}
					else {
						break;
					}
				}
			} while (!finished);

			if (!finished)
				ThrowUnexpectedEndException(reader, contract, list, "Unexpected end when deserializing array.");

			OnDeserialized(reader, contract, list);
			return list;
		}
		private JsonConverter GetConverter (JsonContract contract, JsonConverter memberConverter, JsonContainerContract containerContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
		{
			JsonConverter converter = null;
			if (memberConverter != null) {
				// member attribute converter
				converter = memberConverter;
			}
			else if (containerProperty != null && containerProperty.ItemConverter != null) {
				converter = containerProperty.ItemConverter;
			}
			else if (containerContract != null && containerContract.ItemConverter != null) {
				converter = containerContract.ItemConverter;
			}
			else if (contract != null) {
				JsonConverter matchingConverter;
				if (contract.Converter != null)
                    // class attribute converter
                    converter = contract.Converter;
				else if ((matchingConverter = Serializer.GetMatchingConverter(contract.UnderlyingType)) != null)
                    // passed in converters
                    converter = matchingConverter;
				else if (contract.InternalConverter != null)
                    // internally specified converter
                    converter = contract.InternalConverter;
			}
			return converter;
		}
		private object PopulateList (IList list, JsonReader reader, JsonArrayContract contract, JsonProperty containerProperty, string id)
		{
			IWrappedCollection wrappedCollection = list as IWrappedCollection;
			object underlyingList = wrappedCollection != null ? wrappedCollection.UnderlyingCollection : list;

			if (id != null)
				AddReference(reader, id, underlyingList);

			// can't populate an existing array
			if (list.IsFixedSize) {
				reader.Skip();
				return underlyingList;
			}

			OnDeserializing(reader, contract, underlyingList);

			int initialDepth = reader.Depth;

			if (contract.ItemContract == null)
				contract.ItemContract = GetContractSafe(contract.CollectionItemType);

			JsonConverter collectionItemConverter = GetConverter(contract.ItemContract, null, contract, containerProperty);

			int? previousErrorIndex = null;

			bool finished = false;
			do {
				try {
					if (ReadForType(reader, contract.ItemContract, collectionItemConverter != null)) {
						switch (reader.TokenType) {
						case JsonToken.EndArray:
							finished = true;
							break;
						case JsonToken.Comment:
							break;
						default:
							object value;

							if (collectionItemConverter != null && collectionItemConverter.CanRead)
								value = DeserializeConvertable(collectionItemConverter, reader, contract.CollectionItemType, null);
							else
								value = CreateValueInternal(reader, contract.CollectionItemType, contract.ItemContract, null, contract, containerProperty, null);

							list.Add(value);
							break;
						}
					}
					else {
						break;
					}
				}
				catch (Exception ex) {
					JsonPosition errorPosition = reader.GetPosition(initialDepth);

					if (IsErrorHandled(underlyingList, contract, errorPosition.Position, reader as IJsonLineInfo, reader.Path, ex)) {
						HandleError(reader, true, initialDepth);

						if (previousErrorIndex != null && previousErrorIndex == errorPosition.Position) {
							// reader index has not moved since previous error handling
							// break out of reading array to prevent infinite loop
							throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Infinite loop detected from error handling.", ex);
						}
						else {
							previousErrorIndex = errorPosition.Position;
						}
					}
					else {
						throw;
					}
				}
			} while (!finished);

			if (!finished)
				ThrowUnexpectedEndException(reader, contract, underlyingList, "Unexpected end when deserializing array.");

			OnDeserialized(reader, contract, underlyingList);
			return underlyingList;
		}
		private bool ReadMetadataPropertiesToken (JTokenReader reader, ref Type objectType, ref JsonContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract containerContract, JsonProperty containerMember, object existingValue, out object newValue, out string id)
		{
			id = null;
			newValue = null;

			if (reader.TokenType == JsonToken.StartObject) {
				JObject current = (JObject)reader._current;

				JToken refToken = current[JsonTypeReflector.RefPropertyName];
				if (refToken != null) {
					if (refToken.Type != JTokenType.String && refToken.Type != JTokenType.Null)
						throw JsonSerializationException.Create(refToken, refToken.Path, "JSON reference {0} property must have a string or null value.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, JsonTypeReflector.RefPropertyName), null);

					JToken property = refToken.Parent;
					JToken additionalContent = null;
					if (property.Next != null)
						additionalContent = property.Next;
					else if (property.Previous != null)
						additionalContent = property.Previous;

					string reference = (string)refToken;

					if (reference != null) {
						if (additionalContent != null)
							throw JsonSerializationException.Create(additionalContent, additionalContent.Path, "Additional content found in JSON reference object. A JSON reference object should only have a {0} property.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, JsonTypeReflector.RefPropertyName), null);

						newValue = Serializer.GetReferenceResolver().ResolveReference(this, reference);

						if (TraceWriter != null && TraceWriter.LevelFilter >= TraceLevel.Info)
							TraceWriter.Trace(TraceLevel.Info, JsonPosition.FormatMessage(reader as IJsonLineInfo, reader.Path, "Resolved object reference '{0}' to {1}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, reference, newValue.GetType())), null);

						reader.Skip();
						return true;
					}
				}
				JToken typeToken = current[JsonTypeReflector.TypePropertyName];
				if (typeToken != null) {
					string qualifiedTypeName = (string)typeToken;
					JsonReader typeTokenReader = typeToken.CreateReader();
					CheckedRead(typeTokenReader);
					ResolveTypeName(typeTokenReader, ref objectType, ref contract, member, containerContract, containerMember, qualifiedTypeName);

					JToken valueToken = current[JsonTypeReflector.ValuePropertyName];
					if (valueToken != null) {
						while (true) {
							CheckedRead(reader);
							if (reader.TokenType == JsonToken.PropertyName) {
								if ((string)reader.Value == JsonTypeReflector.ValuePropertyName)
									return false;
							}

							CheckedRead(reader);
							reader.Skip();
						}
					}
				}
				JToken idToken = current[JsonTypeReflector.IdPropertyName];
				if (idToken != null) {
					id = (string)idToken;
				}
				JToken valuesToken = current[JsonTypeReflector.ArrayValuesPropertyName];
				if (valuesToken != null) {
					JsonReader listReader = valuesToken.CreateReader();
					CheckedRead(listReader);
					newValue = CreateList(listReader, objectType, contract, member, existingValue, id);

					reader.Skip();
					return true;
				}
			}

			CheckedRead(reader);
			return false;
		}
		private object CreateISerializable (JsonReader reader, JsonISerializableContract contract, JsonProperty member, string id)
		{
			Type objectType = contract.UnderlyingType;

			if (!JsonTypeReflector.FullyTrusted) {
				string message = @"Type '{0}' implements ISerializable but cannot be deserialized using the ISerializable interface because the current application is not fully trusted and ISerializable can expose secure data." + Environment.NewLine +
				                             @"To fix this error either change the environment to be fully trusted, change the application to not deserialize the type, add JsonObjectAttribute to the type or change the JsonSerializer setting ContractResolver to use a new DefaultContractResolver with IgnoreSerializableInterface set to true." + Environment.NewLine;
				message = message.FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, objectType);

				throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, message);
			}

			if (TraceWriter != null && TraceWriter.LevelFilter >= TraceLevel.Info)
				TraceWriter.Trace(TraceLevel.Info, JsonPosition.FormatMessage(reader as IJsonLineInfo, reader.Path, "Deserializing {0} using ISerializable constructor.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.UnderlyingType)), null);

			SerializationInfo serializationInfo = new SerializationInfo(contract.UnderlyingType, GetFormatterConverter());

			bool finished = false;
			do {
				switch (reader.TokenType) {
				case JsonToken.PropertyName:
					string memberName = reader.Value.ToString();
					if (!reader.Read())
						throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected end when setting {0}'s value.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, memberName));

					if (reader.TokenType == JsonToken.StartObject) {
						// this will read any potential type names embedded in json
						object o = CreateObject(reader, null, null, null, contract, member, null);
						serializationInfo.AddValue(memberName, o);
					}
					else {
						serializationInfo.AddValue(memberName, JToken.ReadFrom(reader));
					}
					break;
				case JsonToken.Comment:
					break;
				case JsonToken.EndObject:
					finished = true;
					break;
				default:
					throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected token when deserializing object: " + reader.TokenType);
				}
			} while (!finished && reader.Read());

			if (!finished)
				ThrowUnexpectedEndException(reader, contract, serializationInfo, "Unexpected end when deserializing object.");

			if (contract.ISerializableCreator == null)
				throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "ISerializable type '{0}' does not have a valid constructor. To correctly implement ISerializable a constructor that takes SerializationInfo and StreamingContext parameters should be present.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, objectType));

			object createdObject = contract.ISerializableCreator(serializationInfo, Serializer._context);

			if (id != null)
				AddReference(reader, id, createdObject);

			// these are together because OnDeserializing takes an object but for an ISerializable the object is fully created in the constructor
			OnDeserializing(reader, contract, createdObject);
			OnDeserialized(reader, contract, createdObject);

			return createdObject;
		}
		private void ResolveTypeName (JsonReader reader, ref Type objectType, ref JsonContract contract, JsonProperty member, JsonContainerContract containerContract, JsonProperty containerMember, string qualifiedTypeName)
		{
			TypeNameHandling resolvedTypeNameHandling =
				((member != null) ? member.TypeNameHandling : null)
				?? ((containerContract != null) ? containerContract.ItemTypeNameHandling : null)
				?? ((containerMember != null) ? containerMember.ItemTypeNameHandling : null)
				?? Serializer._typeNameHandling;

			if (resolvedTypeNameHandling != TypeNameHandling.None) {
				string typeName;
				string assemblyName;
				ReflectionUtils.SplitFullyQualifiedTypeName(qualifiedTypeName, out typeName, out assemblyName);

				Type specifiedType;
				try {
					specifiedType = Serializer._binder.BindToType(assemblyName, typeName);
				}
				catch (Exception ex) {
					throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Error resolving type specified in JSON '{0}'.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, qualifiedTypeName), ex);
				}

				if (specifiedType == null)
					throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Type specified in JSON '{0}' was not resolved.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, qualifiedTypeName));

				if (TraceWriter != null && TraceWriter.LevelFilter >= TraceLevel.Verbose)
					TraceWriter.Trace(TraceLevel.Verbose, JsonPosition.FormatMessage(reader as IJsonLineInfo, reader.Path, "Resolved type '{0}' to {1}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, qualifiedTypeName, specifiedType)), null);

				if (objectType != null && !objectType.IsAssignableFrom(specifiedType)) {
					throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Type specified in JSON '{0}' is not compatible with '{1}'.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, specifiedType.AssemblyQualifiedName, objectType.AssemblyQualifiedName));
				}

				objectType = specifiedType;
				contract = GetContractSafe(specifiedType);
			}
		}
		private object CreateObjectUsingCreatorWithParameters (JsonReader reader, JsonObjectContract contract, JsonProperty containerProperty, ObjectConstructor<object> creator, string id)
		{
			ValidationUtils.ArgumentNotNull(creator, "creator");

			// only need to keep a track of properies presence if they are required or a value should be defaulted if missing
			Dictionary<JsonProperty, PropertyPresence> propertiesPresence = (contract.HasRequiredOrDefaultValueProperties || HasFlag(Serializer._defaultValueHandling, DefaultValueHandling.Populate))
                ? contract.Properties.ToDictionary(m => m, m => PropertyPresence.None)
                : null;

			Type objectType = contract.UnderlyingType;

			if (TraceWriter != null && TraceWriter.LevelFilter >= TraceLevel.Info) {
				string parameters = string.Join(", ", contract.CreatorParameters.Select(p => p.PropertyName).ToArray());
				TraceWriter.Trace(TraceLevel.Info, JsonPosition.FormatMessage(reader as IJsonLineInfo, reader.Path, "Deserializing {0} using creator with parameters: {1}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, contract.UnderlyingType, parameters)), null);
			}

			IDictionary<string, object> extensionData;
			IDictionary<JsonProperty, object> propertyValues = ResolvePropertyAndCreatorValues(contract, containerProperty, reader, objectType, out extensionData);

			object[] creatorParameterValues = new object[contract.CreatorParameters.Count];
			IDictionary<JsonProperty, object> remainingPropertyValues = new Dictionary<JsonProperty, object>();

			foreach (KeyValuePair<JsonProperty, object> propertyValue in propertyValues) {
				JsonProperty property = propertyValue.Key;

				JsonProperty matchingCreatorParameter;
				if (contract.CreatorParameters.Contains(property)) {
					matchingCreatorParameter = property;
				}
				else {
					// check to see if a parameter with the same name as the underlying property name exists and match to that
					matchingCreatorParameter = contract.CreatorParameters.ForgivingCaseSensitiveFind(p => p.PropertyName, property.UnderlyingName);
				}

				if (matchingCreatorParameter != null) {
					int i = contract.CreatorParameters.IndexOf(matchingCreatorParameter);
					creatorParameterValues[i] = propertyValue.Value;
				}
				else {
					remainingPropertyValues.Add(propertyValue);
				}

				if (propertiesPresence != null) {
					// map from creator property to normal property
					JsonProperty presenceProperty = propertiesPresence.Keys.FirstOrDefault(p => p.PropertyName == property.PropertyName);
					if (presenceProperty != null)
						propertiesPresence[presenceProperty] = (propertyValue.Value == null) ? PropertyPresence.Null : PropertyPresence.Value;
				}
			}

			object createdObject = creator(creatorParameterValues);

			if (id != null)
				AddReference(reader, id, createdObject);

			OnDeserializing(reader, contract, createdObject);

			// go through unused values and set the newly created object's properties
			foreach (KeyValuePair<JsonProperty, object> remainingPropertyValue in remainingPropertyValues) {
				JsonProperty property = remainingPropertyValue.Key;
				object value = remainingPropertyValue.Value;

				if (ShouldSetPropertyValue(property, value)) {
					property.ValueProvider.SetValue(createdObject, value);
				}
				else if (!property.Writable && value != null) {
					// handle readonly collection/dictionary properties
					JsonContract propertyContract = Serializer._contractResolver.ResolveContract(property.PropertyType);

					if (propertyContract.ContractType == JsonContractType.Array) {
						JsonArrayContract propertyArrayContract = (JsonArrayContract)propertyContract;

						object createdObjectCollection = property.ValueProvider.GetValue(createdObject);
						if (createdObjectCollection != null) {
							IWrappedCollection createdObjectCollectionWrapper = propertyArrayContract.CreateWrapper(createdObjectCollection);
							IWrappedCollection newValues = propertyArrayContract.CreateWrapper(value);

							foreach (object newValue in newValues) {
								createdObjectCollectionWrapper.Add(newValue);
							}
						}
					}
					else if (propertyContract.ContractType == JsonContractType.Dictionary) {
						JsonDictionaryContract dictionaryContract = (JsonDictionaryContract)propertyContract;

						object createdObjectDictionary = property.ValueProvider.GetValue(createdObject);
						if (createdObjectDictionary != null) {
							IDictionary targetDictionary = (dictionaryContract.ShouldCreateWrapper) ? dictionaryContract.CreateWrapper(createdObjectDictionary) : (IDictionary)createdObjectDictionary;
							IDictionary newValues = (dictionaryContract.ShouldCreateWrapper) ? dictionaryContract.CreateWrapper(value) : (IDictionary)value;

							foreach (DictionaryEntry newValue in newValues) {
								targetDictionary.Add(newValue.Key, newValue.Value);
							}
						}
					}
				}
			}

			if (extensionData != null) {
				foreach (KeyValuePair<string, object> e in extensionData) {
					contract.ExtensionDataSetter(createdObject, e.Key, e.Value);
				}
			}

			EndObject(createdObject, reader, contract, reader.Depth, propertiesPresence);

			OnDeserialized(reader, contract, createdObject);
			return createdObject;
		}
		private bool SetPropertyValue (JsonProperty property, JsonConverter propertyConverter, JsonContainerContract containerContract, JsonProperty containerProperty, JsonReader reader, object target)
		{
			object currentValue;
			bool useExistingValue;
			JsonContract propertyContract;
			bool gottenCurrentValue;

			if (CalculatePropertyDetails(property, ref propertyConverter, containerContract, containerProperty, reader, target, out useExistingValue, out currentValue, out propertyContract, out gottenCurrentValue))
				return false;

			object value;

			if (propertyConverter != null && propertyConverter.CanRead) {
				if (!gottenCurrentValue && target != null && property.Readable)
					currentValue = property.ValueProvider.GetValue(target);

				value = DeserializeConvertable(propertyConverter, reader, property.PropertyType, currentValue);
			}
			else {
				value = CreateValueInternal(reader, property.PropertyType, propertyContract, property, containerContract, containerProperty, (useExistingValue) ? currentValue : null);
			}

			// always set the value if useExistingValue is false,
			// otherwise also set it if CreateValue returns a new value compared to the currentValue
			// this could happen because of a JsonConverter against the type
			if ((!useExistingValue || value != currentValue)
			             && ShouldSetPropertyValue(property, value)) {
				property.ValueProvider.SetValue(target, value);

				if (property.SetIsSpecified != null) {
					if (TraceWriter != null && TraceWriter.LevelFilter >= TraceLevel.Verbose)
						TraceWriter.Trace(TraceLevel.Verbose, JsonPosition.FormatMessage(reader as IJsonLineInfo, reader.Path, "IsSpecified for property '{0}' on {1} set to true.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, property.PropertyName, property.DeclaringType)), null);

					property.SetIsSpecified(target, true);
				}

				return true;
			}

			// the value wasn't set be JSON was populated onto the existing value
			return useExistingValue;
		}
		private IDictionary<JsonProperty, object> ResolvePropertyAndCreatorValues (JsonObjectContract contract, JsonProperty containerProperty, JsonReader reader, Type objectType, out IDictionary<string, object> extensionData)
		{
			extensionData = (contract.ExtensionDataSetter != null) ? new Dictionary<string, object>() : null;

			IDictionary<JsonProperty, object> propertyValues = new Dictionary<JsonProperty, object>();
			bool exit = false;
			do {
				switch (reader.TokenType) {
				case JsonToken.PropertyName:
					string memberName = reader.Value.ToString();

                        // attempt exact case match first
                        // then try match ignoring case
					JsonProperty property = contract.CreatorParameters.GetClosestMatchProperty(memberName) ??
					                                           contract.Properties.GetClosestMatchProperty(memberName);

					if (property != null) {
						if (property.PropertyContract == null)
							property.PropertyContract = GetContractSafe(property.PropertyType);

						JsonConverter propertyConverter = GetConverter(property.PropertyContract, property.MemberConverter, contract, containerProperty);

						if (!ReadForType(reader, property.PropertyContract, propertyConverter != null))
							throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected end when setting {0}'s value.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, memberName));

						if (!property.Ignored) {
							if (property.PropertyContract == null)
								property.PropertyContract = GetContractSafe(property.PropertyType);

							object propertyValue;
							if (propertyConverter != null && propertyConverter.CanRead)
								propertyValue = DeserializeConvertable(propertyConverter, reader, property.PropertyType, null);
							else
								propertyValue = CreateValueInternal(reader, property.PropertyType, property.PropertyContract, property, contract, containerProperty, null);

							propertyValues[property] = propertyValue;
							continue;
						}
					}
					else {
						if (!reader.Read())
							throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected end when setting {0}'s value.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, memberName));

						if (TraceWriter != null && TraceWriter.LevelFilter >= TraceLevel.Verbose)
							TraceWriter.Trace(TraceLevel.Verbose, JsonPosition.FormatMessage(reader as IJsonLineInfo, reader.Path, "Could not find member '{0}' on {1}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, memberName, contract.UnderlyingType)), null);

						if (Serializer._missingMemberHandling == MissingMemberHandling.Error)
							throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Could not find member '{0}' on object of type '{1}'".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, memberName, objectType.Name));
					}

					if (extensionData != null) {
						object value = CreateValueInternal(reader, null, null, null, contract, containerProperty, null);
						extensionData[memberName] = value;
					}
					else {
						reader.Skip();
					}
					break;
				case JsonToken.Comment:
					break;
				case JsonToken.EndObject:
					exit = true;
					break;
				default:
					throw JsonSerializationException.Create(reader, "Unexpected token when deserializing object: " + reader.TokenType);
				}
			} while (!exit && reader.Read());

			return propertyValues;
		}
		private bool ShouldSetPropertyValue (JsonProperty property, object value)
		{
			if (property.NullValueHandling.GetValueOrDefault(Serializer._nullValueHandling) == NullValueHandling.Ignore && value == null)
				return false;

			if (HasFlag(property.DefaultValueHandling.GetValueOrDefault(Serializer._defaultValueHandling), DefaultValueHandling.Ignore)
			             && !HasFlag(property.DefaultValueHandling.GetValueOrDefault(Serializer._defaultValueHandling), DefaultValueHandling.Populate)
			             && MiscellaneousUtils.ValueEquals(value, property.GetResolvedDefaultValue()))
				return false;

			if (!property.Writable)
				return false;

			return true;
		}
        private void SerializeConvertable(JsonWriter writer, JsonConverter converter, object value, JsonContract contract, JsonContainerContract collectionContract, JsonProperty containerProperty)
        {
            if (ShouldWriteReference(value, null, contract, collectionContract, containerProperty))
            {
                WriteReference(writer, value);
            }
            else
            {
                if (!CheckForCircularReference(writer, value, null, contract, collectionContract, containerProperty))
                    return;

                _serializeStack.Add(value);

                if (TraceWriter != null && TraceWriter.LevelFilter >= TraceLevel.Info)
                    TraceWriter.Trace(TraceLevel.Info, JsonPosition.FormatMessage(null, writer.Path, "Started serializing {0} with converter {1}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, value.GetType(), converter.GetType())), null);

                converter.WriteJson(writer, value, GetInternalSerializer());

                if (TraceWriter != null && TraceWriter.LevelFilter >= TraceLevel.Info)
                    TraceWriter.Trace(TraceLevel.Info, JsonPosition.FormatMessage(null, writer.Path, "Finished serializing {0} with converter {1}.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, value.GetType(), converter.GetType())), null);

                _serializeStack.RemoveAt(_serializeStack.Count - 1);
            }
        }